03.02. Of Our Fall in Adam
OF OUR FALL IN ADAM
“For as by one man’s disobedience many were made sinners; so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous.” Romans 5:19 This text consists of two propositions. The first is, By one man’s disobedience many were made sinners. Where consider, 1. Who that one man was. It was Adam. This is plain from Romans 5:14 and to no other can it agree.
2. What that disobedience of his was. It was his first sin, the eating of the forbidden fruit. This was that sin that first broke into the world, and opened the door to death, (Romans 5:12). This was the transgression of Adam, that offence (Romans 5:14) or fall, the offence of one (Romans 5:15), or, as the Greek will bear, the one offence “tou henos paraptomati,” here called disobedience, for thereby he hearkened to the devil, not to God.
3. Whom it concerned; many. This is in effect the same with the all mentioned, (Romans 5:14). But the alteration of the phrase is not without reason: for there is an exception here of the man Christ, of whom he speaks in the next clause. It reached many men, but not all simply; he, and he only, was excepted.
4. How it touched them; they were made sinners by it. Now, there are only two ways how men might be made sinners by the disobedience of Adam, viz. either by imputation or imitation. The last is not meant. (1.) Because some of those many who are made sinners; are not capable of imitation or actual sin, viz. infants. (2.) Because we are made righteous, not by the imitation, but imputation, of Christ’s righteousness; but as we are made righteous by the one, so we are made sinners by the other.
5. The foundation of this imputation, which is a relation betwixt the one and the many here implied; for unless there had been some bond of union betwixt the one and many, the sin of that one could not have been imputed to the many. There was indeed a natural bond betwixt him and us: but this was not the ground of the imputation; for we have such an union with our immediate parents, whose sin is not thus imputed. It behooved then to be a moral bond, by the way of a covenant, he being the representative of many in the covenant of works. From these words there arises this doctrine, viz.
Doctrine: “The covenant being made with Adam, not only for himself, but for his posterity, all mankind descending from him by ordinary generation, sinned in him, and fell with him, in his first transgression.” In discoursing this doctrine, I shall show, I. What sin of Adam’s it was that they who sinned and fell with him, sinned and fell in.
II. Who they were that sinned and fell in Adam.
III. How the first sin of Adam comes to be imputed to us.
IV. Conclude with some inferences.
I. I am to show what sin of Adam’s it was that they who sinned and fell with him, sinned and fell in. It was his first sin, the eating of the forbidden fruit. That sin is also their sin. This was the sin that broke the covenant of works. Other sins of Adam are not imputed to them, more than those of any other private persons. For he was a head only of obedience, not of suffering. So then, Adam quickly betaking himself to the covenant of grace, and placing himself under another head as a private man, ceased to be the head in the covenant of works. Adam had all his children in one ship to carry them to Immanuel’s land; by his negligence he dashed the ship on a rock, and broke it all in pieces; and so he and his lay foundering in a sea of guilt: Jesus Christ lets out the second covenant as a rope to draw them to the shore. Adam for himself lays hold onto, while others hold by the broken boards of the ship, till they be by the power of grace enabled to quit them too, as he was.
II. I proceed to show who they were that sinned and fell in Adam. They were all mankind, descending from him by ordinary generation. So,
1. Christ is excepted. Adam’s sin was not imputed to the man Christ. This is plain from Hebrews 7:26. He was separated from sinners, and was not infected with the plague whereof he was to be the cleanser. And so Christ comes not in under Adam as head, but, as in the text, is opposed to Adam as another head.
Christ was indeed a Son of Adam, as appears from his genealogy brought up to Adam, (Luke 3:1-38). And it was necessary he should be so, that he might be our near kinsman, and that the same nature that sinned might suffer. But he came not of him by ordinary generation: the extraordinariness of his descent lay in that he was born of a virgin. And upon this account he came not in under Adam in the covenant of works; for Christ was not born by virtue of that blessing of marriage given before the fall, (Genesis 1:28) but by virtue of a covenant-promise made after the fall, (Genesis 3:15). So that Adam could represent none in that covenant, but such as were to spring from him by virtue of that blessing.
