ὑπό (i. e. Latinsub (Curtius, § 393)), preposition, under, in secular authors used with the genitive, dative, and accusative, but in the N. T. with the genitive and accusative only. (On the use and the omission of elision with it before words beginning with a vowel, see WH's Appendix, p. 146{b} ; Tdf Proleg., p. 4, (addenda et emendanda).) I. with the genitive (cf. Winers Grammar, 364 (342), 368f, (346); Buttmann, § 147, 29), it is used: 1. properly, in a local sense, of situation or position under something higher, as ὑπό χτονος, often from Homer down; ὁ ἐπί γῆς καί ὑπό γῆς χρυσός, Plato, legg. 5, p. 728 a.; hence, 2. metaphorically, of the efficient cause, as that under the power of which an event is conceived of as being; here the Latin uses ἆ or ἀβ, and the English by; thus a. after passive verbs with the genitive of a person: Mat_1:22; Mat_2:15; Mar_1:5; Mar_2:3; ( L T Tr WH); Luk_2:18; ( Rec.); Joh_10:14 R G; ; Act_4:11; Act_15:4; ( L T Tr WH); Rom_15:15 (R G L); 1Co_1:11; 2Co_1:4; 2Co_1:16; Gal_1:11; Eph_2:11; Php_3:12; 1Th_1:4; 2Th_2:13; Heb_3:4, and in many other passages; φωνῆς ἐνεχθείσης ὑπό τῆς μεγαλοπρεποῦς δόξης, when a voice was brought by the majestic glory (cf. R. V. marginal reading), i. e. came down to him from God, 2Pe_1:17; after γίνομαι, to be done, effected, Luk_9:7 R L in brackets; Luk_13:17; Luk_23:8; Eph_5:12; γίνεται τίνι ἐπιβουλή, Act_20:3; ἡ ἐπιτιμία ἡ ὑπό τῶν πλειόνων, namely, ἐπιτιμηθεισα, 2Co_2:6; with the genitive of a thing: Mat_8:24; Mat_11:7; Mat_14:24; Luk_7:24; Luk_8:14 (see πορεύω, at the end); Joh_8:9; Act_27:41; Rom_3:21; Rom_12:21; 1Co_10:29; 2Co_5:4; Eph_5:13; Col_2:18; Jas_1:14; Jas_2:9; Jas_3:4; Jas_3:6; 2Pe_2:7; 2Pe_2:17; Jud_1:12; Rev_6:13. b. with neuter verbs, and with active verbs which carry a passive meaning: πάσχειν ὑπό τίνος, Mat_17:12; Mar_5:26; 1Th_2:14 (Homer, Iliad 11, 119; Thucydides 1, 77; Xenophon, symp. 1, 9; Cyril 6, 1, 36; Hier. 7, 8); ἀπολέσθαι, to perish, 1Co_10:9 f (very often in secular authors from Herodotus 3, 32 on); ὑπομένειν τί, Heb_12:3 (cf. ἀντιλογία, 2); λαμβάνειν namely, πληγάς, to be beaten, 2Co_11:24; after a term purely active, of a force by which something is bidden to be done: ἀποκτεῖναι ἐν ῤομφαία καί ὑπό τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς, by the wild beasts, Rev_6:8 (cf. 9:18 Rec.) (so ὠλεσε θυμόν ὑφ' Ἐκτορος, Homer, Iliad 17, 616; cf. Matthiae, ii., p. 1393; (Buttmann, 341 (293))). II. with the accusative (Winer's Grammar, § 49, k.); 1. of motion, in answer to the question 'whither?': to come ὑπό τήν στέγην, Mat_8:8; Luk_7:6; ἐπισυνάγειν, Mat_23:37; Luk_13:34; with verbs of putting or placing: Mat_5:15; Mar_4:21; Luk_11:33; 1Co_15:25; of placing under or subjecting, Luk_7:8; Rom_7:14; Rom_16:20; 1Co_15:27; Gal_3:22; Gal_4:3; Eph_1:22; 1Pe_5:6; ἔχω τινα ὑπ' ἐμαυτόν, Mat_8:9; Luk_7:8, γίνεσθαι, born under i. e. subject to, Gal_4:4; of falling, tropically, Jas_5:12 (where Rst εἰς ὑπκρισιν). 