Concerning the Place Names in Sacred Scripture

Concerning the Place Names in Sacred Scripture

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SECTION N

GENESIS (Five Books of Moses) Greek has the subsection division for Genesis but Latin for five books of Moses. 723. Naid. Genesis 4:16; K. 134:23; L. 277:86. Textual variant Nain (Greek). Simple biblical notation plus Hexaplatic information. Procopius 253A and Jerome in Hebrew Questions (7) follow the etymology of the bible. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Naid, motion or fluctuation" (69). 724. Nineve. Genesis 10:11; K. 136:1; L. 277:88. Textual variants for the last line: Neneuen, Ninewen and Neuen (Latin). Outside the normal limits of the Holy Land for the Onomasticon. The second city, one of the Jews, is the only contemporary Jewish city called a polis in the Onomasticon (cf. Note on K. 22:9 and Appendix IX). This probably is nawa 36 miles from Capitolias in the pilgrim itineraries. The Gōnia is part of the Hauron but not clearly identified. In Hebrew Questions Jerome notes the derivation of the name Nineve and identifies it as Rooboth (K. 142:11).

In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Ninive beauty or bud of beauty" (69). 725. Naaliēl. Numbers 21:19; K. 136:4; L. 277:91. Textual variant Naaniēl (Greek). Biblical location and station listing. 726. Nabau. Numbers 32:3; K. 136:6; L. 277:93. Textual variant. Syriac lacks "where Moses died." Suspected entry. Biblical summary (Deuteronomy 34:1) and location west of Esbous. The city of Naboth (K. 136:9) below is the 8 miles south. This could mean southwest since quadrants are involved. Agri specula (K. 12:16), Phasga (K. 168:28) and Phogōr (K. 168:7, 25) are names also in this general area. The Mt. of Siyahah with the Byzantine church fits the 6 miles distance. It could also be located at jebel Nebo. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Nabau, we will come or in conclusion" (83). 727. Nabōth (Nabo). Numbers 32:38; K. 136:9; L. 277:96. Textual variant Nabōr (Greek). Summary of biblical information (Deuteronomy 32:49; Isaiah 15:2; Jeremiah 48:1 and Numbers 32:42). The city is in a different quadrant and is 2 miles farther than the mountain above (K. 136:6). It is abandoned or in ruins by the time of Eusebius. The city is probably Kh Mehaiyet. It was rebuilt as a shrine after the time of Jerome.

728. Nageb. Numbers 34:3; K. 136:14; L. 278:10. Textual variant. Syriac lacks the Symmachus reference. The etymology and the Hexaplaric information. The equation of Hebrew' names with the Latin and Greek is difficult. In Vitruvius on Architecture I, vi, 12, 13 Auster and Meridia are the southern half quadrant. Africas is southwest and Eurus is southeast. No evidence that Jerome and Fuschius were this scientific. Any name could be the entire quadrant from southwest through southeast or even from west-southwest and east-southeast. JOSUE 729. Naphethdor (Nafeddor). Joshua 11:2; K. 136:16; L. 278:3. Dor is located properly by the Onomasticon about 9 miles north of Caesarea. The emphasis in Latin suggests some change may have taken place in the fourth century since it is then deserted. An "oppidum" (cf. K. 10:25 and Appendix I). Naphoth really means "hilly region" rather than Maritine (cf. K. 78:8) In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Nafeddor, change of generations" (96).

730. Naphthō. Joshua 15:9; K. 136:18; L. 278:5. Textual variant Naphthae (Greek). Summary of biblical information and tribal listing (Joshua 18:15). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Neptoe, of destruction or beguiling" (96). 731. Naam. Joshua 15:41; K. 136:20; L. 278:7. Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Naama, comeliness" (112). 732. Nesib. Joshua 15:43; K. 136:21; L. 278:8. Textual variant Negib (Latin). The distance varies between Greek and Latin. The 7 miles brings the location to Kh Beit Nesib due east of Marisa off the main road. The 9 miles seems an error since it brings the location to Tricomias. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Nasib, title or station" (96). 733. Nebpsan. Joshua 15:62; K. 136:23; L. 278:10. Simple tribal listing, In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Naabsan or Nabas, dried up (96). 734. Naaratha. Joshua 16:7; K. 136:24; L. 278:11. Textual variants: Narath, Naarta and Naurath (Latin). The location fits 'Ain Duq better than 'Aujah which may be Archalais and is too far away. Perhaps the synagogue a few miles from Duq is Noorath. It is another of the all Jewish cities of the Onomasticon (cf. Note on K. 22:9 and Appendix II). This site does not fit the Old Testament location archaeologically.

735. Napheth. Joshua 17:11; K. 138:1; L. 278:13. Simple tribal listing. The word Napheth (see K. 136:16) becomes a proper name. 736. Naalōl. Joshua 19:15; K. 138:2; L. 278:14. Summary of biblical information (Joshua 21:35 and cf. K. 138:6). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Naalal, they praise" (96). 737. Nakeb. Joshua 19:33; K. 138:4; L. 278:16. Textual variant Nekem (cf. Annekem) (Greek). Simple tribal listing. JUDGES 738. Neala. Judges 1:30; K. 138:6; L. 278:18. The Greek is closer to the MT than the LXX. Perhaps entry is the same as K. 138:2 but falsely equated with a Transjordan Neeila, perhaps at Kh en Nile where the name is preserved. For Batandea see K. 144:11. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Nahellel, praise, hymns" (101). 739. Nobba (Nabe or Nobba). Judges 8:11; K. 138:8; L. 278:20. Textual variant Nomba (Greek). Summary of biblical information confusing two sites (I Samuel 22:19). In Epistle 108:8 (PPT I, 4) Jerome notes the tomb of those killed near Beit Nuba.

In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Nobe, barking" (101). 740. Nemra. Joshua 13:27; K. 138:10; L. 278:22. This seems related to the earlier entries K. 44:16; K. 48:16 and possibly K.138:20). The location is vague and no evidence that the Onomasticon made an identification. The Batanaea usually does not include the valley. The large village maybe in the northern region at Nimra. This item is out of order. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Namra, panther or bitterness" (183). 741. Naniōth. I Samuel 19:18; K. 138:13; L. 278:25. Summary of biblical information. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Nuath, beauty" (104). 742. Nachōn. II Samuel 6:6; K. 138:14; L. 278:26. Hexaplaric information. At best a personal name is indicated. 743. Naphath. I Kings 4:11; K. 138:15; L. 278:27. Simple biblical notation. Confused again with "region" (cf. K. 136:15 and K. 138:1). 744. Nērigel. II Kings 17:30; K. 138:16; L. 278:28. Simple biblical notation.

In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Nergal, lamp of the many" (117). 745. Nazeb. II Kings 17:31; K. 138:18; L. 278:30. Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Nabaaz, he prophesied thus or futile session" (117). 746. Nasarach. II Kings 19:37; K. 138:19; L. 278:31. Textual variant Nesareth (Latin). Another idol not original to the Onomasticon (cf. K. 134:17; K. 146:26; K. 58:4; K. 36:15 and Appendix II). 747. Nebēreim (Nemerim). Isaiah 15:6; K. 138:20; L. 278:32. Textual variants: Memerein, Nebērein (Greek), Bennamerim (Latin) for contemporary site. Summary of biblical information (Jeremiah 43:34.). The wadi or waters of Nimrin. Perhaps related to K. 138:1; K. 44:16; and K. 48:16. Jerome in Commentary on Isaiah 15:6 locates it by the Dead Sea and calls it there an "oppidum" (cf. K. 10:25 and Appendix I). Tell Nimrin is Bennamareim (see Introduction). 748. Nabeōth. Isaiah 60:7; K. 138:22; L. 278:35. Simple biblical notation. Perhaps out of limits of Holy Land. Region is an interpretation, perhaps from a marginal gloss (K. 74:9).

THE GOSPELS 749. Nazareth. Matthew 2:23; K. 138:24; L. 278:37. The Vatican manuscript does not have the "Gospel" division marker before this entry. Textual variant for Christians in Latin is "Nazorei." In Historia Ecclesiastica I, 7, 14 Eusebius notes that after the fall of Jerusalem the relatives of Jesus scattered throughout the countryside. It was a Jewish town in the third century. In the 4th century a few shrines were built by Christians but the Jews were dominant. A city Helenopolis was located in the general region, named after Constantine's mother, but it is never referred to in the Onomasticon any more than the two towns named after his sister Constantia. Origen didn't know of it. No church was built here by Constantine. First reference to a church is 355 A. D. Paula visited it but no church noted there either (PPT I, 15). It was near Cana (K. 116:4) and Caphernaum (K. 120:2) on the itinerary of Paula. It is adequately located at en Nasireh which was in the region of Legeōn (K. 14:21).

In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Nazareth, flower or his slip or of cleanness or separate or guardian." In Epistle 46 (Migne PE 22, 49) Jerome's etymology has "his flower." 750. Naein (Naim). Luke 7:11; K. 140:3; L. 279:41. This name continues near Aendōr (K. 34:8). Region is not indicated. The location next is repeated by Jerome in Epistle 108:13 (PPT I, 14) Jerome in 141:4 calls it an "oppidum" (cp. K. 10:25 and Appendix I). In Epistle 46 (Migne PL22:49) it can be seen from Thabōr. The distance in Greek 12 miles is erroneous if present Nein is involved. The Latin has 2 miles from Thabōr points to Nein. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Naa, beauty" (111).

SECTION X

JUDGES 751. Xil. Joshua 15:30; K. 140:8; L. 279:46. Vulgate has Cesil. Simple tribal listing (cf. K. 172:18).

