πῶς, (fr. obsol. OS, whence ποῦ, ποῖ, etc. [ef. Curtius § 631]), adv., [fr. Hom. down] ; I. in interroga tion; how? in what way ?— in a direct question, foll. by a. the indicative, it is the expression a. of one seeking information and desiring to be taught: Lk. 1.84; x. 26; Jn.iii.9; ix. 26; 1 Co. xv. 35 [cf. W. 266 (250)]; πῶς οὖν, Jn. ix. 10 Tdf. (but L WH br. οὖν), 19; Ro. iv. 10. B. of one about to controvert another, and emphatically deny that the thing inquired about has happened or been done: Mt. xii. 29; Mk. iii. 23; Lk xi.18; Jn. iii. 4,12; v.44,47; vi.52; ix.16; 1 Jn. iii. 17; iv. 20; Ro. iii. 6; vi. 2; 1 Co. xiv. 7, 9,16; 1 Tim. iii. 5; Heb. ii. 3; καὶ πῶς, Mk. iv. 13; Jn. xiv. 5 [here L txt. Tr WHom. καί]; πῶς οὖν, Mt. xii. 26; Ro. x. 14 RG; mas δέ, Ro. x. 14

πῶς, interrog. adv., correl. of ὅπως, prop., in direct questions, how?: c. indic., Mt 12:29, Mk 3:23, Lk 11:18, Jo 3:4, al.; καὶ π., Mk 4:13, Lk 20:44; π. οὖν, Mt 12:26; π. οὐ, Mt 16:11, Lk 12:56; in deliberative questions (cf. Bl., § 64, 6), c. subjc., Mt 23:33 26:54; π. οὖν, Ro 10:14; π. δέ, Ro 10:14, 15; seq. ἄν, c. optat., Ac 8:31.

As sometimes in cl. but more freq. and increasingly so in late writers (v. WM, § 57, 2; Bl., § 70, 2; Thumb, MGr., 192; Jannaris, Gr., App., vi, 13 f.), = ὅπως, ὥς; in indirect discourse: c. indic., Mt 6:28, Mk 12:41, Lk 8:36, Jo 9:15, Ac 9:27, al.; c. subjc., Mk 11:18, Lk 12:11;

in exclamations: Mt 21:20, Mk 10:23, 24, Lk 12:50 18:24, Jo 11:36.

πῶς, “*how,” 2 “in what manner,” (a) in direct questions— P Oxy IV. 7441? (B.c. 1) (= Selections, Ὁ. 33) πῶς Sivapal oe ἐπιλαθεῖν : “how can I forget you?” Cf. Ac 85! πῶς yap ἂν δυναίμην; which Field (Vo/es, p. 117) renders, ““Why, how can I?” For the exclamatory πῶς, as in Mk 1074, cf. Philemon fy. 2 ὦ πῶς πονηρόν ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου φύσις | τὸ σύνολον, Epict. Aan. 24. 3 Opare ὑμεῖς, πῶς ἄνισοί ἐστε kal ἀγνώμονες ; see further K. Rupprecht in Philologus \xxx. (V. F. xxxiv.), 1924, p- 207. (6) in indirect discourse—P Oxy IV. 745° (c. A.D. 1) οὐκ οἶδας yap πῶς μοι ἐχρήσατο ἐν ᾿Οξυρύγχοις, ‘‘ you don't know how he treated me at Oxyrhynchus(?),” P Tebt II. 4o8* (A.D. 3) ἐπιστάμενος πῶς σε τίθεμαι Ke φιλῶ, “since you know how I esteem and love you”’ (Edd.) (cf. Ac 2018), P Oxy II. 29474 (A.p. 22) (= Selections, p. 36) γράψον μοι πῶς πάλιν ἄνω Aadaxeverat, “‘ write me how his hair is growing again on the top,” P Ryl II. 2358 (ii/A.D.) οὐκ ἐδήλωσάς por περὶ τῆς εὐρωστίας σου kal πῶς διάγεις, ‘you did not inform me of your good health and how you are,” P Oxy VI. 9324 (late ii/a.p.) épt σοι δὲ ᾿Απολινάρις πῶς τὰ θέματα Kal τὰ δημόσια, “ Apolinarius will tell you how the deposits and public dues stand,” 26. 939% (iv/A.D.) viv δὲ πῶς πλίονα γράψω περὶ αὐτῆς ἀπορῶ, “* but now I am at a loss how I shall write more regarding her,” and 76. 1. 120! (iv/A.D.) ἄχρις ἂν γνῶ πῶς τὰ κατ᾽ aipal ἀποτίθαιται (1. ἐμὲ ἀποτίθεται), ‘until I know the position of my affairs” (Edd.). We find already in the NT (e.g. 1 Thess 1°) the MGr tendency to use πῶς as equivalent to little more than ὅτι : cf. BGU I. 378 (Α.Ὁ. 50) οἶδας yap πῶς αὐτοῦ ἑκάστης ὥρας χρήζωι, P Ryl 11. 235° (ii/a.p.) ἐθΓαὐύ]μασεί(---αὐ δὲ πῶς διὰ Λυπέρκου οὐκ ἐδήλωσάς μοι περὶ τῆς εὐρωστίας σου, “1 was surprised that you did not inform me through Lupercus of your good health” (Edd.), and see Radermacher Gr. p. 159, Hatzidakis Gr. p. 19.