2. All mankind besides sinned and fell with Adam in that first transgression. His sin of eating the forbidden fruit is imputed to them; i.e. is reckoned theirs, as if they had committed it. Consider,
(1.) The scripture plainly testifies, that all sinned in him; “By one man’s sin, death entered into the world, and death by sin, and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned,” (Romans 5:12). Hence it is plain, that death has not come into the world but in pursuit of sin; all die, for all have sinned. Infants are not exempted more than others. We see graves of an infant’s length; yea, sometimes the womb is made their grave, and they get a coffin instead of a cradle. It is long ere infants laugh, but they come into the world crying; a sure evidence of misery. What have they done? What could they do? Yet God is just, and is not pursuing innocents. What then can be the quarrel but this, that they are taken prisoners for the debt contracted by their father? (Romans 5:14).
(2.) All fell with him into misery by that sin. Now, a just God will not involve the innocent with the guilty in the same punishment. Consider,
[1.] All fell under the guilt of eternal wrath for that sin; “The judgment was by one to condemnation….By the offence of one, judgment came upon all men to condemnation,” (Romans 5:16, Romans 5:18). Now, where there is a communion of guilt there must needs be a communion of sin; for the law can bind none over to punishment but for sin. “All die in Adam,” (1 Corinthians 15:22) says the apostle, but it is only the soul that sins that shall die, (Ezekiel 18:4) therefore all sinned in Adam.
[2.] All fell under the loss of God’s image, and the corruption of nature with him. How comes it that all men must say with David, “Behold I was shapen in iniquity; and in sin did my mother conceive me?” (Psalms 2:5). Take away the imputation of Adam’s sin, and there is no foundation for the corruption of nature. It must be some sin that God punishes with the deprivation of original righteousness, which can be no other than the first sin of Adam.
[3.] All the punishments inflicted on Adam and Eve, for that sin, as specified in Genesis 3:1-24 are common to mankind, their posterity; and therefore the sin must be so too.
III. I come now to show how the first sin of Adam comes to be imputed to us. The great reason of this is, because we are all included in Adam’s covenant. The covenant was made with him, not only for himself, but for all his posterity. Consider here,
1. It was the covenant of works that was made with Adam, the condition whereof was perfect obedience. This was the first covenant. As for the covenant of grace, it was made with the second Adam.
2. It was made with him for himself. That was the way he himself was to attain perfect happiness; his own stock was in that ship.
3. It was made not only for himself, but for all his posterity descending from him by ordinary generation. So that he was not here as a mere private person, but as a public person, the moral head and representative of all mankind. Hence the scripture holds forth Adam and Christ, as if there had never been any but these two men in the world; “The first man is of the earth, earthy, (says he): the second man is the Lord from heaven,” (1 Corinthians 15:47). And this he does, because they were two public persons, each of them having under them persons represented by them, (Romans 5:14, Romans 5:18).
“Death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam’s transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come. As by the offence of one, judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one, the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life.” This is plain from the imputation of Adam’s sin, which necessarily requires this as the foundation of it. We being thus included and represented in that covenant, what he did he did as our head, and therefore it is justly imputed to us. But some may be ready to say, we made not choice of Adam for that purpose. Ans. (l.) God made the choice, who was as meet to make it for us as we for ourselves. And “who art then that repliest against God,” (Romans 9:20). (2.) Adam was our natural head, the common father of us all, (Acts 17:26) and who was so meet to be trusted with the concerns of all mankind as he? But to clear further the reasonableness of this imputation, and to still the murmuring of proud nature against the dispensation of God, consider,
1. Adam’s sin is imputed to us, because it is ours. For God doth not reckon a thing ours, which is not so; “The judgment of God is according to truth,” (Romans 2:2). For God’s justice doth not punish men for a sin which is in no way theirs. And it is our sin upon the account aforesaid. Even as Christ’s righteousness is ours by virtue of our union with him. As if a person that has the plague infect others, and they die, they die, by their own plague, and not by that of another.
