CHAPTER IX: ST. AUGUSTINE AND THE ATHANASIAN CREED

ST. AUGUSTINE AND THE ATHANASIAN CREED

St. Augustine's Doctrine of the Trinity.--No Father of the Church has had an influence equal to that of St. Augustine (A.D. 354-430). A convert from paganism to the half-pagan system of Manicheism, he discovered that nothing less than the Catholic faith could sanctify his life and satisfy his heart. He dedicated to the service of Christ all the fruit of a religious imagination, a comprehensive mind, and a magnificent education. He was as familiar with the latest Greek philosophy as he was skilled in every nicety of the Latin language. One of the most independent of thinkers, he was also one of the most devout of mystics; and while his manly vigour has won able admirers even for his few mistakes, his words have carried with them a fragrance too delicate to be caught except by those whose souls are like his own.

St. Augustine's work De Trinitate, presents a more complete doctrine of the Trinity than had hitherto been stated. The author starts out from a firm conception of the unity of God. 'This Trinity is one God, and not therefore simple, because God is a Trinity.' Hence 'the works of the Trinity are inseparable,' all the three persons combine in their work. The Son and the Holy Spirit co-operated with the Father in causing the incarnation. The word 'person' is necessary, although it is not adequate to describe the mystery of divine life. 'We have said three persons, not merely in order to say it, but to avoid keeping silence.'
[1]

Father, Son, and Spirit are not three separate beings like three human persons. They may be compared with the three facts of mind, knowledge, and will (or love), in one human being. The mind is the source of knowledge and of will, the mind knows itself in realising knowledge, and the relation between the mind and the object of its knowledge produces an active will. Nevertheless these three facts are inseparable, and thus although 'the Father is one, and the Son another, and the Holy Spirit another, all together are one Lord.' [1] Augustine, in the plainest way, states that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Son as well as from the Father. [2] No Eastern theologian has stated this so plainly.

The 'Athanasian' Creed.--This creed is in form completely Western and Latin, and it is most strange that it has become popularly associated with St. Athanasius. The origin of the creed is still involved in obscurity, but it is plain that it represents the theology of Augustine, and it may be regarded as fairly certain that it was composed during the fifth century in South Gaul. Possibly its author was Vincent of Lerinum who wrote about 434. Vincent was familiar both with the writings of St. Augustine and with the Nestorian controversy, and the creed shows traces of St. Augustine's influence and of the language used by the Catholics in opposing Nestorianism.

The 'Athanasian' Creed is here subjoined, with a new translation of some of its phrases, and references to the heresies condemned in its various clauses:--

INTRODUCTION

1. Whosoever wisheth to be saved, before all things he ought to hold fast the Catholic Faith.
2. Which Faith except a man have kept whole and unviolated, without doubt he shall perish everlastingly.

THE DOCTRINE OF THE HOLY TRINITY

3. Now the Catholic Faith is this: That we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity. 4. Neither confusing the persons (against Sabellianism, see p. 68) nor separating the Substance (against Arianism, see p. 87).
5. For there is one person of the Father, another of the Son, and another of the Holy Ghost.
6. But the Godhead of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, is all one: the Glory equal, the Majesty co-eternal.
7. Such as the Father is, such is the Son: and such is the Holy Ghost.
8. The Father uncreated, the Son uncreated: and the Holy Ghost uncreated.
9. The Father infinite, the Son infinite: and the Holy Ghost infinite.
10. The Father eternal, the Son eternal: and the Holy Ghost eternal.
11. And yet there are not three eternals: but one eternal (i.e. the Three are not three separate Gods, but possess one eternal nature).
12. As also there are not three uncreated, or three infinites: but one uncreated, and one infinite.
13. So likewise the Father is Almighty, the Son Almighty: and the Holy Ghost Almighty.
14. And yet there are not three Almighties: but one Almighty.
15. So the Father is God, the Son is God: and the Holy Ghost is God.
16. And yet there are not three Gods: but one God.
17. So likewise the Father is Lord, the Son Lord: and the Holy Ghost Lord.
18. And yet there are not three Lords: but one Lord.
19. For like as we are compelled by Christian truth to acknowledge every person by himself to be God and Lord;
20. So are we forbidden by the Catholic Religion: to say, There are three Gods, or three Lords (i.e. Catholicism repudiates the pagan doctrine that there are many gods).
21. The Father was made by no one; neither created nor begotten. 22. The Son is from the Father only; not made, nor created (against Arianism, see p. 87), but begotten (see p. 29).
23. The Holy Ghost is from the Father and the Son; neither made, nor created, nor begotten, but coming forth (i.e. there is only one perfect divine sonship, and the Spirit represents intercourse within the Godhead rather than filial relationship).
24. So there is one Father, not three Fathers; one Son, not three Sons; one Holy Ghost, not three Holy Ghosts.
25. And in this Trinity nothing is before or after, nothing is greater or less (i.e. the attributes of each distinct person are as eternal and as perfect as the attributes of the other two persons).
26. But all three persons are co-eternal together and co-equal.
27. So that in all things, as is aforesaid: both the Unity in Trinity, and the Trinity in Unity is to be worshipped.
28. He therefore that wisheth to be saved: must thus think of the Trinity.