πῶς (pōs) — how?!. πῶς, Ionic dialect κῶς, interrogative adverb of Manner, how? [Refs 8th c.BC+]; sometimes to express displeasure, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; to express astonishment or doubt, π. εἶπα; [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. λέγει; [Refs]; π. φῄ; [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. τοῦτ᾽ ἔλεξα; [Refs 4th c.BC+]; π. τοῦτ᾽ εἶπες α; [Refs 5th c.BC+]; also π. μὴ φῶμεν..; surely we must, [Refs] __b in dialogue, to ask explanation, with a repetition of a word used by the previous speaker, δίκαια— Answ. π. δίκαι; [Refs 5th c.BC+]; μὴ δίκαιος ὤν—Answ. π. μὴ δίκαιο; [Refs]; συμβολάς—Answ. π. συμβολά; [Refs 2nd c.AD+]; πῶς alone, how so, π., ὅς γε..; [Refs 5th c.BC+]

2. with a second interrogative in the same clause, π. ἐκ τίνος νεώς ποτε.. ἥκετ; how and by what ship..? [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. τί τοῦτο λέγει; how say you and what? [Refs 5th c.BC+]

3. with genitive modi, π. ἀγῶνος ἥκομε; how are we come off in it? [Refs 5th c.BC+]

4. with Verbs of selling, how? at what price? π. ὁ σῖτος ὤνιο; [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ δ᾽ ἄλφιθ᾽ ὑμῖν π. ἐπώλου;—Answ. τεττάρων δραχμῶν.. τὸν κόφινον [Refs 5th c.BC+]

II. with other Particles, π. ἂν..; π. κε (ν)..; how possibly..? π. ἂν ἔπειτ᾽ ἀπὸ σεῖο.. λιποίμην οἶο; [Refs 8th c.BC+]; π. ἂν γένοιτ᾽ ἂν.. ποδῶν ἔκμακτρο; [Refs 5th c.BC+]: so with indicative, [Refs 8th c.BC+]

II. b in Trag., π. ἄν with optative is frequently used to express a wish, O how might it be? i.e. would that it might..! π. ἂν θάνοιμ; π. ἂν ὀλοίμη; etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+]; rare in Comedy texts, [Refs 5th c.BC+] (a trace of this usage appears in [LXX+8th c.BC+]; also with aorist subjunctive (without ἄν), π. κοιμηθ; [Refs 2nd c.AD+]; π. μή μοι μέγας λέων ἐπιφαν; [Refs 2nd c.AD+]; with present, π. μὴ χρῄζ; M.Ant. [prev. cited]

II.2. π. ἄρα..; in reply, how then? π. τ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἴω..; [Refs 8th c.BC+]

II.3. π. γὰρ..; also in reply, as if something had gone before, [that cannot be], for how can..? [Refs 8th c.BC+]; π. γὰρ κάτοιδ; [Refs 5th c.BC+]

II.4. π. δὲ..; to introduce a strong objection, π. δὲ σὺ νῦν μέμονας, κύον ἀδδεές..; [Refs 8th c.BC+]; δόξει δὲ π.; [Refs 4th c.BC+]

II.5. π. δ; how in the world? π. δὴ φῂς πολέμοιο μεθιέμε; [Refs 8th c.BC+]; also π. γὰρ δή..; [Refs 8th c.BC+]; π. δῆτα..; [Refs 5th c.BC+]

II.6. π. καὶ..; just how..? [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. δὲ καὶ..; [Refs 5th c.BC+]; but καὶ π...; to introduce an objection, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; alone, but how? impossible! [Refs 5th c.BC+]

II.7. π. οὐ..; how not so..? i.e. surely it is so.. , π. οὐ δεινὰ εἴργασθ; [Refs 5th c.BC+]

II.8. π. οὖν..; like{π. ἄρα.}.; [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. ἂν οὖν.. with optative, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

II.9. π. ποτε..; how ever..? [Refs 5th c.BC+]

III. πῶς followed by several of the abovenamed Particles is frequently used in elliptical sentences, as,

III.1. π. γά; inserted parenthesis in a negative sentence, for how is it possible? how can or could it be? hence in emphatic denial, κἀγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἔδρασα, τοῦτ᾽ ἐπίσταμαι, οὐδ᾽ αὖ σύ· π. γά; [Refs]; οὐκ ἀπορῶν (π. γά;), ὅς γε.. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν καταφυγών (π. γὰρ ἄ;), ὅστις.. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. γὰρ ο; how can it but be? i.e. it must be so, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. γά; (i.e. ἄλλως ἔχει) is so used in [Refs 5th c.BC+]

III.2. π. δ; how so? [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. δῆτ; [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. δα; [Refs 5th c.BC+]

III.3. π. δ᾽ ο; like{π. γὰρ οὔ}; (see.[Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. δ᾽ οὐχ; [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. δ᾽ οὐκ ἄν..; [Refs 4th c.BC+]

III.4. π. οὖ; how then? how next? [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. οὖν ἄν..; [Refs 5th c.BC+]

III.5. π. δοκεῖ; parenthesis, in conversation, how think you? hence (losing all interrogative force),= λίαν, wonderfully, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

IV. π. in indirect questions for ὅπως, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

V. in exclamations, ὦ π. πονηρόν ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου φύσις τὸ σύνολον [Refs 4th c.BC+]; π. παραχρῆμα ἐξηράνθη.. ! [NT]; π. δυσκόλως.. ! [NT]