2. of situation, position, tarrying: after κατασκηνοῦν, Mar_4:32; κάθημαι, Jas_2:3; with the verb εἶναι: (to and under) in a local or proper sense, Joh_1:48(49); Act_4:12; Rom_3:13; 1Co_10:1; ἡ ὑπό (τόν) ὀυρνανος namely, χώρα, Luk_17:24; πάσῃ κτίσει τῇ ὑπό τόν οὐρανοῦ, namely, οὔσῃ, Col_1:23; τά ὑπό τόν οὐρανόν namely, ὄντα, Act_2:5 (τά ὑπό σελήνην, Philo de vit. Moys. ii., § 12); εἶναι ὑπό τινα or τί, to be under, i. e. subject to the power of, any person or thing: Rom_3:9; Rom_6:14-15; 1Co_9:20; Gal_3:10; Gal_3:25; Gal_4:2; Gal_4:21; Gal_5:18; 1Ti_6:1; ὑπό ἐξουσίαν namely, ὤν, Mat_8:9 (where L WH brackets read ὑπό ἐξουσίαν τασσόμενος (set under authority), so also the Sinaiticus manuscript); οἱ ὑπό νόμον, namely, ὄντες, 1Co_9:20; Gal_4:5 (ὑπό ἐκπληξιν εἶναι, Protevangelium Jacobi, 18). τηρεῖν τινα, Jud_1:6; φρουρεῖσθαι, Gal_3:23. 3. of time, like the Latinsub (cf.sub vespe. ram), equivalent to about (see examples from the Greek writings in Passow, p. 2111{a} ; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, C. III.)): ὑπό τόν ὄρθρον, about daybreak, Act_5:21. This preposition occurs with the accusative nowhere else in the N. T. The apostle John uses it only twice with the genitive (Joh_14:21; 3Jn_1:12 three times, if Joh_10:14 R G is counted (cf. Joh_8:9)), and once with the accusative (Joh_1:48 (49)). III. in Composition ὑπό denotes: 1. locality, under: ὑποκάτω, ὑποπόδιον, ὑπωπιάζω, ὑποδέω; of the goal of motion, i. e. ὑπό τί, as ὑποδέχομαι (under one's roof); ὑπολαμβάνω (to receive by standing under); ὑποβάλλω, ὑποτίθημι; tropically, in expressions of subjection, compliance, etc., as ὑπακούω, ὑπακοή, ὑπηκως, ὑπόδικος, ὕπανδρος, ὑπάγω, ὑπολείπω, ὑποχωρέω. 2. small in degree, slightly, as ὑποπνέω.

ὑπό hypo 220x (1) gen., under; hence, used to express influence, causation, agency; by, Mat_1:22 freq.; by the agency of, at the hands of, 2Co_11:24 ; Heb_12:3 . (2) acc., under, with the idea of motion associated, Mat_5:15 ; under, Joh_1:49 ; 1Co_10:1 ; under subjection to, Rom_6:14 ; 1Ti_6:1 ; of time, at, about, Act_5:21

ὑπό (before smooth breathing ὑπ᾿ , Mat_8:9 b, Luk_7:8 b; before rough breathing ὑφ᾿ , Rom_3:9 ; on the neglect of elision in Mt, Lk, ll . c a, Gal_3:22 , v. WH , App ., 146; Tdf., Pr. , iv), prep . c . gen ., dat . (not in NT), acc I. C. gen ., primarily of place, under , hence, metaph ., of the efficient cause, by : after passive verbs, c . gen . pers ., Mat_1:22 , Mar_1:5 , Luk_2:18 , Joh_14:21 , Act_4:11 , 1Co_1:11 , Heb_3:4 , al. ; c . gen . rei , Mat_8:24 , Luk_7:24 , Rom_3:21 , al. ; with neut. verbs and verbs with pass . meaning, Mat_17:12 , Mar_5:26 , 1Co_10:9-10 , 1Th_2:14 , al. II. C . acc , under; 1. of motion: Mat_5:15 ; Mat_8:8 , Mar_4:21 , Luk_13:34 ; hence, metaph ., of subjection, Rom_7:14 , 1Co_15:27 , Gal_3:22 , 1Pe_5:6 , al. 2. Of position: Joh_1:49 , Act_4:12 , Rom_3:13 , 1Co_10:1 , al. ; hence, metaph ., under, subject to , Mat_8:9 , Rom_3:9 , 1Co_9:20 , Gal_4:5 , al. 3. Of time, about: Act_5:21 . III. In composition: under (ὑποδέω ), hence, of subjection (ὑποτάσσω ), compliance (ὑπακούω ), secrecy (ὑποβάλλω ), diminution (ὑποπνέω ).

