12.2. Resources in the public domain

12.2. Resources in the public domain The works referred to in this section are available at the following websites:

·http://www.archive.org ·http://books.google.co.za

What kind of resources should you be looking for? In order to continue your studies of the biblical languages, you need reference works that are based on them. Commentaries, dictionaries, and grammars are recommended. Not all resources on these websites are faithful to the authority of the bible. Some of the most technical commentaries dealing with the original languages were written by scholars who did not accept the authority of the bible. Those who are able to judge things for themselves will be able to pick out the gems from among the rubbish.

12.2.1. Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek grammars and studies

There are literally hundreds of Greek grammars on these two websites. It is not possible to discuss the resources in detail. Only reference works that are worth having are listed, along with some comments. All these are available on the free DVD, attached to the hard-copy version of this book.

12.2.1.1. Hebrew Coffey HA 1918. An Accidence of Hebrew Grammar by Henry. Missouri: B. Herder & Co.

Driver SR 1881. A treatise on the use of the tenses in Hebrew and some other syntactical questions (2^nd edition revised and enlarged). Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

Ewald GHA 1870. Ewald’s Introductory Grammar. Translated from the 3rd German edition by JF Smith. London: Asher& Co.

Ewald GHA 1891. Syntax of the Hebrew Language of the Old Testament. Translated from the eighth German edition by J Kennedy. Edinburgh: T & T Clark.

Mitchell A 1873. The Book of Jonah The text analyzed translated and the accents named Being an easy introduction Hebrew language. London: Samuel Bagster and Sons.

Nordheimer I 1842. A Critical Grammar of the Hebrew Language(2^nd edition).New York: Wiley and Putman.

Nordheimer I 1838. A grammatical analysis of selections from the Hebrew Scriptures. New York: Wiley and Putman. This book is a grammatical analysis of 63 passages from the Old Testament. The notes refer to his Critical Grammar for further explanation.

Phillips WT 1880. Elements of Hebrew grammar with a praxis on the book of Jonah. Bristol & Exeter: W. Strong. A basic Hebrew grammar with detailed notes on how to pronounce every word in the book of Jonah, followed by a grammatical analysis.

12.2.1.2. Aramaic

Brown CR 1893. An Aramaic method. A class book for the study of the elements of Aramaic from Bible and Targums. Part II. Elements of Grammar (2^nd edition). Chicago: American Publication Society of Hebrew. This part deals with the morphology and syntax of Aramaic.

Brown CR 1893. An Aramaic method. A class book for the study of the elements of Aramaic from Bible and Targums. Part I. Text, notes, and vocabulary (2^nd edition). New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Brown provides notes on the Biblical texts and on selected Targumim passages.

Longfield G 1859. An introduction to the study of the Chaldee language: comprising a grammar based upon Winer’s, and an analysis of the text of the Chaldee portion of the Book of Daniel. London: Whittaker & Co. A grammar with detailed notes on the Aramaic portion of Daniel.

Riggs E 1858. A manual of the Chaldee language containing a Chaldee grammar (4^th edition). New York: Anson D.F. Randolph & Co. After explaining the Aramaic grammar, Riggs provided passages from the Targumim with notes for translation. He also provided verse by verse grammatical notes for all the Biblical Aramaic passages.

12.2.1.3. Greek 12.2.1.3.1. Grammars Abbott EA 1906. Johannine Grammar. London: Adam and Charles Black.

Harper WR and Weinder RF 1889. An introductory New Testament Greek method. Together with a manual, containing text and vocabulary of gospel of John and lists of words, and the elements of New Testament Greek grammar. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. An introductory grammar based on the Gospel of John, with explanatory notes.

Moulton JH 1908. Grammar of New Testament Greek (3rd edition with corrections and additions). Volume 1.Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.

Moulton JH 1929. Grammar of New Testament Greek. Volume 2. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. Moulton’s grammar has been a standard reference grammar for New Testament Greek since its publication.

Robertson AT 1914. A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research (3^rd edition). New York: Hodder & Stoughton. A standard reference grammar.

