David, you said,
Matt 13 is Jesus'teaching about kingdom of God, not about the church. It is important that we all believe Paul's teaching that the church, the body of Christ was a mystery, not revealed to previous ages, and Jesus is not revealing the church here in His kingdom teaching. Jesus was teaching Jews who believed certain things about the kingdom. He was teaching during the 69th week of Daniel's prophesy and teaching Daniel's people, the Jews. For them, the end of the age was of course the end of the 70th week, and He would return then to set up His kingdom on earth. A lot of the Kingdom of God teaching is applicable to the church, but anyone born of the Spirit would recognise that it is not church teaching.
However, the concept of 'church', was not new to the disciples, as we know from Stephen's reference to the church in the wilderness.
That word 'church', is a translation of ekklesia (Strong's number 1577), which was the point Jesus Christ was making when He spoke of 'my church' to Peter, in Matthew 16:18. In Stephen's context (the wilderness), 'church' is set against the word 'synagogue', which means 'mixed multitude'. From amongst the 'synagogue' of descendants of Jacob and Egyptians (amd maybe others), the called-out ones (ecclesia) were the descendants of Jacob (in the wilderness).
In the context Christ spoke to Peter, the ecclesia were (to be) those who through the power of the cross (dying daily), left the natural family of Jacob to become sons of God (through the Spirit which was not yet given, and which neither Peter nor the disciples understood at the time).
Romans 2:28 For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither [is that] circumcision, which is outward in the flesh: 29 But he [is] a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision [is that] of the heart, in the spirit, [and] not in the letter; whose praise [is] not of men, but of God.
I fully accept there was much revelation still to come for those men on the ground at the time Jesus spoke in Matthew 16. But, once Gentiles had been brought into the 'church' of which JESUS had spoken, Paul is at pains to show there is no division by nationality, rank or gender, in HIS body on the earth.
John 4:21 Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father. 22 Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for salvation is of the Jews. 23 But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him. 24 God [is] a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship [him] in spirit and in truth. 25 The woman saith unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things. 26 Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am [he]. 27 And upon this came his disciples, and marvelled that he talked with the woman: yet no man said, What seekest thou? or, Why talkest thou with her?
John 10:16 And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, [and] one shepherd.
In fact, Matthew himself quotes Isaiah several times, making the very point himself in the light of Jewish history and expectation of the Messiah whom Jews had rejected, that there was ample prophecy to warn them that if they did not receive their God when He came, their 'kingdom' would be taken from them, and given to a people who were not even watching for it. When Jesus made some of His parables, He was encapsulating many pictures with which Jews were historically familiar - 'of the family'.
I think it is a stretch - a really big stretch - to say that the Jews in general knew they were in Daniel's 70th week, and that therefore they expected 'the end of the age ... and He would return then to set up His kingdom on earth'. Why do I say that? John 6:66 From that [time] many of his disciples went back, and walked no more with him. 67 Then said Jesus unto the twelve, Will ye also go away? 68 Then Simon Peter answered him, Lord, to whom shall we go? thou hast the words of eternal life. 69 And we believe and are sure that thou art that Christ, the Son of the living God.
We know that there were men and women in Israel (and Samaria), watching for Messiah - John 1:40 One of the two which heard John [speak], and followed him, was Andrew, Simon Peter's brother. 41 He first findeth his own brother Simon, and saith unto him, We have found the Messias, which is, being interpreted, the Christ.
But it must have become increasingly obvious as He went around healing the sick, casting out demons, raising the dead, and speaking of a world 'wherein dwelleth righteousness' - 2 Peter 3:13 Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness - that He was not fulfilling their human expectations.
John 18:36 Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence.
Matthew 26:53 Thinkest thou that I cannot now pray to my Father, and he shall presently give me more than twelve legions of angels?