THE DOCTRINE OF THE INCARNATION

29. Furthermore, it is necessary to everlasting salvation: that he also believe faithfully in the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ.
30. Therefore the right Faith is, that we believe and confess that our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is God and Man.
31. He is God, begotten from the Substance of the Father before the worlds; and He is Man, born of the Substance of His Mother in the world.
32. Perfect God: perfect Man, having a real existence with a rational soul and human flesh (against Apollinarianism, see p. 102). 33. Equal to the Father, as touching His Godhead: and inferior to the Father, as touching His Manhood.
34. Who, although He be God and Man, yet He is not two but one Christ (against Adoptionism, see p. 69, and Nestorianism, see p. 105).
35. One, not by a change of the Godhead into flesh (against Late Apollinarianism, see p. 100 ff.): but by taking of the Manhood into God.
36. One indeed, not by confusion of Substance (against Eutychianism, see p. 108) but by oneness of person.
37. For as the rational soul and the flesh are one man, so God and Man is one Christ.
38. Who suffered for our salvation; descended into the lower world, on the third day rose again from among the dead.
39. He ascended into heaven, He sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty; from whence He shall come to judge the living and the dead.
40. At whose coming all men must rise again with their bodies: and shall give account for their own works.
41. And they that have done good will go into life everlasting: but they that have done evil into everlasting fire.

CONCLUSION

42. This is the Catholic Faith: which except a man shall have believed faithfully and firmly, he will not be able to be saved.

The difficulties which are sometimes felt with regard to the so-called 'damnatory clauses' in this creed can be largely removed. For both external and internal evidence show that its condemnations are not directed against ignorant unbelief but against wilful apostasy. __________________________________________________________________

[1] Trin. v. 9, 10.
[1] Deut. vi. 4.

[2] Trin. xv. 29. __________________________________________________________________

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

An asterisk shows that the exact year is uncertain.

A.D.

The Crucifixion of our Lord, . . . 29 Council of the Apostles declares Gentiles free from the law, . . . 49 Martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul at Rome, . . . 64 or 67 St. John's Gospel teaches that Christ is the Word, . . . *85 St. Ignatius insists on the necessity of Episcopacy, . . . *110 Aristides and Quadratus write Apologies for Christianity, . . . 125 Basilides and Valentinus, the Gnostics, flourish, . . . 135 Marcion founds a Semi-Gnostic Church, . . . 144 Montanus introduces a new kind of prophesying, . . . 157 Theophilus uses the word Trinity: his doctrine of the Word is partly Stoic, . . . *180 St. Irenaeus carries on St. John's teaching, . . . *182 Origen born: combined Christian Theology with the best Greek culture, . . . *185 Adoptionist Unitarianism brought to Rome, . . . *190 Sabellian Unitarianism taught at Rome, . . . 215 Tertullian expounds the doctrine of the Trinity, . . . *218 Callistus, bishop of Rome, maintains that Penance is a means for obtaining forgiveness of mortal sin, . . . *218 Hippolytus dies: was a voluminous theological writer, . . 235 Manes or Manichaeus teaches an eclectic religion, . . . 242 Novatian writes on the Trinity against Sabellius. . . . *250 St. Cyprian maintains that mortal sin may be forgiven, but insists upon the necessity of Penance, . . . 250 Dionysius of Alexandria dies: opposed Sabellianism. . . . . 265 Paul of Samosata condemned for teaching that Jesus became divine at His baptism, . . . . *269 Lucian dies: he was the forerunner of Arianism, . . . . 312 Council of Nicaea; Arius is condemned for teaching that Christ is a demigod, . . . . 325 Athanasius becomes bishop of Alexandria, . . . . 328 Arian Blasphemy Creed; Arianism splits, . . . . 357 Council of Constantinople; triumph of the Latitudinarian party of Arians, . . . . 360 Catholics combine at the Council of Alexandria, . . . . 362 Apollinaris denies the reality of Christ's soul, . . . . 380 Council of Constantinople; final triumph of Catholicism over Arianism, . . . . 381 Theodore, bishop of Mopsuestia, teaches that the Word was only "connected" with Christ, . . . . 392 Nestorius, a member of the party of Theodore, denies that Mary is Mother of God, and so denies that the Word became flesh; opposed by St. Cyril, . . . . 428 Council of Ephesus condemns Nestorianism, . . . . 431 Eutyches teaches that the manhood of Christ is absorbed by His Deity; opposed by St. Leo, . . . . 448 The 'Robber-Council' of Ephesus pronounces Eutyches orthodox, and murders Archbishop Flavian, . . . . 449 Council of Chalcedon condemns Eutyches and draws up a Definition of the doctrine of the Incarnation, . . . . 451 __________________________________________________________________