SECTION O

GENESIS 752. Orech. Genesis 10:10; K. 140:11; L. 279:49. Outside limits of the Holy Land and therefore suspect. Arach is identified in Hebrew Questions as Edessa (13). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Orech, length" (70). 753. Our of the Chaldees. Genesis 11:28; K. 140:12; L. 279:50. Also outside the limits of the Holy Land and therefore suspect. Josephus in Antiquities I, vi, 5 notes the sepulchre is still in Ur of the Chaldees. In Hebrew Questions Jerome notes "region of Chaldaea really is 'in Ur Casdim' in Hebrew and means fire of Chaldaea" (15). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Ur, fire or light" (77). 754. Oulammaous. Genesis 28:19; K. 140:15; L. 279:53. Textual variant Ulamma for the other site in Latin text. For the Baithēl-Louza equation see K. 40:20. For the other east of Nazareth there is 'Ulam which has Byzantine remains. The distance is incorrect and short. In Hebrew Questions Jerome notes "Ulam is not a name of a city, but means 'former'" (34).

755. Olibama. Genesis 36:14; K. 140:19; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. This entry is missing in the Greek Vatican manuscript. Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Olibama, my tabernacle somewhere, or high tabernacle" (70). 756. Odollam. Genesis 38:11; K. 140:20; L. 279:57. Cf. K. 84:22; K. 24:21 and Micah 1:25. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Odollamites, contesting somewhat or witness in water" (70). EXODUS 757. Othom (Othon). Exodus 13:20; K. 140:23; L. 279:60. Summary of biblical information on station. JOSUE 758. Opher. Joshua 12:17; K. 140:26; L. 279:63. Simple biblical notation. Could be Joshua 19:12 and so cf. K. 108:29, Epha. 759. Oolei. Joshua 19:25; K. 142:1; L. 279:65. Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Oli, weakness" (90). 760. Ophra. I Samuel 13:17; K. 142:2; L. 279:66. Simple biblical notation (cf. K. 29:4 and K. 86:1). [Here we read through O the short letter, later we record the long vowel.]

761. Ous. Job 1:1; K. 142:3; L. 279:67. Before this entry the Latin notes the end of the short O but this entry still follows, possibly an editor's edition. Summary of biblical information (Genesis 36: 28). Other references to Job are in K. 76:10 and K. 112:3.

SECTION P

THE PENTATEUCH 762. Petra. Judges 1:36; K. 142:7; L. 279:71. No letter division in the Vatican Greek manuscript here. Procopius 1048B has Petra in Idumala (K. 102:23). On Tabula Peutinger it is 48 miles south of Theman (K. 96:18). It is an important referent for the Onomasticon and all the Roman road systems. It is also called Rekem (K. 144:7 and K. 36:13). Mt. Nor (K. 176:7) is nearby. The Nabatean influence lasted into the Roman period of the Onomasticon. Petra was one of the Nabatean cities given autonomy about 106 A.D. with the establishment of the Roman Province of Arabia. It was a great city in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Christians of Petra were persecuted by Diocletian.

SECTION R

1 THE PENTATEUCH 763. Roōbōth. Genesis 10:11; K. 142:11; L. 280:75. Outside the limits of Holy Land proper as so often the first entry in a new alphabetic section. In Hebrew Questions (13) Jerome believes this is the same as Nineve (K. 136:1) 764. Roōbōth. Genesis 36:37; K. 142:13; L. 280:77. Textual variant Assyrian for Idoumaien (Greek). This is probably the Rabath where the Notitia Dignitatum (73:27) locates a garrison. Jerome sees a large town but the Greek apparently only a garrison. Some scholars relate this to Areopolis and Rabbath Moab (K. 10:17). The Onomasticon is too vague to ascertain a location. Some suggest Kh Musrab. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Rooboth, bending or streets" (70). 765. Ramesse. Exodus 1:11; K. 142:15; L. 280:79. Outside the Holy Land proper (cf. Gen 47:11). 766. Roōb. Numbers 13:21; K. 142:18; L. 280:82. Summary of biblical event, location and added item Levitical city (K. 144:22 and Joshua 21:31. This is not an accurate identification. Two sites seem confused. Contemporary site is located four miles south of Scythopolis (K.16:2) may be at Tell es aa'ram or Sheik er rahab which has Roman-Byzantine sherds.

2 In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Roob, streets or wide" (83). 767. Raphaka. Numbers 33:12; K. 142:21; L. 280:85. Station listing. The Greek confused Hebrew D with R. 768. Raphidim. Numbers 33:14; K. 142:22; L. 280:86. Summary of biblical information (Exodus 17:6f., 13). The Madaba Map has a "Raphidinn where Israel and Amalak fought." It is near Mt.Sinai (K. 154:1) or Paran (K. 166:12). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Rafidim, wide hands or good judgment or eye sight or his suffering" (77). 769. Ratima. Numbers 33:18; K. 144:1; L. 280:90. Simple listing of station. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Rathma, complete vision or juniper or sound." (83). 770. Remmen Prares. Numbers 33:19; K. 144:2; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. Simple listing of station. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Remmonfares, very bad division or high division" (83). 771. Ressa. Numbers 33:21; K. 144:3; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. Simple listing of station.

3 In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Recsa, bridle" (83). 772. Ramōth. Deuteronomy 4:43; K. 144:4; L. 280:91. Summary of biblical information (Joshua 13:26 and 21:37). The Latin has east for the Greek west. The Syriac agrees with the Greek in this entry while usually it follows the Latin text. The ruin of biblical site, Tell er Rumeith could fit the Onomasticon, especially if this is the same as (K. 146:4) where it is located near Iabbok (K. 102:19). There is little Roman evidence. Better Roman site at Kh jal'ad. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Ramoth, high sign or he say death or height" (87). 773. Rekem. Numbers 31:8; K. 144:7; L. 280:94. Identity and summary of biblical information (Joshua 13:21; Numbers 31:8; cf. K. 142:7 and K.36:13, for Petra, named Rekim by Josephus). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Recem, variety or painting" (83). JOSUE 774. Remmōn. Joshua 15:32; K. 144:11; L. 280:98.

4 The Madaba map follows Eusebius and has a Remmōn northeast of Jerusalem. This is an error for the Old Testament border town (Joshua 19:7). The name for the Onomasticon's site continues today at Rammun 3 1/2 miles east of Bethel (K. 40:20) which is 12 miles south of et-taiyibeh. This fits the 15 miles of the Onomasticon and may be the biblical Rimmon of Benjamin. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Remmon, heights" (97). 775. Rōgēl. Joshua 18:16; K. 144:13; L. 280:00. A spring and so not a proper entry for the Onomasticon. Near Zōeleth according to K. 94:6. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Rogal, foot or bearing down" (97). 776. Rama. Joshua 18:25; K. 144:14; L. 280:01. In Commentary on Hosea 5:8 Jerome reconfirms this location. Not a city of Saul (cf. Isaiah 10:24). On the Madaba map Rama is a bit farther north because of crowding. It is near Gabaon (K. 66:11) and Michmas (K. 132:3) and probably the name continues in er-Ram. The "opposite" Baithel is from the biblical text and doesn't contradict the Jerusalem location (cf. Jeremiah 31:15).

5 In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Rama, high" (97). 777. Rekēm. Joshua 18:27; K. 144:16; L. 280:03. Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Recem, variety or of death" (97). 778. Remmōn. Joshua 19:13; K. 144:17; L. 280:04. Biblical information and tribal listing. Probably related to K. 144:11. 779. Rabbōth. Joshua 19:20; K. 144:19; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. Textual variants: Raboth and Rabooth (Latin). This entry is missing in the Greek Vatican manuscript. No identity is made here. Robbo or Rebbo is only vaguely located in the region of Eleutheropolis (K. 18:12). About 7 miles northeast is Kh Ribba, not on a Roman road, which retains the name. Perhaps same as K. 26:17. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Rabboth, many" (97). 780. Rethōm. Joshua 19:21; K. 144:21; L. 280:06. The first part of this entry is missing from the Greek Vatican manuscript. Simple tribal listing. 781. Roōb. Joshua 19:28; K. 144:22; L. 280:07.

6 The last part of this entry is missing from the Greek Vatican manuscript. Summary of biblical information (Joshua 21:131, possibly Tell Birah). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Roob, widely" (97). 782. Rama. Joshua 19:29; K. 144:23; L. 280:08. First part of the entry is missing from the Greek Vatican manuscript. Summary of biblical information. 783. Rama. Joshua 19:36; K. 144:25; L. 280:09. Simple tribal listing. Jerome notes that K. 144:14, 23 and 25 are all similar and explains them on the differences in the Hebrew alphabet. [Some of the names of the villages are assigned to different tribes because with us we see only one name to pronounce, when among the Hebrews they are written with various letters.] 784. Rekkath. Joshua 19:35; K. 144:26; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. This entry is missing from the Greek Vatican manuscript. Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Raccath, jaw bones or cheeks" (97).

7 785. Rouma (Arima also). Judges 9:41; K. 144:27; L. 281:10. Textual variant for contemporary site Remfthis (Latin). The identity of this Rouma is given as present day Rentia and equated with Arimathaia (cf. K. 32:21) by Eusebius and Jerome but the Old Testament Arumah (K. 32:11) is probably Kh el-'Urmeh. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Ruma, high" (117). KINGS 786. Remmōth. I Samuel 30:26f.; K. 146:2; L. 281:14. Simple biblical notation on "spoils." 787. Rachel. I Samuel 30:26, 29; K. 146:3; L. 281:15. Simple biblical notation on "spoils." In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Rachal, negotiation but Rachel, truly means sheep or God seeing" (104). 788. Remmōth Galaad. I Kings 4:13; K. 146:4; L. 281:16. Textual variants: Remmōd (Greek) and Iakōb (Greek and Latin) for wadi name (cf. K. 144:4). This may be Tell er Rumeith. A gloss. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Ramoth, vision of death" (112). 789. Rabbath. II Samuel 12:26; K. 146:6; L. 281:18.