ὑπό [page 655] 1. c. gen. = by (a) of person or thing after passive verbs; P Hib I. 34 .1 (B.C. 243 2) Ἀντίγονος ἀδικοῦμαι ὑπὸ Πάτρωνος , I, Antigonus, am unjustly treated by Patron, P Giss I. 41 ii. 1 (beginning of Hadrian s reign) ( = Chrest. I. p. 30 ) οὐ γὰρ μόνον ὑπὸ τ̣ῆ̣ς̣ μακρᾶς ἀποδημίας τὰ ἡμέτε [ρα ] πα [ντ ]α̣ πασιν ἀμεληθέντα τυγχ [άνει , and P Grenf II. 73 .10 (late iii/A.D.) ( = Selections , p. 118) τὴν Πολιτικὴν τὴν πεμφθεῖσαν εἰς Ὄασιν ὑπὸ τῆς ἡγεμονίας , Politike who was sent into the Oasis by the government. (b) after neuter verbs or active verbs which carry a passive meaning : P Oxy II. 239 .9 (A.D. 66) ὀμνύω . . . μηδεμίαν λογείαν γεγονέναι ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ κώμῃ , I swear that I have levied no contributions for any purpose whatever in the said village (Edd.), P Amh II. 78 .4 (A.D. 184) βίαν πάσχων ἑκάστοτε ὑπὸ Ἑκυ̣σεως , I am constantly suffering violence from Hekusis (Edd.) (cf. Mat_17:12 ), and Preisigke 1209 Ἀπολλώνιος . . . ἐτελεύτησεν ὑπὸ σκορπίου . For further exx. of ὑπό denoting cause , cf. P Tebt I. 44 .21 (B.C. 114) ὑ [πὸ τ ]ῶν πληγῶν κινδυν [εύω ]ι τῶι ζῆν , in consequence of the blows my life is in danger (Edd.), P Par 26 .9 (B.C. 162) ( = UPZ i. p. 247) ὑπὸ τῆς λιμοῦ διαλυόμεναι , and ib. 47 .25 ( c. B.C. 152 1) ( = UPZ i. p. 332, Selections p. 23) οὐκ ἔστι ἀνακύψαι με πόποτε ἐν τῇ Τρικομίαι ὑπὸ τῆς αἰσχύνης , it is not possible ever to look up again in Tricomia for very shame. 2. c. ace. in the sense of under, subject to : P HibI. 44 .2 (B.C. 253) περὶ τῶν μαχίμων τῶν ὄντων ἐν τοῖς ὑπὸ σὲ τόποις , concerning the native soldiers in the districts under you (Edd.), PSI IV. 384 .2 (B.C. 248 7) τῶν ὑπὸ σὲ τὴν ὑικὴν πραγματευομένον ( = -ένων ), P Petr II. 46 ( b ) .1 (B.C. 200) οὔπω ὑπὸ ἱππάρχην , not yet under a cavalry colonel, P Tebt I. 5 .2 (B.C. 118) τοὺς ὑ [πὸ ] τὴ [ν βασιλήαν π ]άντας , P Oxy I. 60 .8 (A.D. 323) τοῖς ὑπὸ Οὐαλεριανὸν πραιπόσιτον νυνὶ ἐκῖσε διατρίβουσι , P Amh II. 1393 (A.D. 350) τοῦ ὑπὸ σὲ πάγου , the pagus under your jurisdiction, and P GrenfII. 97 .3 (vi/A.D.) τοῦ ὑπὸ σὲ κτήματος . Note also the construction, said to be of Egyptian origin (Thumb Hellen. p. 124), by which ὑπό is used of the lading of an animal, e.g. Fay Ostr 14 .2 (A.D. I) ὑπ (ὸ ) κριθ (ὴν ) ὄνον ἕνα , one ass laden with barley, Meyer Ostr 81 .2 (A.D. 23) ὑπ (ὸ ) λαχανο̣(σπερμον ) ὄν̣ον ἔ̣να , one ass laden with vegetable seed, BGU I. 248 .26 (A.D. 70 80) ὀνάριον ὑπὸ τρίχωρο (ν ) οἴνου , an ass laden with three chores of wine, and P Tebt II. 423 .17 (early iii/A.D.) κτήνη ὑπὸ χόρτον , the animals laden with hay. 3. Ὑπό is used of time = about, only in Act_5:21 in NT, cf. P Tebt I. 50 .18 (B.C. 112) ὑπὲρ ὧν ὑπὸ τὸν καιρὸν παραλαβὼν σέ τε καὶ Ὥρον , I therefore at the time took you and Horus (Edd.), and PSI II. 156 .7 (iv/A.D.?) ὑπὸ δὲ τὴν̣ ὥρα̣[ν . 