Thackeray HStJ 1909. A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek. According to the Septuagint. Volume 1. Introduction, Orthography and Accidence. Cambridge: University Press. A standard reference grammar of Septuagint Greek. However, the other volumes were never published.

12.2.1.3.2. Lexicons

Abbott EA 1905. Johannine Vocabulary. A comparison of the words of the Fourth Gospel with those of the Three. London: Adam and Charles Black.

Moulton JH and Milligan G 1914.The vocabulary of the Greek Testament illustrated from the papyri and other non-literary sources. London: Hodder & Stoughton. A study of New Testament words based on Koine papyri.

Thayer JH 1889. A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament. Being Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer. New York: American Book Co. The full edition of Thayer’s lexicon.

12.2.2. Commentaries based on Hebrew Aramaic and Greek

Throughout the course I have emphasised the importance of commentaries that are based on the original text. ES and TW come with one such commentary for the Old Testament, Keil and Delitzsch. The New Testament is better served with Robertson and Vincent. There are a number of commentaries that are now in the public domain, based on the original languages. It will not be possible to include all these resources on one DVD. I have had to make a selection.

12.2.2.1. Old Testament

Commentaries on a few Old Testament books have been selected and listed in chronological order. These commentaries are included for their linguistic value. They do not necessarily provide an application for the text, and I do not necessarily agree with everything they say. They analyse the Hebrew and Aramaic text and explain the meaning of words and the grammar. If they are used with wisdom and caution, they are helpful.

Spurrell GJ 1887. Notes on the Hebrew text of the Book of Genesis. With two appendices. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

Kalisch M 1855. A Historical and Critical Commentary on the Old Testament with a new translation. Exodus. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans.

Kalisch MM 1867. A Historical and Critical Commentary on the Old Testament with a new translation. Leviticus, Part I, Chapters 1-10, with treatises on sacrifices and the Hebrew priesthood. London: Longmans, Green Reader and Dyer.

Kalisch MM 1872. A Historical and Critical Commentary on the Old Testament with a new translation. Leviticus Part II, Chapters 11-27, with treatises. London: Longmans, Green Reader and Dyer.

Lloyd J 1886. The Book of Joshua. A critical and expository commentary of the Hebrew text. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

Driver SR 1913.Notes on the Hebrew Text and the Topography of the Books of Samuel. With an introduction on Hebrew Palaeography and the Ancient Versions and Facsimiles of inscriptions and maps. Second enlarged edition. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

Burney CF 1903. Notes on the Hebrew Text of Kings. With an introduction and appendix. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

Henderson E 1870.The book of the Prophet Ezekiel. Translated from the original Hebrew with a commentary critical, philological and exegetical. Andover: Warren F. Draper.

Henderson E 1868.The book of the Twelve Minor Prophets. Translated from the original Hebrew with a commentary critical, philological and exegetical. Andover: Warren F. Draper.

12.2.2.2. New Testament A few great independent classic commentaries are included, and a few collections on the entire New Testament.

Plummer A 1910. An Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel according to St. Matthew. London: Elliot Stock

Swete HB 1902. The Gospel according to St Mark. The Greek text with introduction notes and indices. London: Macmillan and Co.

Heatley HR 1893. The Gospel according to St. Luke. London: Rivington, Percival and Co.

Westcott BF 1908. The Gospel according to St John. The Greek text with introduction and notes in two volumes. London: John Murray Lumby JR 1891. The Acts of the Apostles. With map, notes and introduction. Cambridge: University Press.

Hackett HB 1858. A Commentary on the original text of the Acts of the Apostles. A new edition revised and greatly enlarged. Boston: Gould and Lincoln.

Lightfoot JB 1895. Notes on epistles of St Paul. From unpublished commentaries. London: Macmillan and Co.