True, they held on to them after His resurrection, which was a natural thing to do, but He had spoken many times of going somewhere else to receive His kingdom, that they could follow 'after'. John 13:36 Simon Peter said unto him, Lord, whither goest thou? Jesus answered him, 'Whither I go, thou canst not follow me now; but thou shalt follow me afterwards.'
Notably, the cross stood between them and where He was going - Ephesians 2:6 And hath raised [us] up together, and made [us] sit together in heavenly [places] in Christ Jesus: 7 That IN THE AGES TO COME he might shew the exceeding riches of his grace in [his] kindness toward us through Christ Jesus.
Matthew 23:33 [Ye] serpents, [ye] generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell? 34 Wherefore, behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: and [some] of them ye shall kill and crucify; and [some] of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute [them] from city to city: 35 That upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias son of Barachias, whom ye slew between the temple and the altar. 36 Verily I say unto you, All these things shall come upon this generation.
Luke 13:33 Nevertheless I must walk to day, and to morrow, and the [day] following: for it cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem.
34 O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the prophets, and stonest them that are sent unto thee; how often would I have gathered thy children together, as a hen [doth gather] her brood under [her] wings, and ye would not! 35 Behold, your house is left unto you desolate: and verily I say unto you, Ye shall not see me, until [the time] come when ye shall say, Blessed [is] he that cometh in the name of the Lord.
Matthew 27:25 Then answered all the people, and said, His blood [be] on us, and on our children.
John 8:28 Then said Jesus unto them, When ye have lifted up the Son of man, then shall ye know that I am [he], and [that] I do nothing of myself; but as my Father hath taught me, I speak these things.
John 17:20 Neither pray I for these alone, but for them also which shall believe on me through their word; 21 That they all may be one; as thou, Father, [art] in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us: that the world may believe that thou hast sent me.
John 20:29 Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed [are] they that have not seen, and [yet] have believed.
30 And many other signs truly did Jesus in the presence of his disciples, which are not written in this book: 31 But these are written, that ye might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that believing ye might have life through his name.
Despite all this, the disciples still asked (Acts 1:6) 'Lord, wilt thou at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel?'
7 And he said unto them, 'It is NOT for you to know the times or the seasons, which the Father hath put in his own power. 8 BUT ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: AND ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in all Judaea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth.
When I read their question, I want to reverse it, so it says 'wilt thou at this time restore Israel to the kingdom', because the kingdom of God has ever been. It is mankind who has been excluded from it.
Luke 11:2 And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth.
Matthew 6:13 And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen.
Somewhere along the line, Israelites had forgotten that 'the kingdom' was only theirs while godly kings were on their earthly throne. When an ungodly king was on their throne, they inevitably incurred God's displeasure and that generation was slaughtered somehow.
God had a radical solution to this problem. He had never been willing to destroy man completely, but 'And truly, if they had been mindful of that [country] from whence they came out, they might have had opportunity to have returned. 16 But now they desire a better [country], that is, an heavenly: wherefore God is not ashamed to be called their God: for he hath prepared for them a city.' (Heb 11) And we ARE THERE, according to the next chapter.
22 But ye are come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels, 23 To the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect, 24 And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things than [that of] Abel.
25 See that ye refuse not him that speaketh. For if they escaped not who refused him that spake on earth, much more [shall not] we [escape], if we turn away from him that [speaketh] from heaven: 26 Whose voice then shook the earth: but now he hath promised, saying, Yet once more I shake not the earth only, but also heaven. 27 And this [word], Yet once more, signifieth the removing of those things that are shaken, as of THINGS THAT ARE MADE, that those things which cannot be shaken may remain.
28 Wherefore we receiving a kingdom which cannot be moved, let us have grace, whereby we may serve God acceptably with reverence and godly fear: 29 For our God [is] a consuming fire.
Mark 10:15 Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child, he shall not enter therein.
Luke 18:17 Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child shall in no wise enter therein.
John 3:3 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God.
John 3:5 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and [of] the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. 6 That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit.