01 - Book I Chapters 1-7

An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith by John of Damascus. Translated by S. D. F. Salmon. No one has seen God at any time. The only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, He hath declared Him. The Deity, therefore, is ineffable and incomprehensible. For no one knoweth the Father save the Son, nor the Son save the Father. And the Holy Spirit, too, so knows the things of God, as the Spirit of the Man knows the things that are in Him. Moreover, after the first and blessed nature, no one, not of men only, but even of supramundane powers, and the cherubim, I say, and seraphim themselves, has ever known God, save He to whom He revealed Himself. God, however, did not leave us in absolute ignorance, for the knowledge of God's existence has been implanted by Him in all by nature. This creation, too, and its maintenance and its government, proclaim the majesty of the divine nature. Moreover, by the Law and the Prophets in former times, and afterwards by His only begotten Son, our Lord and God and Savior Jesus Christ, He disclosed to us the knowledge of Himself as that was possible for us. All things, therefore, that have been delivered to us by Law and Prophets and Apostles and Evangelists, we receive, and know, and honor, seeking for nothing beyond these. For God, being good, is the cause of all good, subject neither to envy nor to any passion. For envy is far removed from the divine nature which is both passionless and only good. As knowing all things, therefore, and providing for what is profitable for each, He revealed that which it was to our Prophet to know. But what we were unable to bear, He kept secret. With these things let us be satisfied, and let us abide by them, not removing everlasting boundaries, nor overpassing the divine tradition. Proverbs 22, 28 Chapter 2. Concerning Things Utterable and Things Unutterable, and Things Knowable and Things Unknowable. It is necessary, therefore, that one who wishes to speak or to hear of God should understand clearly that alike in the doctrine of Deity and in that of the Incarnation, neither are all things unutterable, nor all utterable, neither all unknowable, nor all knowable. But the knowable belongs to one order, and the utterable to another, just as it is one thing to speak and another thing to know. Many of the things relating to God, therefore, that are dimly understood, cannot be put into fitting terms. But on things above us we cannot do else than express ourselves according to our limited capacity, as, for instance, when we speak of God we use the terms sleep, and wrath, and regardlessness, hands too, and feet, and such like expressions. We therefore both know and confess that God is without beginning, without end, eternal and everlasting, uncreate, unchangeable, invariable, simple, uncompound, incorporeal, invisible, impalpable, uncircumscribed, infinite, incognizable, indefinite, incomprehensible, good, just, maker of all things created, almighty, all-ruling, all-surveying, of all, overseer, sovereign, judge. And that God is one, that is to say, one essence. And that he is known, and has his being in three subsistences, in Father, I say, and Son, and Holy Spirit. And that the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit are one in all respects, except in that of not being begotten, that of being begotten, and that of procession. And that the only begotten Son, and Word of God, and God, in his bowels of mercy, for our salvation, by the good pleasure of God, and the co-operation of the Holy Spirit, being conceived without seed, was born uncorruptedly of the Holy Virgin, and Mother of God, Mary, by the Holy Spirit, and became of her perfect man. And that the same is at once perfect God and perfect man, of two natures, Godhead and manhood, and in two natures possessing intelligence, will, and energy, and freedom, and in a word perfect, according to the measure and proportion proper to each, at once to the divinity, I say, and to the humanity, yet to one composite person. And that he suffered hunger, and thirst, and weariness, and was crucified, and for three days submitted to the experience of death and burial, and ascended to heaven, from which also he came to us, and shall come again. And the Holy Scripture is witness to this, and the whole choir of the saints. But neither do we know, nor can we tell, what the essence of God is, or how it is in all, or how the only begotten Son and God, having emptied himself, became man of virgin blood, made by another law contrary to nature, or how he walked with dry feet upon the waters. It is not within our capacity, therefore, to say anything about God, or even to think of him, beyond the things which have been divinely revealed to us, whether by word or by manifestation, by the divine oracles at once of the Old Testament and of the New. Chapter 3. Proof that there is a God. That there is a God, then, is no matter of doubt to those who receive the Holy Scriptures, the Old Testament, I mean, and the New, nor indeed to most of the Greeks, for, as we said, the knowledge of the existence of God is implanted in us by nature. But, since the wickedness of the evil one has prevailed so mightily against man's nature, as even to drive some into denying the existence of God, that most foolish and woefulest pit of destruction, whose folly David, revealer of the divine meaning, exposed when he said, The fool said in his heart there is no God. So the disciples of the Lord and his apostles, made wise by the Holy Spirit, and working wonders in his power and grace, took them captive in the net of miracles, and drew them up out of the depths of ignorance to the light of the knowledge of God. In like manner also their successors in grace and worth, both pastors and teachers, having received the enlightening grace of the Spirit, were wont, alike by the power of miracles and the word of grace, to enlighten those walking in darkness, and to bring back the wanderers into the way. But as for us who are not recipients either of the gift of miracles or the gift of teaching, for indeed we have rendered ourselves unworthy of these by our passion for pleasure, come, let us in connection with this theme discuss a few of those things which have been delivered to us on this subject by the expounders of grace, calling on the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. All things that