INDEX

Absolution. See Penitence.
Acacius the Homoean, 94.
Acts, doctrine of, 10.
Adoptionism, 41, 69; Nestorianism resembles it, 106.
Aetius, 92.
Alexandria, Christianity in, 59; Council at, 96.
Alexandrine theology, opposed to Antiochene, 103.
Anastasius, presbyter of Nestorius, 105.
Anointing at Confirmation, 82; of the sick, 86.
Anomcean Arians, 92.
Antichrist, in 2 Thessalonians 20; in Didache, 33.
Antioch, Councils at, 70, 91.
Apocalypse, Christology of, 30.
Apollinaris, 101.
Apologists, 32, 48.
Apostles' Creed, 35.
Apostolical succession, 32, 37, 85.
Archelaus, Dispute of, 71.
Arius, 71, 87; his doctrine Polytheistic, 88. Armenian Christianity,
71, 86, 112.
Artemon, 70.
Asceticism, of St. Paul, 16; of Colossian heretics, 22; of Gnostics,
44.
Athanasian Creed, 114.
Athanasius, on the Incarnation, 90; his Council at Alexandria, 96; on
Christ's human knowledge, 90.
Atonement, as taught by Christ, 8; by St. Paul, 16, 22; in Hebrews 24;
by Irenaeus, 54; by Tertullian, 58; by Origen, 64; by Athanasius, 90.
Augustine, on the Trinity, 113.
Baptism, 9, 74; of infants, 75.
Bardesanes, the Gnostic, 44.
Barnabas, Epistle of, 36.
Basil of Ancyra, 93.
Basil of Caesarea, 97.
Basilides, the Gnostic, 45.
Bishops. See Episcopacy.
Blasphemy Creed, 93.
Caesarean creed, modified at Nicaea, 89.
Callistus, bishop of Rome, relations with Monarchians, 67, 68; on
Penitence, 81.
Catholic Church, first called thus, 39.
Celestine, bishop of Rome, appealed to by Nestorius, 105.
Chalcedon, Council of, 110.
Christ, claim of, 2; His consubstantiality with God, 89 ff., 111; His
human knowledge, 99; His consubstantiality with man, 100, 102, 111.
Church, relation to kingdom of God, 8; unity of, 23; organisation of,
39, 83.
Clement of Alexandria, 60.
Clement of Rome, Epistle of, 36; on the Eucharist, 78; Second Epistle
of, 37.
Clementine apocryphal literature, 34.
Colossians, Epistle to, Christology of, 22.
Communion. See Eucharist.
Confession, 80.
Confirmation, 82.
Corinthians, Epistles to, Christology of, 20.
Creed, Apostles', 35; of Nicaea, 89; of Jerusalem, 97; of Chalcedon,
110.
Cyprian, on the Eucharist, 79; on Penitence, 81.
Cyril of Alexandria, opposes Nestorianism, 105; Christology of, 106.
Dated Creed of Sirmium, 95.
Dedication Creed of Antioch, 91.
Didache, theology of, 32; on Sacraments, 74, 76.
Diodore, teaches that Christ was two persons, 103.
Dionysius of Alexandria, 118.
Dioscorus of Alexandria, 109.
Docetism, 38; of Gnostics, 44; in Clement, 61.
Dualism, 43, 45.
Ebionites, 34.
Elkesai, 34.
Emanations from God, 45, 54.
Ephesians, Epistle to, theology of, 23.
Ephesus, Council of, 105.
--Robber-Council of, 109.
Episcopacy, 39, 83.
Eschatology, See Judgment.
Essene Ebionites, 34.
Eucharist, in Gospels, 9; in later theology, 75 ff.
Eunomius, the Arian, 92.
Eusebius of Caesarea, 90.
Eusebius of Nicomedia, 90.
Eutyches, 107.
Faith, in St. Paul, 17; in St. John, 26.
Fasting, in Didache, 33; in 2 Clement, 38.
Fire purgatorial, 64.
Flavian, 109.
Gentile Christianity, 35.
Gnostics, 31, 42; alleged influence on Catholicism, 46, 73.
God, Fatherhood of, 6; abstract views of, 49, 93.
God, Son of, 4.
God-Man, phrase of Origen, 64.
Gregory of Nazianzus, opposes Apollinarianism, 102.