8 Textual variant Rabba (Greek). This identity of Rabbath Amman with Philadelphia is made by Jerome in Commentary on Ezekiel21:18 (cf. Jeremiah 49:2; cp. K. 12:1 and K. 16:15 above). 790. Raōs (Roos). II Samuel 15:32; K. 146:8; L. 281:20. Simple biblical notation plus Hexaplaric information. Not a proper name. 791. Rogellein. II Samuel 17:27; K. 146:9; L. 281:21. Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Ragalim, feet" (108). 792. Raphaein (Raphaeim). II Samuel 23:13; K. 146:11; L. 281:22. Latin transliterates "foreigners" rather than translate or identify them. Biblical information and geography. 793. Remman. I Kings 15:17; K. 146:13; L. 281:24. Textual variant Remmam (Latin). Biblical information and geography. Not clear if Syria is the Roman province or not (cf. K. 146:19). 794. Reth. I Kings 15:20; K. 146:15; L. 281:25. Simple biblical notation. This text is corrupt in the LXX (cf. K. 34:28). 795. Rathem. I Kings 19:4; K. 146:16; L. 281:26.

9 Textual variant Remth (Greek). Hexaplaric information. This and the next entry are late additions. 796. Remmōn. Isaiah 15:9; K. 146:17; L. 281:27. Simple biblical notation. MT has Hebrew D which is confused in the Greek here with the Hebrew R (see above). 797. Raseph. Isaiah 37:12; K. 146:19; L. 281:28. Simple biblical notation (cp. K. 146:13 and K. 146:20). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "'Rasef, pavement" (121). 798. Rapheth. Isaiah 37:12; K. 146:20; L. 281:29. Textual variant Rapheph (Greek). Possibly the same as above K. 146:19. Syria and Assyria are occasionally equated. 799. Rebla. II Kings 23:33; K. 146:22; L. 281:31. Textual variant Rebas (Greek). Summary of biblical information (cf. K. 146:27). This may be out of order or else all the prophetic entries are later addition. For Aimath see K. 22:23. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Rablai, this many or many" (117). 800. Remma. Amos 4:3; K. 146:14; L. 281:33.

10 Textual variants Remona (Greek) and Emous (Latin). A mountain and not properly original to Onomasticon's list. It is also out of order if the other King's entries are correct. Hexaplaric information indicating another error in Greek transcription. "In Daroma" is perhaps same as Eremmo in K. 88:17 at Umm er ramamin. Idols of Damascus refer to II Kings 5:18, "house of Rimmon" (Appendix II). 801. Reblatha. II Kings 25:6; K. 146:27; L. 281:36. Outside of the Holy Land limits of the Onomasticon. Latin adds a contemporary identification. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Roblath, many of you or multitude" (117). 802. Ramade (Ramale). Zechariah 14:10; K. 146:28; L. 281:37. Textual variant Rabede (Greek). Hexaplaric information plus an irrelevant remark on Jeremiah 31:15 and Matthew 2:18. The Madaba map quotes the Greek text "Rama a voice heard in Rama." It is located just west of Bethleheem (K. 42:10) about at the present Rachel's tomb tradition (PPT I, 26 Itin. Bourd. The confusion is all Christian (cf. K. 82:10 and K. 172:5).

11 803. Rinokoroura. Isaiah 27:12; K. 148:3; L. 281:40. The border or river of Egypt in MT. One of the few additions from LXX noted in Onomasticon by Jerome as such. Procopius 1025B has "Wadi of Aigyptos is said to be the Romokorouros. Together in the Madaba map are the borders of Aegyptos and Palaistinē, Rinokoroura." Jerome locates Ostracine in the same area (K. 39:9). In Tabula Peutinger Ostraciana is 24 miles and Rinocura 34 miles from Rafia (K. 50:19). The Madaba map has followed Josephus Wars IV, ii, 5 here. Probably el 'arish today. For other sites in Egypt see note on K. 58:7.

SECTION S

[What we have said in the book on Interpretation of Hebrew Names, even now in the heading of the letter S we see that among the Hebrews there are three S's: Samech, Sade and Sin. Yet these are pronounced as one sound among the Greek and Latin which in the Hebrew language are differentiated. So it is that each name appears to us to sound differently, and further each has another letter. Not only from one but from three letters places and cities and villages are described.] 804. K. 148.4 The Latin again inserts remarks about the difference in the alphabets. The three S's in Hebrew are all under one section in Greek and Latin. GENESIS 805. Sidōn. Genesis 10:15; K. 148:6; L. 281:43. Summary of biblical information Judges 1:31. This city is not located but occasionally is used as a referent. Jerome here translated "foreigners" of the Greek text into "enemy."

806. Sennaar. Genesis 11:2f.; K. 148:11; L. This entry is out of the Holy Land proper (Genesis 10:11). It includes a quotation from Josephus Antiquities I, 4, 3 after a simple biblical summary. Procopius 312B has the same information but calls it a "city" as well as a "plain." In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sennaar, knocking out teeth, or their stink" (71). 807. Suchem (Sikima) (Salēm). Genesis 12:6; K. 150:1; L. 282:55. This is a much worked over entry. A simple biblical summary (Genesis 33:18) and traditional location is followed by additions from scripture including an additional town (Judges 9:45; I Kings 12:25; I Chronicles 7:28; Genesis 33:19 and Joshua 20:7). Procopius 320A practically quotes the original two items: "Suchem and Sikima and Sēlon in the suburbs of Neapolis." Madaba map also follows Eusebius and separates "Suchem and Sikima and Salēm" from "Neapolis." Sychar (K. 164:1) seems to be to the left and Jacob's well to the right on the map. An entry on Salēm is incomplete in the Greek text at K. 152:4. The church at Jacob's well is seen on the Madaba map and affirmed by Jerome (K. 165:3). That entry does not say, however, that the well is at Sychar but around Neapolis. Paula "passed through Sichem, not as most travellers spell it, Sichar, which now is named Neapolis and entered the church built upon the side of Mt. Gerizim round about Jacob's well" (Epistle 108: 13 and PPT I, 13).

In the time of Eusebius and Jerome the traditional site of Shechem was "a deserted place." It seems correct to point this to the well-excavated site of Tell Balata in the pass between Ebal and Garizim east-southeast of Nablus. The pilgrims followed Eusebius and locate the tomb of Joseph in Shechem (not in Neapolis) and about a mile from it they locate Sechar (Itin. Bourd. and PPT I, 18). The oak of Sikimon and the tomb of Joseph are located in the suburbs of Neapolis in K. 54:23 also. Not until much later does the Christian tradition identify Neapolis with Shechem. The terebinth of Sikimon (K. 164:11) is located near Neapolis. In Genesis 33:18 Shalem is not identified with Shechem itself but is "a city of Shechem." Eusebius seems to make this identification. The present village of Salim has many Roman-Byzantine remains with some earlier artifacts as well. A late 4th century church has been discovered near the well of Jacob.

For the other Suchem see the confusion in K. 158:1 below. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sichem, of the shoulder or labor" (71). 808. Sennaar. Genesis 14:1; K. 150:8; L. 282:63. Simple biblical notation (cf. K. 148:11). 809. Sodoma. Genesis 14:2; K. 150:10; L. 282:65. The chief city of the Pentopolis with only biblical location. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sodoma, silent beast or blindness or their likeness" 71). 810. Sebōeim. Genesis 14:2; K. 150:12; L. 282:67. Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Seboim, of the roes or of damages or his place on the sea or place of the sea" (71). 811. Sōpheira. Genesis 10:30; K. 150:14; L. 282:69. This entry is outside the proper limits of the Holy Land and out of order. Josephus Antiquities I, 6, 4 plus summary of the biblical information (I Kings 10:11 and cf. K. 160:20 below). This same quotation from Josephus appears in K. 82:2 and K. 176:14. Josephus' Antiquities VII, 6, 4 had, "These (ships) Solomon ordered to sail along with his own stewards to the land anciently called Sopheir but not the land of gold; it belongs to India."

In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sefar, story or book" (71). 812. Soora. Genesis 14:2; K. 150:19; L. 282:74. Simple biblical notation (cf. K. 42:4; K. 94:2 and K. 152:8. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names we find "Segor, which is called Zoara in the Syrian language" (17). This is repeated in Procopius 373B. 813. Sauē. Genesis 14:5; K. 150:21; L. 282:76. Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sau or Saube, worthy or high" (72). 814. Sēeir. Genesis 14:6; K. 150:23; L. 282:78. Procopius 332C quotes the entry entirely which in part depends on Josephus' Antiquities 1, 20, 3. Jerome in Commentary on Obadiah 1 repeats the etymology and the location. This is a summary of biblical information (Genesis 32:1, 14:6, 25:25, 27:11 and Isaiah 21:11) and no specific location. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Seir, covered with hair or hairy" (72). 815. Salēm. Genesis 14:18; K. 152:4; L. 282:84.

The beginning of this entry is only a revision of K. 150:1. The use of Salēm as identical to Shechem seems to be the result of the LXX text for Joshua 24:1, 25. There the LXX has Sēlō. Procopius 333A has the Greek of Eusebius word for word and then continues following Jerome. Another village west of Ailia is unidentifiable, perhaps Kh Selma preserves the name, but perhaps represents the Josephus' tradition that Jebus, Salem and Jerousalem are all one place. In Hebrew Questions Jerome says "Salem is the name of the king of Jerusalem which was formerly called Salem" (19). Salumias is located 8 miles south (direction not given in the text) of Scythopolis (K. 16:2) at Umm el 'umdan or on the Jordan at Tell Rijba where there is a Sheik Salim nearby. This could be the tradition of Salem-Aenon (K. 40:1). In Jerome's Epistle 73:7 he attaches the tradition of Melchizedek to this site called an "oppidum" (see Appendix I), where the ruins were shown (Migne PL 22, 680). The archaeological remains are not decisive.

The Salim which belongs to Shechem is perhaps in the plain about 4 miles east of Shechem at present Salim. But Eusebius does not make a distinction here (cp. Judith 4:4). This is probably because LXX and Syriac identify Salem and Shechem as above in K. 150:1 and the first part of this entry. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Salem, peace or returning" (72). 816. Sour. Genesis 16:7; K. 152:6; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. The Greek text is lost. The Greek of Procopius 352D says, "The desert of Sour extends opposite Egypt where the Hebrews came when about to cross the Red Sea, as Exodus says." In Hebrew Questions (20) Jerome notes the Way of Sur "leads through the desert to Egypt." For Kades see K. 112:7, 8. Jerome seems to be correcting Eusebius on the basis of scripture. 817. Sēgōr. Genesis 19:22; K. 152:8; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text.

The first part of the Greek is lost (Isaiah 15:5). No real place is pointed here. In Hebrew Questions (23) Jerome writes, "Segor which is frequently earth and more frequently destroyed, was first called Bale and later Salissa" (cf. K. 150:19; K. 42:4 and K. 94:2). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Segor, poor. It is the same as Seor above" (72). 818. Skēnai (Scenae). Genesis 33:17; K. 152:13; L. 283:87. Simple biblical notation. EXODUS 819. Sokchōth. Exodus 12:37; K. 152:16; L. 283:90. Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Socchoth, tabernacle" (77). 820. Sin. Exodus 16:1; K. 152:18; L. 283:93. Summary of biblical information (Exodus 17:1, 19:1 and Numbers 33:36). LXX and MT texts disagree as noted in the Onomasticon. Probably this extends from Red Sea to Sinai. On the Madaba map the desert of Sin is also: "the place of Manna and quails." NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY 821. Selmona. Numbers 33:41; K. 154:5; L. 283:00.

Last part of this entry is missing in Greek Vatican manuscript. A Simple listing of station. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Salmona, shade of the part or he reckoned the shade or his image" (85). 822. Saphar. Numbers 33:23; K. 154:7; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. First part of this entry is missing in Greek Vatican manuscript. Simple listing of station. 823. Sattein (Sattim). Numbers 25:1; K. 154:9; L. 283:01. Summary of biblical information and geography (Numbers 25:3 and Joshua 2:1) On Phogōr see K. 18:1 and K. 168:25. This and the next entry seem to be late editorial additions. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Settim, thorns" (84). 824. Sabama. Numbers 32:3, 38; K. 154:12; L. 283:04. Textual variant Saba (Greek). Summary of biblical information (Joshua 13:19 and Isaiah 16:8. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sabama, turning around of someone, or lift on him or lifted high" (85). 825. Selcha. Deuteronomy 3:10; K. 154:15; L. 283:07.

Simple biblical notation. 826. Senna. Numbers 34:4; K. 154:16; L. 283:08. A border listing (Joshua 15:3). The mileage in the two texts is different. This could be the result of the older Jewish text locating from Roman Jericho (K. 104:25) and Jerome's from er-riha. The Magdalsenna is hardly in Ioudaia with this location. On the Madaba map east of Archelais is a small unlabeled town which could be Magdalsenna but cannot be the Zin of Numbers (cf. K. 84:14) but could be identified with Sennaah of Ezra. This is possibly located now at Kh el Beiyudat. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Senna, wished or his teeth" (85). 827. Sephama. Numbers 34:10; K. 154:18; L. 283:10. Textual variant Sephema (Greek). Simple biblical listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Safan, life or hair on the upper lip which the Greeks call a moustache" (85). 828. Sadada. Numbers 34:8; K. 154:19; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text.

Not in the Greek Vatican manuscript. Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "from his tile" (85). JOSUE 829. Somerōn. Joshua 12:20; K. 154:21; L. 283:12. A biblical note and identification followed by additional biblical information probably added by a later hand (I Kings 16:24). Onomasticon recognizes a region of Sebastē called polichnē (cf. K. 22:11; Appendix II), Samaria was called Sebastē in honor of Augustus (Epistle 108:13, Migne PL 22, 889; PPT I, 13 and cf. K. 162:13). Herod had much to do with its redevelopment. Jerome notes the graves of Obadiah, Elisha, and St. John the Baptist are traditionally located here (Epistle 46; Migne PL 22, 491 and Commentary on Obadia Migne PL 25, 1099 etc.). In this entry only the Latin text notes the relics of John. Also called an "oppidum" (cf. K. 10:25 and Appendix I). A bishop was present from here at the Council of Nicea.

In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Semronmaron, custodian of the bitter walls" (97). 830. Sēeira. Joshua 11:17; K. 156:1; L. 283:17. Simple biblical notation. 831. Selcha. Joshua 13:11; K. 156:2; L. 283:18. Simple biblical notation. 832. Siōr. Joshua 15:54; K. 154:21; L. 283:19. Two sites are involved in this entry. Sior is from the Onomasticon perhaps located at Siler north-northeast of Chebrōn (K. 6:8) on the border of Eleutheropolis and Aelia regions. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sior, very small or disturbed" (97). 833. Saorth. Joshua 13:19; K. 156:5; L. 283:21. Textual variants: Saor (Greek) and Saorh (Latin). Simple tribal listing and biblical location. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sarth, chains or his narrowness" (97). 834. Sachoth. Joshua 13:27; K. 156:6; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. This entry is not in the Greek Vatican manuscript. Simple tribal listing and biblical location. 835. Saphōn. Joshua 13:27; K. 156:7; L. 283:22. Simple tribal listing and biblical location.

836. Sachōron. Joshua 15:11; K. 156:8; L. 284:23. Textual variant Sachorona (Latin). Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sechrona, intoxicated or tabernacle" (97). 837. Sama (Samen). Joshua 15:26; K. 156:9; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. This entry is not in the Greek Vatican manuscript. Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Seme, hearing" (97). 838. Soual. Joshua 15:28; K. 156:10; L. 284:24. Double tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sualim, foxes" (97). 839. Sikelag (Secelec). Joshua 15:31; K. 156:11; L. 284:25. Textual variant Sicelec (Latin). Summary of biblical information (I Samuel 27:6; Joshua 19:5 and cp. Thalcha 98:26). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sicileq, clearing a tight voice or pouring forth the sixth part" (97). 840. Sansana. Joshua 15:31; K. 156:31; L. 284:27. Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Senesanna, bearing a bramble or holding" (97). 841. Saleei. Joshua 15:32; K. 156:14; L. 284:28.

Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Saloim, comings forth or emissions" (97). 842. Saraa. Joshua 15:33; K. 156:15; L. 284:29. Textual variant Sarda (Greek). Tribal listing of Joshua 19:41 (cf. K. 160:4). Esthaol (K. 88:2) is also 10 miles north of Eleutheropolis (K. 18:12). The distance is somewhat short for both Eathaol and Saraa unless it marks turn off from the main road to lesser road. They are near each other about 14-15 miles north. Today at sar'a southeast of Nicopolis (K. 30:27). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Saraa, hornets or shortness of evil" (97). 843. Sokchō. Joshua 15:35; K. 156:18; L. 284:32. Twin villages. The Madaba Map has only one Sōchō on the edge of the valley. They are a few miles west-southwest of Bait Nettif at Kh Abbad and Kh Shuweikeh. The sound of the name may survive in the second, where there are late remains.

In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Socha, little tabernacle or shady arbor" (97). 844. Saraein. Joshua 15:36; K. 156:21; L. 284:35. Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Saarim, doors" (97). 845. Sennaan (Senam). Joshua 15:37; K. 156:22; L. 284:36. Textual variant Senna (Latin). Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sanam, abundant or their departure" (97). 846. Sapheir. Joshua 15:48; K. 156:23; L. 284:37. This is not located along any main road and does not seem to be the Sapharea of the Madaba map. It is best located at Sawafir 10 miles northeast of Ascalōn (K. 22:15) on the road to Eleutheropolis (K. 18:12). Perhaps on the border. 847. Sokchō. Joshua 15:48; K. 156:25; L. 284:39. Textual variant Socho (Latin). Cf. II Kings 17:30 and cp. K. 156:18 above. 848. Skacha. Joshua 15:61; K. 156:27; L. 284:41. Textual variants: Sakcho (Greek) and Scaca and Scatha (Latin). Simple tribal listing.

849. Selo. Joshua 16:6; K. 156:28; L. 284:42. Two biblical items (Genesis 38:5) separated by a location. The distance varies by two miles between Latin and Greek. In the Madaba map "Silo where the ark was" following Eusebius. The present Kh Seilun is over 12 miles from Neapolis (K. 4:28). But turn off from the main road is at 12 milestone. Paula saw a destroyed altar there (Epistle 108:13, PPT I, 13). Perhaps the 10 miles of Jerome locates Akkrabein. 850. Suchem (Sechem). Joshua 17:7; K. 158:1; L. 284:46. Manssseh and Ephraim both hold biblical Shechem. K. 150:7 seems to distinguish Joshua 20:7, Joshua 21:21 from the area around Neapolis. Yet this entry has been corrected and the same site is the Ephraim city of refuge and the Manasseh city with the tomb of Joseph. No location is given here other than reference back to K. 150:1 which is probably a marginal gloss.