exist are either created or uncreated. If, then, things are created, it follows that they are also wholly immutable. For things whose existence originated in change must also be subject to change, whether it be that they perish or that they become other than they are by act of will. But if things are uncreated, they must in all consistency be also wholly immutable. For things which are opposed in the nature of their existence must also be opposed in the mode of their existence, that is to say, must have opposite properties. Who, then, will refuse to grant that all existing things, not only such as come within the province of the senses, but even the very angels, are subject to change and transformation and movement of various kinds. For the things appertaining to the rational world, I mean angels and spirits and demons, are subject to changes of will, whether it is a progression or a retrogression in goodness, whether a struggle or a surrender, while the others suffer changes of generation and destruction, of increase and decrease, of quality and of movement in space. Things, then, that are immutable are also wholly created. But things that are created must be the work of some maker, and the maker cannot have been created, for if he had been created, he also must surely have been created by someone, and so on till we arrive at something uncreated. The creator, then, being uncreated, is also wholly immutable. And what could this be other than deity? And even the very continuity of the creation and its preservation and government teach us that there does exist a deity who supports and maintains and preserves and ever provides for this universe. For how could opposite natures, such as fire and water, air and earth, have combined with each other so as to form one complete world, and continue to abide in indissoluble union, were there not some omnipotent power which bound them together, and always is preserving them from dissolution? What is it that gave order to things of heaven and things of earth, and all those things that move in the air and in the water, or rather to what was in existence before these, namely, to heaven and earth and air and elements of fire and water? What was it that mingled and distributed these? What was it that set these in motion and keeps them in their unceasing and unhindered course? Was it not the artificer of these things, and he who has implanted in everything the law whereby the universe is carried on and directed? Who then is the artificer of these things? Is it not he who created them and brought them into existence? For we shall not attribute such a power to the spontaneous, for supposing their coming into existence was due to the spontaneous, what of the power that put all in order? And let us grant this, if you please, what of that which has preserved and kept them in harmony with the original laws of their existence? Clearly, it is something quite distinct from the spontaneous. And what could this be, other than Deity? It is plain, then, that there is a God, but what he is in his essence and nature is absolutely incomprehensible and unknowable, for it is evident that he is incorporeal. For how could that possess body which is infinite, and boundless, and formless, and intangible, and invisible? In short, simple and not compound. How could that be immutable, which is circumscribed and subject to passion? And how could that be passionless, which is composed of elements and is resolved again into them? For combination is the beginning of conflict, and conflict of separation, and separation of dissolution, and dissolution is altogether foreign to God. Again, how will it also be maintained that God permeates and fills the universe? As the scriptures say, Do not I fill heaven and earth, says the Lord? Jeremiah 23, 24. For it is an impossibility that one body should permeate other bodies without dividing and being divided, and without being enveloped and contrasted, in the same way as all fluids mix and commingle. But if some say that the body is immaterial, in the same way as the fifth body, of which the Greek philosophers speak, which body is an impossibility, it will be wholly subject to motion like the heaven. For that is what they mean by the fifth body. Who then is it that moves it? For everything that is moved is moved by another thing. And who again is it that moves that? And so on to infinity, till we at length arrive at something motionless. For the first mover is motionless, and that is the deity. And must not that which is moved be circumscribed in space? The deity then alone is motionless, moving the universe by immobility. So then it must be assumed that the deity is incorporeal. But even this gives no true idea of his essence. To say that he is unbegotten, and without beginning, changeless and imperishable, and possessed of such other qualities as we are wont to ascribe to God and his environment, for these do not indicate what he is, but what he is not. But when we would explain what the essence of anything is, we must not speak only negatively. In the case of God, however, it is impossible to explain what he is in his essence, and it befits us, the rather, to hold discourse about his absolute separation from all things. For he does not belong to the class of existing things, not that he has no existence, but that he is above all existing things, nay, even above existence itself. For if all forms of knowledge have to do with what exists, assuredly that which is above knowledge must certainly be also above essence, and conversely, that which is above essence will also be above knowledge. God, then, is infinite and incomprehensible, and all that is comprehensible about him is his infinity and incomprehensibility. But all that we can affirm concerning God does not show forth God's nature, but only the qualities of his nature. For when you speak of him as good and just and wise and so forth, you do not tell God's nature, but only the qualities of his nature. Further, there are some affirmations which we make concerning God which have the force of absolute negation. For example, when we use the term darkness in reference to God, we do not mean darkness itself, but that he is not light but above light, and when we speak of him as light, we mean that he is not darkness. We have then adequately demonstrated that there is a God, and that his essence is incomprehensible, but that God is