Gregory of Nyssa, on the Trinity, 97.
Hennas, Shepherd of, doctrine not Adoptionist, 41; on baptism, 74; on
penitence, 80.
Hilary of Poictiers, on Arianism, 94.
Hippolytus, opposes Monarchianism, 67; opposes Callistus. 81.
Homoean Arians, 94.
Homo-ousios, phrase of Gnostics, 46; in Clement, 61; in Origen, 63; at
Nicaea, 89.
Homoi-ousios, a Semi-Arian phrase disliked by Anomoeans, 93.
Hypostasis, in sense of substance or essence, 24, 97; in sense varying
between essence and person, 66; in sense of person, 97, 111.
Ignatius, opposes Docetism, 38; on Episcopacy, 39, 84; on the
Eucharist, 76, 78.
Indulgences, ancient and modern, contrasted, 82.
Irenseus, his doctrine of God, 53; of the Word, 54; on infant baptism,
75; on the Eucharist, 76.
Istar, Babylonian Goddess, in Gnosticism, 43.
James, St., Epistle of, 11; on unction of the sick, 86.
Jerusalem, early Christianity at, 10; second destruction of, 31.
John the Apostle, on the teaching of Christ, 5; agreement with St.
Paul, 26; doctrine of the Word, 27; of the only-begotten Son, 29.
John of Antioch, 105.
Judaistic Christianity, 32.
Jude, St., Epistle of, 12.
Judgment by Christ, 3, 4.
Justin Martyr, 48 ff.
Kingdom of God, in teaching of Christ, 7; in Didache, 33.
Lapsi, 81.
Latrocinium, Robber-Council at Ephesus, 109.
Law, St. Paul's conception of, 18.
Laying-on of hands, in confirmation, 82; in ordination, 85.
Leo, bishop of Rome, his Tome against Eutyches, 109.
Logos Doctrine, in Philo. 28; in St. John, 29; in Apologists, 49; in
Irenaeus, 54; in Clement, 60; in Origen, 63.
Lord's Supper. See Eucharist. Lucian, the martyr, forerunner of
Arianism, 71, 87; so-called Creed of, 91.
Macedonius, the Semi-Arian, 98.
Mandaites, an existing Gnostic sect, 43.
Manes, or Mani, or Manichaeus, 44, 118.
Manicheans, origin and tenets of, 44; connection with Augustine, 113.
Marcellus of Ancyra, revives Sabellianism, 91.
Marcion, his doctrine half Catholic, half Gnostic, 46.
Marriage, ritual of, 73; doctrine of, 85.
Mary, as Virgin, 39, 51; as the second Eve, 54; as Mother of God, 105.
Meletius of Antioch, 93.
Memra, 28.
Merits, human, in 2 Clement, 38; in Tertullian, 58.
Messiah, 3.
Millennium, in Papias, 41.
Minucius Felix, Latin Apologist, 48.
Monarchianism, Tertullian on, 56; Modalist form of, 67; Adoptionist
form of, 69.
Montanism, 52.
Mother of God. See Theotokos. Muhammadanism, derived from Ebionism, 35.
Mysteries pagan, alleged influence on Christianity, 73.
Nature One, of Christ, in Apollinaris, 101; in Cyril, 107; in Eutyches,
108.
Natures, Two, of Christ, in Cyril, 106; in Leo, 109.
Neo-Platonism, influence of, 49, 57, 60, 62.
Nestorius, 104; justly condemned, 105; kindred error in Nestorianism
and Eutychianism, 108.
Nicaea, Council of, 89.
Nice, Arian creed of, 95.
Noetus, the Patripassian, 67.
Novatian, opposes Monarchianism, 67; opposes Cyprian, 81.
Origen, on God, 62; on Redemption, 64; on the Sacraments, 75, 77.
Ousia, Substance or Essence, 56, 95, 97.
Pantaenus, 59.
Papias, 40.
Patripassians, 67.
Paul the Apostle, 15.
Paul of Samosata, 70.
Paulicians, 71.
Penitence or Repentance, in teaching of Christ, 7; in later teaching,
41, 79 ff.