851. Sama. Joshua 18:17; K. 158:4; L. 284:49. Textual variant "spring of Sam" (Greek). Biblical and Hexaplaric information. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sames, sun" (97). 852. Semreim. Joshua 18:22; K. 158:5; L. 284:50. Textual variants: Sereim (Greek) and Semeri (Latin). Simple tribal listing. 853. Sela. Joshua 18:28; K. 158:6; L. 284:51. Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sela, bear from, to bear, not from breadth" (97). 854. Sabe (Sabēe). Joshua 19:2; K. 158:7; L. 284:52. Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sabe, seven or seven times" (97). 855. Sarith (Sarid). Joshua 19:10; K. 158:8; L. 284:53. Textual variant Sarith (Latin). Simple tribal border. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sarith, remains" (97). 856. Sams. Joshua 19:12; K. 158:9; L. 284:54. Textual variants: Sam (Greek) and Samis, Samus (Latin). Hexaplaric information. 857. Semerōn. Joshua 19:15; K. 158:10; L. 284:55. Simple tribal listing. 858. Sounēm (Sunem). Joshua 19:18; K. 158:11; L. 284:56.

Textual variant Soubēn (Greek). Perhaps the tradition confuses this with the Shulamite of Canticles. It is at Sulem about 3 miles south of Naim (K. 140:3) and correctly located 5 miles from Thabor. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sonim, scarlet colored" (97). 859. Sion (Seon or Soen). Joshua 19:19; K. 158:13; L. 284:58. Vague location may point to 'ajun esh sha'en, but it could be the same as the previous location. Jerome alone gives an alternate. A' has Seian. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Seon, his seeds" (97). 860. Sasima. Joshua 19:22; K. 158:15; L. 284:60. Simple border listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sassim, going out he stayed" (97). 861. Sior. Joshua 19:26; K. 158:16; L. 284:61. Simple tribal listing. 862. Sennanein. Joshua 19:33; K. 158:17; L. 284:62. Textual variant Sennanim (Latin). Biblical notation and tribal listing. A corrupt LXX test wherein two Hebrew names in the MT become coalesced into one.

863. Sorek (Sorec). Joshua 19:41; K. 158:18; L. 285:63. Summary of biblical information and geography (Judges 13:25 and cf. K. 88:12). This form is from the MT not from the LXX (cf. K. 160:2). 864. Sames. Joshua 19:41; K. 158:20; L. 285:65. Textual variant Samer (Greek). Cf. K. 54:11 and K. 32:26. 865. Salabein (Salabeim). Joshua 19:41; K. 158:21; L. 285:66. Salaba is only vaguely located, perhaps Onomasticon points to site (not the Old Testament site) at Kh Selhab north of Tubas (cf. K. 100:11). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Salabin, growing intelligence" (91). 866. Sepheth. Judges 1:17; K. 158:23; L. 285:68. Textual variants: Sephet, Seth and Sapeth (Latin). Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Safeth, watchtower" (101). JUDGES 867. Seirōtha. Judges 3:26; K. 158:25; L. 285:70. Textual variants: Ahod, Aioth and Ahud (Latin). Simple biblical notation (cf. K. 156:1 related to Mt.Se'ir) In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sairath, she goat" (101).

868. Sour Oreb. Judges 7:25; K. 158:27; L. 285:72. Textual variant. A' is lacking in Vatican Greek manuscript. Hexaplaric information. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Suroreb, rock of the raven" (101). 869. Selmon. Judges 9:48; K. 158:28; L. 285:73. Simple biblical notation. This is not Shechem but Sikima near Haifa (K. 108: 30). It is probably located at Tell es Samak. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Salmana, preventing shade or shade of movements" (101) and "Salma, feeling or perfect or peace making" (101). 870. Sephina. Judges 12:1; K. 160:1; L. 285:75. Hexaplaric information. 871. Sōrēch. Judges 16:4; K. 160:2; L. 285:76. Identified with Cafarsorech northwest of Saraa (K. 56:15) possibly Eusebius points to Kh Surik (not the Old Testament site) Judges 13:2, 25. It is not on a Roman road. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sorec, best choice" (101). KINGS 872. Sōpheim. I Samuel 1:1; K. 160:6; L. 285:80. Textual variants: Armathe and Armathaim (Latin).

Simple biblical location. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sofim, watchtower or crag." (105). 873. Salisa. I Samuel 9:4; K. 160:7; L. 285:81. Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Salisa, third" (105). 874. Senna. I Samuel 14:4; K. 160:8; L. 285:82. Textual variant Sanna (Latin). This entry and part of the next are missing in the Greek Vatican manuscript. As a rock it does not belong to the place names. It is also out of proper order and doubly suspect (cf. K. 94:5). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sena, borne or narrowness or good" (105). 875. Saaleim. I Samuel 9:4; K. 160:11; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. The first part of this entry and the previous one are missing in the Greek Vatican manuscript (cp. K. 156:14). Probably Kh Shaikha 7 miles due west of Eleutheropolis (K. 18:12). Some scholars see it on the road at Araq el Manshiya but Eusebius' location seems to be off the road (cf. K. 68:4).

In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Salim, foxes but better written Sualim" (105). 876. Seiph (Sthif). I Samuel 9:5; K. 160:11; L. 285:84. Textual variant Seim (Greek). Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Suf, watchtower or pouring forth" (105). 877. Sabeim. I Samuel 13:18; K. 160:12; L. 285:85. Simple biblical notation. 878. Sōnam. I Samuel 28:4; K. 160:13; L. 285:86. Cf. K. 158:11 and K. 158:13. Perhaps also Salim east of Nablus is intended, in the Akrabattinē (I Kings 1:3 and Song of Solomon 6:12). It could be sanur north of Samaria as well. Neither site is the Old Testament location. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sonaim, scarlet colored or his standing." 879. Saphamōth. I Samuel 30:28; K. 160:15; L. 285:89. Textual variant Sophamoth (Latin). Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Safathmoth, lip of death." (105). 880. Seeira. II Samuel 3:26; K. 160:16; L. 285:90. Simple biblical notation.

881. Souba. II Samuel 8:3; K. 160:17; L. 285:91. Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Soba, divided from cutting, not from following" (105). 882. Sarthan. I Kings 4:12; K. 160:18; L. 285:92. Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sarthan, their tribulation or demolition or limitation " (112). 883. Sōpheira (Soupheir). I Kings 9:28 and I Kings 10:11; K. 160:19; L. 285:93. Textual variant Sophira (Latin). This variant name is a LXX error. Out of the Holy Land proper (cf. K. 150:14 and K. 176:13). 884. Serōra. I Kings 11:26; K. 160:21; L. 285:95. Textual variant Serora (Latin). Simple biblical notation. 885. Saba. I Kings 10:1; K. 160:22; L. 285:96. This entry is out of the Limits of the Holy Land and out of order as well, so is quite suspect. In Josephus Antiquities II, 10, 2 we have "Saba, the capital of the Ethiopian realm which Cambyses later called Meroe after the name of his sister."

In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Saba, captured" (112). 886. Sela. II Kings 12:21; K. 160:25; L. 285:99. Simple biblical notation. LXX has Gaalad or Gaalla for the MT "to Silla." In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sela, always" (117). 887. Sephpharouem (Saffaruaim). II Kings 17:24; K. 160:26; L. 285:00. Simple biblical notation (Isaiah 36:19). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Safaruahim, books or letters" (118). 888. Sademoth. II Kings 23:4; K. 160:28; L. 286:03. Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sademoth, ploughed land or region" (118). 889. Sarepta. I Kings 17:9; K. 162:1; L. 286:04. This item is perhaps out of order. This is the only site between Tyre (K. 162:15) and Sidon (K. 148:6) mentioned in the Onomasticon. Jerome adds it is on the main highway. Tabula Peutinger locates it 9 miles from Sidon and 12 from Tyre. The Pilgrims note it is on the coast also 9 miles from Sidon (Paula PPT I, 4 and Itin. Bourd.18:22). It is the present Sarafand (MT, cf. Luke 4:26 not noted in our text). In Latin "oppidulum" used only here, the diminutive is "oppidum" (cf. K. 10:25 and Appendix I).

890. Sarōn. Isaiah 33:9; K. 162:3; L. 286:06. Part of this entry is missing in the Vatican manuscript. Ioppa is an "oppidum" in Jerome here (cf. K. 111:25; cp. K. 10:25 and Appendix I). In Jerome's Commentary on Isaiah 33:7 and elsewhere he describes the plain of Sharon as near Ioppa and Lidda. This may describe the limits of the plain. The added notation is more precise for biblical Sharon. The first Saronas is connected with Aphek and Endor (K. 34:11) of the Esdraelon plain, northeast of Tabor toward the Sea of Galilee, perhaps named after a town Saruna but not the biblical site. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Saron, first wall or gloomy singing" (122). 891. Sephela. Isaiah 32:19; K. 162:7; L. 286:09. "Another" as the above plain. In Jerome's Commentary on Obadiah 19 he describes this area of Diospolis (K. 8:14) to Nicopolis (K. 30:27) but notes, as in Onomasticon that others see it as near Eleutheropolis (K. 18:12). The Onomasticon locates it between Eleutheropolis and Ioppa (K. 110:24 and cp. I Maccabees 12:38).

892. Sennaar. Micah 1:11; K. 162:10; L. 286:12. Textual variants: Sennaan (Greek) and Sennam (Latin). Hexaplatic information and references (cp. K. 156:22). 893. Sedrach. Zechariah 9:1; K. 162:11; L. 286:13. Simple biblical notation. LXX has confused the Hebrew of MT here. 894. Siōn. Zechariah 9:9; K. 162:12; L. 286:14. Mountain and simple biblical location. One of the details of Jerusalem but no real location given. In Jerome's Commentary on Isaiah1:21 he says, "Sion is the mountain on which the city of Jerusalem was founded." 895. Samareia (Samaria). Ezekiel 16:46; K. 162:13; L. 286:15. Samaria is Sebaste and gives its name to the territory (cf. K. 154:21). 896. Sor (Tyre). Ezekiel 26:2; K. 162:15; L. 286:17. Simple biblical summary (Joshua 19:35). The Onomasticon uses "metropolis" only rarely for Tyre and Jerusalem. Difficult to know if this is in reference to biblical or contemporary times. Tyre was the capital of the Roman province of Phoenicia north of Karmel and Palaistinē. It was 73 miles between Caesarea and Tyre according to Itin. Bourd. (PPT I, 17). Tabula Peutinger has 12 miles from Sarepta, 24 from Sidon and 32 from Ptolmais. It is presently called Sur (perhaps cf. K. 164:17).

897. Soēne. Ezekiel 29:11; K. 162:16; L. 286:19. This is outside the proper limits of the Holy Land. This is one of the most distant Egyptian cities mentioned (cp. K. 126: 1). Hebrew has migdol. Eusebius follows the LXX here. For other sites in Egypt see note on K. 58: 1. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Soene, his circle or expected" (130). 898. Sais. Ezekiel 30:15; K. 162:17; L. 286:20. This is outside the proper limits of the Holy Land. Greek text is corrupt. The Madaba map has "Sais." In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sais, proof" (132). 899. Sadala. Ezekiel 47:15; K. 162:18; L. 286:21. Simple biblical notation of border. Name follows Qere vocalization. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sadada, has the same meaning as Sela" (132, cf. 97 also cf. K. 158: 6). 900. Sabareim. Ezekiel 47:16; K. 162:19; L. 286:23. Simple biblical notation and geography. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sabarim, to go around the mountains" (132).

901. Salisa. Jeremiah 48:34; K. 162:21; L. 286:25. Hexaplaric information. 902. Suchar. John 4:5; K. 164:1; L. 286:26. This is not related to Shechem (K. 150:1) by this text. Yet it is east of Neapolis (K. 4:28) near the field of Jacob and the well where the Samaritan came. In this entry the well seems to be near or to belong to the village from which the woman came. Jerome notes a church is now built at the well (cf. Note on K. 7:13). Paula sees Sychar as near the well but one mile from Shechem (Epistle 108:13 and PTT I, 18).The Madaba map is unclear, "Sychar now Sychchōra" is usually separated from "Where the well of Jacob is" as well as from "the tomb of Joseph." None of these is equated with Shechem. The oak of Sikimon and the tomb of Joseph however are connected in K. 54:23. The well and church tradition has remained constant since the 4th century (Latin text). Shechem is clearly Balata although later pilgrims identified it with Neapolis. Sychar is the small village of Samaritans which clustered around the well a bit south of Balata. The name Sychar has been preserved perhaps in present 'Askar at the foot of Mt.Ebal.

The reality of a Sychar was already questioned by Jerome. He notes that Sicima was called Sychem in Hebrew but the Gospel of John through an error wrote Sychar (Migne PL 23, 1055). In Epistle 108:13 he also remarks on this error and equates Sychem with Neapolis (Migne PL 22, 888). Many scholars favor this argument: Sychar is a copyist's error or alternate form for Sychem in the New Testament. This would mean between the well and Balata were located the Samaritan inhabitants of Sychem. The fact that no Roman remains are found on Tell Balata does not preclude the existence of a small village around the well and under the present village of Balata. After the 4 century the village north of Sychem was pointed out as Sychar. It is a Byzantine settlement. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Sichar, conclusion or twig. However in error for Sichem, which means shoulder, Schar was written." (142).

SECTION T

1 GENESIS 903. Tigris. Genesis 2:14; K. 164:7; L. 286:32. A river and outside the Holy Land limits proper. Also as often in the first entry to a new alphabetic section this is suspect. The rivers of Paradise are all in the Onomasticon (see note on K. 60:3). Josephus Antiquities I, 1, 3 says, "The Euphrates and Tigris end in the Red Sea" apparently meaning the Red Sea includes both gulfs. "Tigris Diglath expressing at once its narrowness and its rapidity" (Ibid.). 904. Terebinthos in Sikemon. Genesis 35:4; K. 164:11; L. 286:36. Textual variant Tereminthos (Greek). Sikemos and other idols (see Appendix II). Simple biblical notation (cf. the oak K. 54:23). Is it possible that terebinthos or balanos may relate to the Matzevoth? On Sykem see K. 150:1 and K. 158:1. JOSUE 905. Tina. Joshua 15:22; K. 164:14; L. 287:39. Simple tribal listing (cp. K. 114:14). 906. Telem. Joshua 15:24; K. 164:15; L. 287:40.

2 Simple tribal listing. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Talam, their dew or moistened with dew" (97). 907. Tessem. Joshua 15:52; K. 164:16; L. 287:41. Simple tribal listing (cp. K. 16:10. Here the guttural is expressed in Greek). 908. Turos. Joshua 19:35; K. 164:17; L. 287:42. Simple tribal listing (cp. K. 162:15). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Tyrus which is called Sor in Hebrew and interpreted tribulation or difficulty or strength" (97). JUDGES 909. Tabath. Judges 7:22; K. 164:19; L. 287:44. Textual variant Tabam (Greek). Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Tabath, good" (101). 910. Tōb. Judges 11:3; K. 164:20; L. 287:45. Simple biblical notation. 911. Tapheth (Tofeth). II Kings 23:10; K. 164:21; L. 287:46. Simple biblical summary with generalized location (cf. K. 102:14). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Thof, protection of the face or gehenna" (118). 912. Tanis. Isaiah 19:11; K. 164:23; L. 287:48. Located outside the proper limits of the Holy Land.

3 Here the Madaba map has "Tania" the only site in the delta of Egypt mentioned in the Onomasticon. On other sites in Egypt see K. 58:7. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Tanis, commanding humility" (122). 913. Taphnas. Hosea 9:6; K. 164:24; L. 287:49. Located outside the proper limits of the Holy Land. Summary of biblical references as Ezekiel 30:14, 18 and Jeremiah 43:7. In the Greek a confused text (cf. K. 134: 6). On other sites in Egypt see K. 58:7. THE GOSPELS 914. Trachonitis territory or Itouraia. Luke 3:1; K. 166:1; L. 287:53. Cp. 110:27. The limits are clear. Bostra was probably the border in Herod's time. Eusebius equates the two regions but they are not really identical. Philip did not control up to Damascus. Josephus called the region south of Damascus Trachōn, roughly equivalent to the basalt desert.

SECTION PH

1 GENESIS TH 915. Jerome notes that in the Latin text the TH is followed next as in Hebrew and Latin alphabet. In Greek they are already included earlier in the alphabet. PH 916. Pheisōn (Fison). Genesis 2:11; K. 166:7; L. 287:59. A river outside the limits of Holy Land proper and again suspect as the first entry in alphabetic section. Again Josephus and the Bible are the simple sources for the entry inserted by a late editor. In Antiquities I, 1, 3 "one of these (four rivers) Phison, a name meaning multitude, runs toward India and falls into the sea, being called by the Greeks Ganges." In Interpretation of Hebrew Names Jerome repeats this identity of Fison with Ganges (4). On rivers of Eden see note on K. 60:3. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Pison, mouth of an orphan or change of mouth" (66). 917. Pharan. Genesis 14:6; K. 166:12; L. 287:64.

2 Summary of biblical information separated by location (Numbers 10:12 and Genesis 21:21, 14:6). Several different hands have been at work adding to this text. Procopius 332D repeats the first part of this entry. It is three days from Bluth or Aqabah (K. 6:17). It is south of the Roman province of Arabia. In Jerome's Commentary on Habakkuk 3:3 he says it is near Mt.Sina. Probably generally from Aqabah to Suez. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Faran, their courage" (66). 918. Pulistieim. Genesis 21:34; K. 166:18; L. 287:71. The city is Askalōn (K. 22:15) and the territory around it. Does Eusebius mean Philistine coastal area of the five cities or does he mean Palaistinē the Roman province? Probably here it is the former although in the Onomasticon the usage is quite irregular. Jerome at times translated Greek "foreigners" with Filistine (K. 7:15, K. 21:2, K. 33:25 and K.119:3) but more frequently with the Greek transliteration Allofylus, but most often as translated into "foreigners" or "enemy" (see Appendix I).

3 In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Filistiim, double ruins" (66). 919. Phrear. Genesis 21:31; K. 166:20; L. 287:73. A series of wells all of which are additions to the text. Not all the wells of the Bible are inserted by this later scribe into the Onomasticon. Usually only a biblical notation and no attempt at specific location is made. The Greek is transliterated above and the Latin is translated. Here identical with Bērosoba (K. 50:1) in the Geraritikē (K. 60:7). Confused entry. In Hebrew Questions21:30 these two are equated, perpetuating an obvious error. 920. Phrear. Genesis 24:62; K. 166:22; L. 287:75. Simple biblical notation. 921. Phrear. Genesis 26:20f.; K. 166:23; L. 288:76. Berdan has the etymology given. It is in the Geraritikē (K. 60:7 and cf. K. 166:20 above). In the Vulgate the well is called Calumnia. The location is uncertain, perhaps barade. 922. Phrear. Genesis 26:33; K. 168:1; L. 288:78.

4 Summary of biblical information and a general statement on the many wells in southwest Palaistinē. This may also be around Bēroeaba (K. 50:1 and cf. K. 166:20). Some early Christians confused this with Askalon possibly here. 923. Phanouēl. Genesis 32:30; K. 168:4; L. 288:83. The Greek text is corrupt here. Biblical summary of Genesis 32:24, 28. The location here is not specific, but location on the Iabok (K. 102:19). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Fanuhel, face of God" (66). 924. Phogōr (Fogo). Genesis 36:39; K. 168:7; L. 288:84. Simple biblical notation and geography (cp. K. 48:3 and K. 168:25). 925. Phinōn. Genesis 36:41; K. 168:8; L. 288:86. Summary of biblical information for two locations. Phainon is probably present day Fenan. In K. 80:15 it is 4 miles from Daidan. On these mines see K. 114:1ff. Roman fort remains are nearby, Jerome reports on labor supply. This may be quite distinct from the station on the desert (Numbers 33:42).

5 In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Fiennon, their mouths or mastered faces" (66). EXODUS 926. Phithōm. Exodus 1:11; K. 168:12; L. 288:89. This entry is out of the limits of the Holy Land proper. Simple biblical notation. NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY 927. Pharagx. Numbers 13:24f.; K. 168:15; L. 288:92. Several wadies or ravines are listed in this section (cf. Deuteronomy 1:25). Most of them are not in the Latin. Not all of the wadies of the Bible are in the Onomasticon. Just as the wells above, so the wadies are suspect as being of a later hand. On Gouphna see Gophna (K. 26:2 and K. 74:2) here wrongly equated with Eshkal. The text seems to hint of a doubt in the unknown source which makes the spies come so far North. Fifteen miles from Jerusalem is Jifna on the Nablus road. It is 16 miles on the Tabula Peutinger and 20 from Neapolis. On the Madaba map it crowds Baithēl (K. 28:5) but "Gophna" is generally located as here (cf. Joshua 18:24).

6 928. Phin. Numbers 33:42; K. 168:19; L. 288:96. Simple listing of station. 929. Pharagx Zare. Numbers 21:12; K. 168:20; L. 288:97. Not in the Latin text. Another wadi or ravine (cf. K. 92:10). Simple biblical notation. 930. Phear. Numbers 21:16; K. 168:21; L. 288:98. Not in the Latin text. A well. Simple biblical notation. 931. Phathoura. Numbers 22:5; K. 168:22; L. 288:99. This entry is outside the limits of the Holy Land. But the "another" not in the Roman province of Mesopotamia or biblical Mesopotamis is Kh Furt about 5 miles southwest of Eleutheropolis (K. 18:12) off the main road. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Fethora, exploring mouth or mouthful of light or mouth of the turtle dove." (81). 932. Phogōr (Bēthphogōr). Numbers 33:28; K. 168:25; L. 288:03. Textual variants: Phephphogōr (Greek) and Fara (Latin). Greek dittography from K. 168:24. The city Bethphogōr, Mt.Phogōr and another village Phogōr are all combined in this entry. It is in Moab (K. 12:23; K. 44:13 and K. 64:22). Bethphogor see K. 48:3. The cities of Phogōr and Phogō (K. 168:7 and K. 170:13) are probably one and the same in the Scriptures. The mountain as located here is related to Phasga (K. 16:23; K. 18:3 and K. 168:28) and Nebo (K. 136:6). Dannaba also is near Mt.Phogōr (K. 76:9) as Sattein (K. 154:10). Bēthphogōr is on this mountain (cf. Deuteronomy 3:28, 4:46).

7 The one near Bethlehem is based on the LXX of Joshua 15:59 and probably located at Kh Fajjar or Beit Fajjar southwest of Tekoa (K. 98:17). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Faqur, skin of the mouth or he opened" (81). 933. Phasga. Deuteronomy 3:17; K. 168:26; L. 288:05. Summary of biblical information and Hexaplaric data. The city and mountain are related to Phogōr (K. 168:25) and to Nebo (K. 136:6). The equation of Phasga and Phogōr is made also in K. 18:3. The etymology of Phasgō for cliff or cutting is also in K. 16:24 (cf. K. 12:17). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Fasga, cut off or hewn or mouth selected" (87). JUDGES 934. Phanouel. I Kings 12:25; K. 170:2; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. This entry missing in the Greek Vatican manuscript. Simple biblical notation (I Chronicles 4:4). 935. Phanouēl. Judges 8:8, 17; K. 170:3; L. 288:09. Textual variants: Hor and Cham (Latin).

8 Summary of biblical information (cf. K. 168:4). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Fanuhel, face of God" (100). 936. Phraathōn. Judges 12:13ff.; K. 170:5; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. This entry is missing in the Greek Vatican manuscript. Simple biblical notation and geography. KINGS 937. Pharagx Ennom. Judges 15:8; K. 170:8; L. 288:12. A ravine and suspect as later addition (cf. K. 70:2; K. 164:21 and K. 102:14). The more recent name is also reported here. 938. Phelmoni Almoni. I Samuel 21:2; K. 170:11; L. 289:15. Hexaplaric information. This is not a Hebrew proper name in MT. A vague statement of a king's right to assign his underlings where and how he sees fit. 939. Phogō. I Chronicles 1:50; K. 170:13; L. 289:17. Textual variants: Phobō (Greek) and Fogor (Latin). Simple biblical notation (cf. K. 168:7). 940. Pharphar. II Kings 5:12; K. 170:14; L. 289:18. A River and therefore suspect.

9 Simple biblical geography. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Farfar, digging or scattering or moles" (115). 941. Phathori. Ezekiel 29:14; K. 170:15; L. 289:19. Textual variants: Fatore, Fature and Fathure (Latin). Cf. Jeremiah 44:15.

SECTION X

GENESIS 942. Chalannē. Genesis 10:10; K. 170:19; L. 289:23. Again the first entry in an alphabetic section is outside the Holy Land proper and suspect as a late addition (Isaiah 10:9 and cf. K. 174:8 below). Summary of biblical information and geography (cf. K. 148:11) Sennaar and K. 40:7 Babel. In Hebrew Questions Jerome notes Chalaane was called later Seleucia after the name of the king and is also to be known as Ktēsiphōn (13). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chalanne, future completion or all of us." (63). 943. Chalak. Genesis 10:11; K. 170:21; L. 289:25. Outside the proper limits of the Holy Land. Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chalech, as if green" (63). 944. Charran. Genesis 11:31; K. 170:23; L. 289:27. Outside the proper limits of the Holy Land. Probably still retains the name. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Charran, hole or wrath or his digging" (64).

945. Chebrōn. Genesis 13:18; K. 170:25; L. 289:29. Summary of biblical information (Genesis 23:2; Numbers 13:23 and Joshua 14:15 also cf. Arbō (K. 6:8 as well as K. 76:1)). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chebron, united or enchanted or everlasting sight" (64). 946. Chōba. Genesis 14:15; K. 172:1; L. 289:32. Textual variants: Choba and the town Coba (Latin). This is the only mention of the Ebionites in the Onomasticon. This is probably not a correct identification of the biblical site. The name is continued in at least three locations from Byzantine times. Probably Greek text pointed to today's kokaba southwest of Damascus. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Choba, condemnation" (64). 947. Chabratha. Genesis 35:16; K. 172:4; L. 289:35. The Hexaplaric information is supplemented with the late tradition of Rachel's tomb near Bethlehem (K. 42:10 and cf. K. 146:28). In Ephata (K. 82:10) the tomb is located near a Hippodrome. In Hebrew Questions (54) Jerome notes Chabratha is not a proper name.

In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chabratha, as if chosen or heavy" (64). 948. Chasbi. Genesis 38:5; K. 172:6; L. 289:37. Textual variants: dollōm (Greek) and Adollam (Latin). Possible located in the region of Eleutheropolis (K. 8:12) about 10 miles northeast at 'Ain el Kazbeh. No indication it was a ruin in the earlier Greek text (cf. Adullam K. 24:21). In the Hexapla (not noted here) Aquila translated this word and Jerome in Hebrew Questions (46) writes 'Chasbi therefore is not the name of a place, but is a lie." In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chazbi, a lie" (64). NUMBERS AND DEUTERONOMY 949. Chōrēb. Deuteronomy 1:2; K. 172:9; L. 289:40. Outside the limits of the Holy Land proper. The Onomasticon separates this from Mt.Sinai but Jerome believes Sinai and Horeb are names for the same mountain. 950. Charada. Numbers 33:24; K. 172:11; L. 289:43. Simple listing of station. 951. Chenereth. Numbers 34:11; K. 172:12; L. 289:44.

A summary of biblical information (Joshua 19:35) with added identification with Tiberias. At the death of Agrippa II Tiberias became an autonomous city. Called "oppidum" in Latin (K. 10:25 and Appendix I). This is not an exact equation since Tiberias is quite far south of the location of Chennereth, Gennesaret at Tell el 'Oreimeh. No location is given in the Greek. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chenneroth, sign of lutes or as if lamps" (80). JOSUE 952. Chepheira. Joshua 9:17; K. 172:15; L. 289:46. Textual variants: Chepherra (Greek) and Cheffira (Latin). Simple biblical summary (Joshua 18:26). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chifara, his whelp or scattered hands or atonement" (92). 953. Chasalōn. Joshua 15:10; K. 172:16; L. 289:47. Textual variant Chalasōn (Greek). A large village with nothing but the biblical location written here. Perhaps this is Kasla southwest of Jerusalem near Esthaol (K. 88:12). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Cheslon, their revelation" (92).

954. Chsil. Joshua 15:30; K. 172:18; L. 289:49. Textual variant Choilē (Greek). Simple tribal listing (cf. K. 140:8). 955. Chaphtheis. Joshua 15:40; K. 172:19; L. 290:50. Textual variant Chasthis (Latin). Simple tribal listing. 956. Chermel. Joshua 15:35; K. 172:20; L. 290:51. Chermel is now south of Chebrōn (cf. K. 118:5 and I Samuel 25:2). Notitia Dignitatum 73:20 confirms the garrison (cf. Procopius 1020C). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chermel, softly or delicate or knowing the circumstances" (92). 957. Chabōn. Joshua 15:40; K. 172:23; L. 290:54. In Latin this appears before Chermel (K. 173:25). Simple tribal listing. 958. Cheilōn. Joshua 15:51; K. 172:24; L. 290:55. Simple tribal listing. 959. Chephrei. Joshua 18:26; K. 174:1; L. 290:56. Simple tribal listing. 960. Cheselath Thabor. Joshua 19:12; K. 174:2; L. 290:57. Cf. below K. 174:11 and Chsalous K. 28:22. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chsiloth, foolish signs" (92). KINGS 961. Chettieim. Judges 1:26; K. 174:4; L. 290:59.