Godet F 1889. Commentary on St. Paul’s first epistle to the Corinthians. Volume 1.Translated from French. Edinburgh: T & T Clark

Godet F 1890. Commentary on St. Paul’s first epistle to the Corinthians. Volume 2. Translated from French. Edinburgh: T & T Clark

Lightfoot JB 1887. Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians. A Revised Text Introduction, Notes, and Dissertations. London: Macmillan and Co.

Robinson JA 1903. St Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians .A Revised Text and Translation Exposition and Notes. London: Macmillan and Co.

Lightfoot JB 1898. Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Philippians. A Revised Text with Introduction, Notes, and Dissertations. London: Macmillan and Co.

Lightfoot JB 1897. Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Colossians and to Philemon. A Revised Text with Introduction, Notes, and Dissertations. London: Macmillan and Co.

Findlay GG 1898. The Epistles of the Thessalonians. With introductions, notes and maps. Cambridge: At the University Press.

Bernhard JH 1906. The Pastoral Epistles. With introductions and notes. Cambridge: At the University Press.

Westcott BF 1892. The Epistle to the Hebrews: The Greek Texts with Notes and Essays. London: Macmillan and Co.

Mayor JB 1892. The Epistle to St James: The Greek Texts with Introduction Notes and Comments. London: Macmillan and Co.

Hort FJA 1898. The First Epistle to Peter. 1:1-2:17: The Greek Texts with Introductory lecture, Commentary and additional Notes. London: Macmillan and Co.

Mayor JB 1907. The Epistle of St Jude and the Second Epistle of St Peter: The Greek Texts with Introduction Notes and Comments. London: Macmillan and Co.

Westcott BF 1886. The Epistles of St John: The Greek Texts with Notes and Essays. London: Macmillan and Co.

Swete HB 1911. The Apocalypse of St John. The Greek Texts with Introduction Notes and Indices (3^rd edition). London: Macmillan and Co.

12.2.2.3. New Testament Series There are a few classic series on the Greek text of the New Testament that are worth consulting. These include:

Meyer HAW 1884. Critical Exegetical Handbook New Testament. 11 volumes. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

Nicoll WR (editor) 1902. The Expositor’s Greek Testament. 5 Volumes. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.

12.2.2.4. International Critical Commentary (ICC)

American and British scholars contributed to what was to become the standard academic commentary. The International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments is the best of past critical scholarship. With a few exceptions the commentaries take a liberal approach to the text of scripture. They are included here because of the philological notes on the original language text. It is important to use them in conjunction with a modern Evangelical commentary.

Briggs CA, Driver, SR and Plummer (editors) 1896. The International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. Edinburgh: T & T Clark. The DVD contains the following volumes:

Skinner J 1910. Genesis Murphy JG 1866. Exodus Gray GB 1903. Numbers Driver SR 1896. Deuteronomy Moore GF1895. Judges Smith HP 1899. Samuel Montgomery JA 1951. Kings Curtis EL 1910. Chronicles Batten LW 1913. Ezra and Nehemiah Paton LB 1908. Esther Driver SR and Gray GB 1921. Job Briggs CA 1906. Psalms Toy CH 1908. Proverbs Barton GA 1908. Ecclesiastes Gray GB 1912. Isaiah Montgomery JA 1927. Daniel Harper WR 1905. Amos and Hosea Smith JMP 1911. Micah, Zephaniah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Obadiah and Joel Mitchell HGT, Smith JMP and Bewer J 1912. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi and Jonah Allen WC 1907. Matthew Gould EP 1912. Mark Plummer A 1920. Luke Gloag PJ 1870. Acts of the Apostles Sanday W and Headlam AC 1904. Romans Robertson A and Plummer A 1911. First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians Plummer A 1915. Second Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians Burton EDW 1920. Galatians Abbott TK 1897. Ephesians and Colossians Vincent MR 1902. Philippians and Philemon Frame JE 1912. The Thessalonians Lock W 1924. The Pastoral Epistles Moffatt J 1924.Hebrews Ropes JH 1916.James Bigg C 1901. Peter and Jude Brooke AE 1912. The Johannine Epistles Charles RH 1920. The Revelation of St. John