G4292 προκαλέομαι (prokaléomai)

Greek 📖 Greek Word Study

Verb

Quick Definition

προκαλέομαι v. I provoke, stimulate

Strong's Definition

to call forth to oneself (challenge), i.e. (by implication) to irritate

Derivation: middle voice from G4253 (πρό) and G2564 (καλέω);

KJV Usage: provoke

UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament

προκαλέω (G4292) — προκαλέομαι

verb | καλέω

88.188 · (προκαλέομαι) · Moral and Ethical Qualities and Related Behavior · Anger, Be Indignant With

to provoke, to irritate to cause provocation or irritation in someone

GAL 5:26

UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament © United Bible Societies, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0.

Thayer's Greek Lexicon

προ-καλέω, -@: pres. mid. ptep. προκαλούμενος ; to call forth [cf. πρό, ἃ. a.]; Mid. to call forth to one’s self, esp. to challenge to a combat or contest with one; often so fr. Hom. down; hence to provoke, to irritate: Gal. v. 26 [ («és ὠμότητα x. ὀργήν, Hdian. 7, 1, 11, 4 ed. Bekk.)].

Mounce Concise Greek Dictionary

προκαλέω prokaleō 1x

to call out, challenge to fight; to provoke, irritate, with feelings of ungenerous rivalry, Gal. 5:26*

Abbott-Smith Greek Lexicon

** προ-καλέω, -ῶ,

[in LXX: II Mac 8:11 A*;]

to call forth. Most freq. in mid., to challenge; hence, to provoke: Ga 5:26;

to invite (II Mac 8:11).†

Moulton & Milligan — Vocabulary of the Greek NT

προκαλέω (~ προκαλέομαι ) [page 541] call forth, challenge, though occurring in classical writers from Homer downwards, is found only in Gal_5:26 in Biblical Greek (except in 2Ma_8:11 A) : but cf. BGU IV. 1024 v. 5 (end of iv/A.D.) τ [οῦτο ] γὰρ προκαλ [εῖ ] ἐμ̣ε̣̣ τ̣ο̣, ν̣ δ [ι ]κά [ζ ]οντα . In a letter addressed to the Smyrnaeans, Syll 414 (= .3 876) .6 (A.D. 198) (= Lafoscade , p. 33 f.) the Emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla recall that, not-withstanding the immunity granted to sophists, a certain Claudius Rufinus had at their summons voluntarily undertaken a military command in view of his affection for his native land ὑμῶν αὐτὸν ἑκουσίῳ ἀνάγκῃ προκαλουμένων ὑφέστη τὴν στρατηγίαν κατὰ τὸ πρὸς τὴν πατρίδα φίλτρον . The subst. πρόκλησις occurs in the fragmentary P Ryl II. 353 (iii/A.D.)

Liddell-Scott-Jones — Greek-English Lexicon

προκαλέω (prokaleō) — to provoke. προκαλ-έω, call forth, [Refs 2nd c.AD+]:—passive, [Refs 2nd c.BC+]; to be evoked, [Refs 4th c.BC+] __B mostly middle, call out to fight, challenge, Αἴας δὲ πρῶτος προκαλέσσατο [Refs 8th c.BC+]; so, later, π. εἰς ἀγῶνα [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ταῦτα π. τοὺς συνόντας thus.., [Refs 5th c.BC+]; challenge to drink, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. τινὰ συμπαίζει; συγγυμνάζεσθαι, [Refs 6th c.BC+] of one who challenges another in his own department, [Refs 4th c.BC+] __B.2 invite or summon, τινὰ ἐς λόγους [Refs 5th c.BC+]; [ἰχθῦς] πρὸς τὴν θήραν π. entice them out, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; πρὸς αὑτόν τινας endeavour to attach them to oneself, [Refs 2nd c.BC+] __B.3 with accusative et infinitive, invite one to do.., [Refs 5th c.BC+]; of things, αὐτὰ (i.e. τὰ πράγματα) προκαλεῖται παρασκευάζειν τι invite, admonish, [Refs 4th c.BC+] with infinitive, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.4 absolutely, αὐτῶν προκαλεσαμένων at or after their invitation,[Refs 5th c.BC+]; appeal, προκαλεῖσθαι περί τινος ἐπὶ Ῥωμαίους [Refs 2nd c.BC+] __B.II with accusative of things, offer, propose, δίκην [Refs 5th c.BC+] offer them peace, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.II.2 law-term, make an offer or challenge to the opponent for bringing about a decision, e.g. for submitting the case to arbitration, letting slaves be put to the torture, etc., προκαλοῦνται πρόκλησιν ἡμᾶς [Refs 5th c.BC+]: with accusative person, challenge him, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. τινά τι make one an offer, [Refs 4th c.BC+]infinitive, π. τὴν μητέρα ὀμόσαι offer that she should take an oath, [Refs]: with infinitive only, π. ἐθέλειν ἐπιδεῖξαι [Refs] —passive, π. περὶ Ἐπιδάμνου ἐς κρίσιν Th.l.34. __B.III call up or forth, εὐγένειαν [Refs 5th c.BC+]

STEPBible — Tyndale Abridged Greek Lexicon

προ-καλέω, -ῶ [in LXX: 2Ma.8:11 A * ;] to call forth. Most frequently in mid., __(a) to challenge; hence, to provoke: Gal.5:26; __(b) to invite (2Mac, l.with).† (AS)

Bible Occurrences (1)

5:26

📖 Greek Word Study — In-Depth Study from Precept Austin

Challenging (4292) prokaleo

Challenging (4292) (prokaleo [in the middle voice = prokaleomai] from pro = before, forward + kaleo = call) literally means to call forth or call before (middle voice = call before oneself), and thus to invite or challenge to combat, to contest, to provoke or to irritate. This is the only NT use of prokaleo. Vincent comments that proskaleo means... calling forth, challenging, and so stirring up strife. Very common in Classical Greek writings. Bruce writes that prokaleomai... used of mutual challenges to combat or athletic contest; it can be extended to other areas of life, as in Philo’s story of Demosthenes who, when challenged to a slanging match, declined because, as he said, the winner would come off worse than the loser (ï»¿De Agricultura [Philo]ï»¿ 110). The spirit which Paul here deprecates has a refined manifestation in challenge to theological debate; perhaps it was in this way that the Galatians were challenging one another. (Ibid) Hansen surmises that... In their concentration on keeping the law, the Galatian believers had become very competitive in their spiritual life, attempting to outdo each other. To provoke means to challenge to a contest. Some were so sure of their spiritual superiority that they wanted to prove it in a contest. (Hansen, G. W. Galatians. The IVP New Testament Commentary Series. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press) Matthew Poole writes... Provoking one another is an effect of the former, disposing us, out of hope of victory, to challenge others to a contest with us. Or it may be understood of provoking others by injuries and wrongs done them; which is contrary to the duty of love. (Matthew Poole. Matthew Poole's Commentary on the New Testament) One another (240) (allelon) means each other and speaks of a mutuality or sharing of sentiments between two persons or groups of persons, in this case evil or malignant sentiments! As each one challenges and envies the other, the effect is not edifying but but is like Paul described in Galatians 5:14 as "biting and devouring one another", a picture of saints who are not walking by the Spirit, but being empowered by the flesh, the end of which is they consume one another.