This entry is not in the Holy Land limits proper to the Onomasticon. Procopius 1047A follows the Latin here. But see K. 122:14 for possible relationship to Bethelarea. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chetim. raging or dreading or marked" (99). 962. Charrei. II Samuel 20:14; K. 174:6; L. 290:61. Simple biblical notation. The CH in Greek seems to be for the Hebrew guttural, following the LXX. 963. Chomarreim. II Kings 23:5; K. 174:7; L. 290:62. Textual variant Chōmarrei (Greek). Simple biblical notation. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chomarim, keepers of the temple" (115). 964. Chalannē. Isaiah 10:9; K. 174:8; L. 290:63. Outside the limits of the Holy Land proper as in Onomasticon (cf. K. 170:19). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chalanne, all" (115). 965. Charran. Isaiah 37:12; K. 174:10; L. n/a; Lacuna in Greek Text. Textual variant Charan (Latin). Outside the limits of the Holy Land proper (cf. K. 170:18).

966. Chaselath tou Thabōr. Joshua 19:12; K. 174:11; L. 290:64. Textual variant Chaselous (Greek) cf. K. 174:2 and K. 28:22. 967. Chōbal. I Kings 9:13; K. 174:13; L. 290:66. Textual variant Chōbar (Greek). Simple tribal border (cf. Joshua 19:27). 968. Chalab. Judges 1:31; K. 174:14; L. 290:67. Textual variants: Chalobter and Chalath (Latin). Simple biblical notation. 969. Chorra. I Kings 17:3; K. 174:16; L. 290:69. Simple biblical notation and geography. LXX has Chorrath for the Wadi. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Charith, division or knowing" (110). 970. Chōtha. II Kings 17:24; K. 174:17; L. 290:70. Outside the limits of the Holy Land proper (cf. K. 36:9, 10) for other regions of Assyria. 971. Chōbar. Ezekiel 1:1; K. 174:18; L. 290:71. A River and also outside the limits of the Holy Land proper and so doubly suspect as later addition. Simple biblical notation and geography. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chobar, heaviness or heavy or near choice" (130).

972. Charchamus. Jeremiah 46:2; K. 174:19; L. 290:72. Outside the limits of the Holy Land proper. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Charchamos, group of sheep or recognize as if twigs" (126). 973. Chamōam. Jeremiah 41:17; K. 174:20; L. 290:73. Textual variant Chamoar (Greek). Simple biblical notation and geography. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chamoan, his likeness" (126). 974. Chelōn (Elōn). Jeremiah 48:21; K. 174:21; L. 290:74. Textual variant Aealon (Latin) (cf. K. 176:20). Simple biblical notation. 975. Chamōs. Jeremiah 48:7; K. 174:22; L. 290:75. Another idol. It is out of order and suspect double. For other idols see K. 36:15; K. 44:13; K. 58:9; K. 134:17; K. 138:19; K. 146:26 etc. and Appendix II). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chamos, assembly" (126). 976. Chōrazein. Matthew 11:21; K. 174:23; L. 290:77. No Gospel section is indicated by division here. One Latin manuscript does have it. Textual variant has 12 miles for two.

Two miles from Kapernaoun (K. 120:2) north of the lake are the ruins of Kh Kerazeh which preserves the name. Deserted in the time of Eusebius and Jerome. Jerome in Commentary on Isaiah puts Tiberias, Bethsaida, Capharnaum and Chorazin all along the shore. Called "oppidum" in Latin (K. 10:25 and Appendix I). A synagogue of early 2nd or 3rd century testifies of the rapid decline, it was rebuilt in the 5th century A. D. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Chorazaim, this my mystery" (135). 977. Cheimarrous Kedrōn. John 18:1; K. 174:26; L. 290:80. A wadi in Jerusalem (cf. K. 70:2 and K. 118:11).

SECTION O

1 PENTATEUCH 978. ōn. Exodus 1:11; K. 176:3; L. 290:84. Outside the limits of the Holy Land. Along with Soēnē one of the most southern cities mentioned in the Onomasticon. Summary of biblical information (Genesis 41:25). The form of the name is from the LXX. It is not in the MT. There is some debate therefore on its construction (cf. K. 94:13). In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "On, work or sorrow" (77). 979. ōr. Numbers 20:22, 28; K. 176:7; L. 291:88. Mt. near Petra (K. 142:7). Cf. K. 126:19 and K. 46:14 for Aaron's death. See K. 150:23 for Mt. Seir. Josephus Antiquities IV, 4, 7 tells of Aaron's death up on the mountain range that encloses Petra. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Or, passionate" (77) and "Or, light" (83). 980. ōbōth. Numbers 21:10; K. 176:9; L. 291:91. Simple listing of station. JOSUE and KINGS 981. Osa. Joshua 19:29; K. 176:11; L. 291:93.

2 Simple tribal listing. Only here are Joshua and Kings combined as a section heading. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Osa, hope" (96). 982. Oram. Joshua 19:38; K. 176:12; L. 291:94. Simple tribal listing. 983. Opheir. I Kings 9:28; K. 176:13; L. 291:95. Outside of the Holy Land proper (cf. Genesis 10:29). This quotation of Josephus Antiquities I, 6, 4 is repeated in K. 82:2 and K. 150:14. Probably the same site as in K. 160:19 after the LXX. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Ofir, weakening" (112). 984. ōn. Hosea 10:5; K. 176:18; L. 291:00. Textual variants: Aun and Auna (Greek). Probably the same as Bēthaun (K. 50:24) an epithet possibly for Baithēl (K. 40:20 cf. Joshua 21:15). Hexaplaric information on the meaning. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "On, useless or sorrow or labor or injustice" (122). 985. ōlō. Joshua 21:15; K. 176:20; L. 291:02. Simple biblical notation (cp. K. 174:21).

3 986. ōronaeim. Jeremiah 48:34; K. 176:21; L. 291:03. Textual variants: Oranaim and Ornaim (Latin). Simple biblical notation and geography. In Interpretation of Hebrew Names "Oronaim, opening of the wall" (128). This text was transcribed by Noel Wolf, 2005.

Introduction

CONCERNING THE PLACE NAMES IN SACRED SCRIPTURE.

1 [Translated by C. Umhau Wolf] Preface by Eusebius Latin preface by Jerome Alpha Genesis Exodus Numbers and Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Kings The Gospels Beta Genesis Exodus Numbers and Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Kings The Gospels Gamma Genesis Numbers and Deuteronomy Joshua Kings The Gospels Delta Genesis Numbers and Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Kings The Gospels Epsilon Genesis Exodus Numbers and Deuteronomy Joshua (of Naue) Kings The Gospels Zeta Genesis Numbers and Deuteronomy Joshua Kings Eta Genesis Joshua Judges Kings Theta Genesis Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Kings Iota Genesis Numbers and Deuteronomy Joshua Kings The Gospels Kappa Genesis Joshua Judges Kings Lambda Genesis Numbers and Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Kings Mu Genesis Exodus Numbers and Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Kings Nu Genesis Joshua Judges Kings The Gospels Xi Joshua Omicron Genesis Exodus Joshua Pi The Pentateuch Rho The Pentateuch Joshua Kings Sigma Genesis Exodus Numbers and Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Kings Tau Genesis Joshua Judges The Gospels

2 Phi Genesis Exodus Numbers and Deuteronomy Judges Kings Chi Genesis Numbers and Deuteronomy Joshua Kings Omega The Pentateuch Joshua and Kings

CONCERNING THE PLACE NAMES IN SACRED SCRIPTURE — by Eusebius of Pamphilia, Bishop of Caesaria Palestine

3 As a kind of preface to the work proposed by you, O Paulinus, holy man of God, I have previously presented the subjects suggested. First I translated into the Greek language the names of the nations throughout the world which have Hebrew names in the sacred Scriptures. Then on the basis of the whole Bible I composed a map of ancient Judea and defined the allotments of the twelve tribes within it. Furthermore, using the "blueprint" as it were, provided by Scripture, I sketched a representation of their ancient and renowned capital, i.e., Jerusalem, and of its temple with appended notes of its areas. Now, in this work and in accordance with those things previously prepared for the usefulness of the completed project, I continue your proposal and set forth the names of the cities and villages mentioned in the Sacred Scriptures in their native language, of what sort of territory they were, and whether our contemporaries call them by the same name as the ancients or otherwise. I shall gather the materials sought from all of the inspired Scripture, but for easy reference I shall organize in alphabetic order each of the citations scattered among the readings.

Latin Preface by Jerome

4 Eusebius who received his cognomen from the sainted martyr Pampilius had already written the following: 1) The Ten books of the Church History 2) The Canons of the Times (which we rendered into Latin) 3) Names of the various Nations (in which he explained how these were formally spoken among the Hebrews and are now spoken) 4) Description of the land of Judea and the lots of the separate tribes 5) Also a Plan of Jerusalem and its temple with a most succinct description Finally he worked on this little book and gathered together for us from the Holy Scriptures almost all the names of cities, mountains, rivers, villages and other places indicating if they still exist, are unchanged or are in part corrupted. And so we have translated the study of this remarkable man according to the order of the alphabet in Greek. We have left unchanged those proper records we have not seen, but have changed a few.

5 As formerly in the preface to The Canons of the Times, I debated whether I should be only a translator or an author of a new work. Especially because someone hardly instructed in the language dared to translate this same book into the Latin language which is not really Latin. The wise reader will quickly discover the ignorance of him by comparison with what we have translated. Even though I do not claim for myself eminence, nevertheless I believe I can surpass those who are farmers.