one and not many is no matter of doubt to those who believe in the Holy Scriptures. For the law says in the beginning of the law, I am the Lord your God, which hath brought you out of the land of Egypt. You shall have no other gods before me. Exodus 22-3 And again he says, Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is one Lord. Deuteronomy 6-4 And in Isaiah the prophet we read, For I am the first God, and I am the last. And beside me there is no God. Before me there was not any God, nor after me will there be any God. And beside me there is no God. Isaiah 43-10 And the Lord too, in the holy gospels, speaks these words to his father, And this is life eternal, that they may know you the only true God. John 17-3 But with those that do not believe in the holy scriptures, we will reason thus, The deity is perfect, and without blemish in goodness, and wisdom, and power, without beginning, without end, everlasting, uncircumscribed, and, in short, perfect in all things. Should we say, then, that there are many gods, we must recognize difference among the many. For if there is no difference among them, there is no God other than many. But if there is a difference among them, what becomes of the perfectness? For that which comes short of perfection, whether it be in goodness, or power, or wisdom, or time, or place, could not be God. But it is this very identity, in all respects, that shows that the deity is one and not many. Again, if there are many gods, how can one maintain that God is uncircumscribed? Further, how could the world be governed by many and saved from dissolution and destruction while the strife is seen to rage between the rulers? For difference introduces strife. And if anyone should say that each rules over a part, what of that which established this order and gave to each his particular realm? For this would the rather be God. Therefore God is one, perfect, uncircumscribed, maker of the universe, and is preserver and governor exceeding and preceding all perfection. Moreover, it is a natural necessity that duality should originate in unity. Chapter 6 Concerning the Word and the Son of God The Reasoned Proof So then, this one and only God is not wordless. And, possessing the Word, he will have it not as without a subsistence, nor as having had a beginning, nor as destined to cease to be. For then God was not word, but he ever possesses his own word, begotten of himself, not as our word is, without a subsistence and dissolving into air, but having a subsistence in him and life and perfection, not proceeding out of himself but ever existing within himself. For where could it be if it were to go outside him? For inasmuch as our nature is perishable and easily dissolved, our word is also without subsistence. But since God is everlasting and perfect, he will have his word subsistent in him and everlasting and living and possessed of all the attributes of the begetter. For just as our word, proceeding as it does out of the mind, is neither wholly identical with the mind nor utterly diverse from it, for so far as it proceeds out of the mind it is different from it, and as it proceeds out of the mind it is yet to the subject diverse from it. So in the same manner also the word of God in its independent subsistence is differentiated from him from whom it derives its subsistence, but inasmuch as it displays in itself the same attributes as are seen in God, it is of the same nature as God. For just as absolute perfection is contemplated in the Father, so is the perfection of him. CHAPTER VII CONCERNING THE HOLY SPIRIT A REASONED PROOF Moreover, the word must also possess spirit, for in fact even our word is not destitute of spirit, but in our case the spirit is something different from our essence, for there is an attraction and movement of the air which is drawn in and poured forth that the body may be sustained, and this becomes the articulate word revealing in itself the force of the word. But in the case of the divine nature, which is simple and uncompound, we must confess in all piety that there exists a spirit of God, for the word is not more imperfect than our own word. Now we cannot, in piety, consider the spirit to be something foreign that gains admission into God from without, as is the case with compound natures like us. Nay, just as, when we heard of the word of God, we considered it to be not without subsistence, nor the product of learning, nor the mere utterance of voice, nor as passing into the air and perishing, but as being essentially subsisting, endowed with free volition and energy and omnipotence. So also, when we have learned of the word, as the companion of the word and the revealer of his energy, and not as mere breath without subsistence. For to conceive of the spirit that dwells in God as after the likeness of our own spirit would be to drag down the greatness of the divine nature to the lowest depths of degradation. But we must contemplate it to pour forth the word, neither capable of disjunction from God in whom it exists and the word, whose companion it is, nor poured forth to vanish into nothingness, but being in subsistence in the likeness of the word, endowed with life, free volition, independent movement, energy, ever willing that which is good, neither at any time lacking in the word nor the word in the spirit. Thus, because of the unity in nature, the error of the Greeks in holding that God is many is utterly destroyed. And again, by our acceptance of the word and the spirit, the dogma of the Jews is overthrown. And there remains of each party only what is profitable. We have the distinction in subsistences and that only. But should the Jew refuse to accept the word and the spirit, let the divine scripture confuse him and curb his tongue. For concerning the word, the divine David says, Forever, O Lord, your word is settled in heaven. And again, he sent his word and healed them. But the word that is uttered is not sent, and concerning the spirit, the same David says, You send forth your spirit, they are created. And again, by the word of the Lord were the heavens made and all the host of them by the breath of his mouth. Job 2 says, The spirit of God has made me and the breath of the Almighty has given me life. Job 33.4 Now the spirit which is sent by the breath of God is a bodily member. For the conception of both must be such as harmonizes with the divine nature. End of Section 1