4. For the construction with the acc. cf. also such miscellaneous exx. as P Oxy I. 94 .12 (A.D. 83), price received for slaves ἤτοι ὑφ᾽ ἓν ἢ καθ᾽ ἕνα , for one or both of them, ib. III. 494 .6 (A.D. 156) a Will in which an owner sets free certain slaves ὑπὸ Δία Γῆν Ἥλιον , under sanction of Zeus, Earth and Sun (Edd.), similarly ib. I.48 .6 (A.D. 86) and 49 .8 (A.D. 100), both as amended, P Giss I. 47 .24 (time of Hadrian) ( = Chrest. I. p. 383 ) τῆς πεμφθείσης σοι ῢ̣̣πὸ τὰ ζῴδια ξυλίνης θήκης , where the editor understands the reference to be to a wooden box set off with figures of small beasts, P Oxy I. 76 .14 (A.D. 179) ἔχων ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτὸν πρὸς οἴκησιν owning as a place of residence, and P Ryl II.238 .10 (A.D. 262) κτηνύδριον δὲ αὐτοῖς ἓν γοργὸν τῶν ὑπὸ σὲ παράσχες , give them one spirited donkey from those in your charge (Edd.). 5. c. dat. This construction, though common in the classical historians, is unknown to the NT, but maybe illustrated from our sources, e.g. OGIS 54 .20 ( c. B.C. 247) τὴν λοιπὴν (γῆν ) πᾶσαν ἕως Βακτριανῆς ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτῶι ποιησάμενος , P PetrIII.7 .24 (B.C.238 237) ὑπὸ γεννείωι , P Giss I. 11 .5 (A.D. 118) ( = Chrest. I. p. 523 ) ἐπεστάλην εἰς τὸν ὑπό σοι νομὸν μόνος , P Oxy IV. 708 .3 (A.D.188) τοῦ ] καταχθέντος γόμου ἐκ τοῦ ὑπὸ σοὶ νομοῦ , the cargo dispatched from the nome under you (Edd.), and P Ryl II. 87 .2 (early iii/A.D.) arourae covered ὑπ᾽ ἄμμῳ . The monographs by Kuhring, Rossberg, and Regard (see Abbreviations I. General) should be consulted.

ὑπό [Etym: epic ὑπαί before δ, π] "from under, by, c. gen. under, c. dat., towards c. acc." Lat. sub, prep. with gen., dat. and acc. WITH GEN., of Place, "from under", ῥέει κρήνη ὑπὸ σπείους Od. : of rescuing "from under" another's power, after the Verbs ἐρύεσθαι, ἁρπάζειν, Il. ; ἵππους λῦσαν ὑπὸ ζυγοῦ they loosed the horses "from under" the yoke, Hom. "under, beneath", μοχλὸν ὑπὸ σποδοῦ ἤλασα thrust the bar "in under" the embers, Od. ; ὑπὸ στέρνοιο τυχήσας having hit him "under" the breast, Il. ; ὑπὸ χθονός Hom. , etc. of the Agent, with pass. Verbs, "by", Lat. a or "ab", ὑπό τινος δαμῆναι Il. ; ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ "by" one's own action, i.e. of oneself, Thuc. ; so also, with neut. verbs, φεύγειν ὑπό τινος, i. e. to flee "before" him, Il. ; ἔπαινον ἔχειν ὑπό τινος Hdt. of things as well as persons, ὡς διάκειμαι ὑπὸ τῆς νόσου Thuc. ; ἐνδακρύειν χαρᾶς ὕπο Aesch. ; μαίνεται ὑφ᾽ ἡδονῆς Soph. ; ὀρύσσειν ὑπὸ μαστίγων to dig "under fear" of scourges, Hdt. of "accompanying" music, "to the sound of", κωμάζειν ὑπ᾽ αὐλοῦ Hes. ; πίνειν ὑπὸ σάλπιγγος Ar. : then, of anything "attendant", δαΐδων ὑπὸ λαμπομενάων ἠγίνεον "by" torchlight, Il. ; ὑπ᾽ εὐφήμου βοῆς θῦσαι to offer a sacrifice "accompanied by" it, Soph. ; ὑπὸ πομπῆς "in or with" solemn procession, Hdt. WITH DAT. of Place or Position, ὑπὸ ποσσί Il. ; ὑπὸ πλατανίστῳ id=Il. ; ὑπ᾽ Ἰλίῳ "under" its walls, Eur. ; ὑφ᾽ ἅρμασι "under", i. e. "yoked to", the chariot, Il. ὑπὸ χερσί τινος δαμῆναι to be subdued "under", i. e. "by force" of his