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Bitter

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A Symbolical Dictionary by Charles Daubuz (1720)

Bitterness, in Exo 1:14, Rth 1:20, Jer 9:15, is the symbol of affliction, misery, and servitude; and therefore the servitude of the Israelites in Egypt was typically represented, in the celebration of the Passover, by bitter herbs.

The imbittering of the belly, signifies all the train of afflictions which may come upon a man; as in Jer 4:19, Jer 9:15; and the same is fully evident from the bitter waters of jealousy, Num 5:27.

Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature by John Kitto (1856)

Bitterness

Bitterness (Exo 1:14; Rth 1:20; Jer 9:15) is symbolical of affliction, misery, and servitude. It was for this reason that, in the celebration of the Passover, the servitude of the Israelites in Egypt was typically represented by bitter herbs.

The gall of bitterness (Act 8:23) describes a state of extreme wickedness, highly offensive to God, and hurtful to others.

A root of bitterness (Heb 12:15) expresses a wicked or scandalous person, or any dangerous sin leading to apostasy.

Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature by John McClintock & James Strong (1880)

(always some form of the root מָרִר, mraar’ πικρός).

Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types by Walter L. Wilson (1957)

Jas 3:11 (a) No one’s lips should both bless and curse. If the heart is right with GOD, then all that comes out of it will be blessed and good. If bitterness comes out, it is because the heart is contaminated.

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