Joshua 12

1 these are the kings, etc. It is evident that these “kings” were merely chiefs (see Judges i. 7), or, as the heads of small tribes are now called, sheikhs.

2 the river. Or, “valley”; now called by the Arabs a wady, the bed of a stream.

3 and from the plain, etc. Rather, “and the Arabah (the Jordan valley) to the sea of Chinneroth on the east side”; i.e., the eastern side of the Jordan valley, between the two seas.

the Sea of the Plain, even the Salt Sea. i.e., the Dead Sea, now called by the Arabs Bahr Liit, or the Sea of Lot.

8 the Hittites, etc.

23 the nations of Gilgal. Some, following the Greek version, suppose these to be tribes of Galilee. Moffatt translates, “the pagans in Galilee.”