arms, id=Il. ; ὑπὸ δουρὶ δαμῆναι id=Il. of the person "under whose power or influence" a thing is done, φέβεσθαι ὑπό τινι "to flee" before him, id=Il. ; ὑπὸ πομπῇ τινος βῆναι to go "under" his convoy, id=Il. expressing "subjection", ὑπό τινι "under" one's "power", Od. ; εἶναι ὑπό τινι to be "subject to" him, Thuc. ; ἔχειν ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτῷ to have "under" one, Xen. of things coming "under" a class, ἐργασίαι ὑπὸ ταῖς τέχναις Plat. as in A. II. 3, ὑπ᾽ αὐλητῆρι πρόσθ᾽ ἔκιον advanced "to the music" of the flute-player, Hes. : generally, of attendant circumstances, ἐξ ἁλὸς εἶσι πνοιῇ ὕπο Ζεφύροιο Od. ; ὑπὸ σκότῳ, νυκτί Aesch. WITH ACCUS. of Place, "towards and under", ὑπὸ σπέος ἤλασε μῆλα drove them "under", i.e. "into", the cave, Il. ; ὑπὸ ζυγὸν ἤγαγεν Od. ; ὑπὸ δικαστήριον ἄγειν to bring "under or before" the tribunal, Hdt. like ὑπό c. dat. "without" sense of motion, ὑπ᾽ ἠῶ τ᾽ ἠέλιόν τε everywhere "under" the sun, Il. ; ὑπὸ τὴν ἄρκτον Hdt. ; τὸ ὑπὸ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν Thuc. of "subjection", ποιεῖσθαι ὑπὸ σφᾶς id=Thuc. , etc. of Time, like Lat. sub, just after, just about, ὑπὸ νύκτα "towards" night, Il. ; ὑπὸ ταῦτα "about that" time, Hdt. ; ὑπὸ τὸν νηὸν κατακαέντα "about" the time of its burning, Il. ; ὑπὸ τὸν σεισμόν "about the time" of the earthquake, Thuc. of accompaniment, ὑπὸ αὐλὸν διαλέγεσθαι Xen. ὑπό τι, as adv. "to a certain degree, in some measure", Lat. aliquatenus, Plat. POSITION: ὑπό can always follow its Subst., becoming by anastrophe ὕπο. AS ADV., "under, below, beneath", Hom. "behind", Hdt. "secretly, unnoticed", Il. IN COMPOSITION: "under", both of rest and motion, as ὕπ-ειμι, ὑπο-βαίνω. of the "casing or covering" of one thing with another, as ὑπό-χρυσος. to express subjection, ὑπο-δαμνάω, ὑφ-ηνίοχος. "somewhat, a little", ὑπο-κινέω, ὑπό-λευκος: "underhand, secretly", ὑπο-θωπεύω.

ὑπό (before smooth breathing ὑπ᾽, Mat.8:9b, Luk.7:8b; before rough breathing ὑφ᾽, Rom.3:9; on the neglect of elision in Mt, Lk, ll. witha, Gal.3:22, see WH, App., 146; Tdf., Pr., iv), prep. with genitive, dative (not in NT), accusative __I. C. genitive, primarily of place, under, hence, metaphorically, of the efficient cause, by: after passive verbs, with genitive of person(s), Mat.1:22, Mrk.1:5, Luk.2:18, Jhn.14:21, Act.4:11, 1Co.1:11, Heb.3:4, al.; with genitive of thing(s), Mat.8:24, Luk.7:24, Rom.3:21, al.; with neut. verbs and verbs with pass, meaning, Mat.17:12, Mrk.5:26, 1Co.10:9, 10 1Th.2:14, al. __II. C. accusative, under; __1. of motion: Mat.5:15 8:8, Mrk.4:21, Luk.13:34; hence, metaphorically, of subjection, Rom.7:14, 1Co.15:27, Gal.3:22, 1Pe.5:6, al. __2. Of position: Jhn.1:49, Act.4:12, Rom.3:13, 1Co.10:1, al.; hence, metaphorically, under, subject to, Mat.8:9, Rom.3:9, 1Co.9:20, Gal.4:5, al. __3. Of time, about: Act.5:21. __III. In composition: under (ὑποδέω), hence, of subjection (ὑποτάσσω), compliance (ὑπακούω), secrecy (ὑποβάλλω), diminution (ὑποπνέω). (AS)