Person, in Christology, 103 ff.; in the Trinity, 66, 68, 97, 113.
Peter, St., Epistles of, 12.
Philippians, Epistle to, 21.
Philo, doctrine of the Word, 28.
Pneumatomachi, 98.
Polycarp, 39.
Praxeas, 67.
Pre-existence of Christ, 20 ff.; of the soul of Christ, 65.
Priesthood, of Christ, 24; of clergy and laity, 79.
Prisca or Priscilla, the Montanist, 52.
Psilanthropism. See Adoptionism.
Quicunque vult. See Athanasian Creed.
Real Presence, 76.
Recapitulation of man in Christ, 54.
Reconciliation of man with God. See Atonement.
Repentance. See Penitence.
Righteousness, as taught by St. Paul, 17.
Roman or Apostles' Creed, 32, 35.
Romans, Epistle to, 16, 21.
Sabellius, 68.
Sacerdotalism, alleged, of Cyprian, 81.
Sacraments, 9, 72 ff.; seven Sacraments, 74.
Sacrifice, in Hebrews, 25; of the Eucharist, 77.
Salvation, Christ's teaching about, 7.
Samaria, Gnosticism at, 44.
Scriptures, Canon of, 32.
Self-emptying, or self-surrender, of Christ, in St. Paul, 21; in
Athanasius, 100, in Cyril, 107. Semi-Arians, 93.
Simon Magus, 44.
Sin, St. Paul's doctrine of, 15.
Sinlessness or Impeccability of Christ, Apollinarian doctrine of, 101;
Catholic doctrine of, 102, 104.
Sins, treatment of, 79.
Socinus, revives Arianism, 88.
Soul of Christ, 65, 88, 101.
Spirit, a term used of Christ's divine nature, 21, 26, 37, 38, 41.
Spirit, Holy, personality of, 9, 11, 16, 37, 42; asserted at second
General Council, 98; work of, 10, 63; revolution in the name of, by
Montanists, 52.
Stoicism, 27, 50, 57, 68.
Subordination of Christ, 87.
Substance of God, 24, 57. See also Hypostasis and Ousia.
Symeon, bishop of Jerusalem, 33.
Synoptic Gospels, date of, 1; Christology of, 2 ff.
Targums, doctrine of the Word in, 28.
Tatian, as an Apologist, 48; uses our four Gospels only, 51.
Tertullian, 55; doctrine of the Trinity in, 56; of the Incarnation, 57;
on penitence, 80.
Testament, Canon of the Old, 30; of the New, 32.
Theodore of Mopsuestia, teaches a double personality in Christ, 103.
Theodoret, reconciles Antiochene and Alexandrine schools, 105.
Theodosius I., summons Council of Constantinople, 97.
Theodosius II., summons a Council of Ephesus, 109; death of, 110.
Theophilus of Antioch, as an Apologist, 48; is the first to use the
Greek word for Trinity, 51.
Theotokos, title of Mary, 105.
Trinity, doctrine of, in New Testament, 9, 12, 26; first use of term in
Greek, 51; in Latin, 56; doctrine of, in Tertullian, 56; in Sabellius,
68; at Council of Alexandria, 97; in Augustine, 113.
Unction of the Sick, 86.
Union, hypostatic, 106.
Unitarianism, Ebionite, 33; Modalist, 67; Adoptionist, 69; modern, 67,
88.
Ursacius, 95.
Valens the Arian, 94.
Valentinus the Gnostic, 45.
Victor, bishop of Rome, 67, 69.
Vincentius of Lerinum, 114.
Virgin, the Blessed. See Mary.
Westcott, on the word 'confess,' 80.
Wisdom, Book of, personifies the Word of God, 28.
Word. See Logos.
Zephyrinus, bishop of Rome, 67.
Zoroastrianism, influenced Gnosticism, 43; and Manicheism, 45;
described by Theodore, 102.
__________________________________________________________________

Indexes __________________________________________________________________

Index of Pages of the Print Edition

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