2. It was free for God, antecedently to the covenant made with man, either to have annihilated all mankind, or if he had preserved them, to have given them no promise of eternal life in heaven, notwithstanding by natural justice they would have been liable to his wrath in case of sin. Was it not then an act of grace in God to make such a rich covenant as this? and would not men have consented to this representation gladly in this case?
3. Adam had a power to stand if he would, being made after the image of God, (Genesis 1:26). He was set down with a stock capable to be improved to the eternal upmaking of all his posterity. So that he was as capable to stand as any afterwards could be for themselves: and this was a trial that would soon have been over, while the other would have been continually a-doing, had men been created independent on him as their representative.
4. He had natural affection the strongest to engage him. He was our father, and all we the children that were in his loins, to whom we had as good ground to trust as to any other creature.
5. His own stock was in the ship; his all lay at stake as well as ours. Forgetting our interest, he behooved to disregard his own, for be had no separate interest from ours.
6. If he had stood, we could never have fallen; he had gained for us eternal happiness; the image of God, and the crown of glory, would have descended from him to us by a sure conveyance. And is it not reasonable, on the other hand, that if he fell, we should fall and bear the loss? No man quarrels, that when a master sets his land in tack to a man and his heirs upon conditions, if the first possessor break the bargain, the heirs be denuded of it.
7. Lastly, All that quarrel this dispensation must renounce their part in Christ: for we are made righteous by him, as sinners are made guilty by Adam. If we fall in with the one, why not with the other? We chose Christ for our head in the second covenant, no more than we did Adam in the first covenant. A few inferences shall conclude this subject.
1. Hence see the dreadful nature of sin; one sin could destroy a whole world. What a plague of plagues must this sin be, that has swept away not families, towns, and countries only, but the whole race of mankind! View it in this glass, if you would know it aright.
2. Let this be a lesson to parents. Adam’s fall should be a watch-word to every parent, to endeavor by all means to do nothing that may bring ruin on their children. Many times children are destroyed by their parents through their bad example, and their omission of exercising proper discipline and correction on them. Ye that are parents, give your children a good and pious example, accompanied with wholesome precepts and instructions. And watch over and narrowly observe their behavior, and pray for and with them, that they may be delivered from wrath and condemnation.
3. This doctrine affords a lesson of humility to all. The rich have no cause to boast of their wealth and abundance; for they have a sad heritage left to them; and the poor and needy have the very same. If one man be better than another, no thanks to us; for we are all alike by nature.
4. Hence view and wonder at the redemption purchased for poor fallen sinners by the obedience and death of Christ. Behold here the necessity of it: What could they do for their help that came into the world under a sentence of condemnation? —the seasonableness of this deliverance, when the sentence was passed on all: —the perfection of it; it takes away this first sin, and all others too. How strong must the power of the grace of Christ be, that could stop the torrent of Adam’s sin, when increased with innumerable actual transgressions? (Romans 5:16)
5. Lastly, Quit your hold of the first Adam and his covenant, and come to and unite with Christ by faith, and lay hold on his covenant, (1 Corinthians 15:22). Flee to and make use of his blood for the taking away of the first sin in particular, and mourn for it before the Lord. If this be not removed, it will ruin you. And to stir you up to a concern about this sin, consider how we are naturally writing after this copy, by our unbelief of the word, our affecting mainly what is forbidden, &c. as I showed before. The offer of Christ as a Saviour from sin is made to you; and ye are called to embrace him as a Saviour to you in particular. Accept the offer, as ye regard the salvation of your souls; otherwise you will be ruined, not only by the breach of the first covenant, but by despising the second, which is the only means devised by infinite wisdom for the recovery of fallen sinners.