1 Kings 18:30
1 Kings 18:30 in Multiple Translations
Then Elijah said to all the people, “Come near to me.” So all the people approached him, and he repaired the altar of the LORD that had been torn down.
And Elijah said unto all the people, Come near unto me. And all the people came near unto him. And he repaired the altar of the LORD that was broken down.
And Elijah said unto all the people, Come near unto me; and all the people came near unto him. And he repaired the altar of Jehovah that was thrown down.
Then Elijah said to all the people, Come near to me; and all the people came near. And he put up again the altar of the Lord which had been broken down.
Then Elijah told everyone, “Come over here to me.” They went over to him, and he repaired the altar of the Lord that had been torn down.
And Eliiah said vnto all the people, Come to me. And all the people came to him. And he repayred the altar of the Lord that was broken downe.
And Elijah saith to all the people, 'Come nigh unto me;' and all the people come nigh unto him, and he repaireth the altar of Jehovah that is broken down;
Elijah said to all the people, “Come near to me!”; and all the people came near to him. He repaired the LORD’s altar that had been thrown down.
And Elijah said to all the people, Come near to me. And all the people came near to him. And he repaired the altar of the LORD that was broken down.
Elias said to all the people: Come ye unto me. And the people coming near unto him, he repaired the altar of the Lord, that was broken down:
Then Elijah called to the people saying, “Come closer!” So they all crowded around him. Then Elijah repaired the altar of Yahweh that had previously been ◄ruined/torn down► by the prophets of Baal.
Berean Amplified Bible — 1 Kings 18:30
BAB
Word Study
Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.
Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.
1 Kings 18:30 Interlinear (Deep Study)
BIB
HEB
וַ/יֹּ֨אמֶר
אֵלִיָּ֤הוּ
לְ/כָל
הָ/עָם֙
גְּשׁ֣וּ
אֵלַ֔/י
וַ/יִּגְּשׁ֥וּ
כָל
הָ/עָ֖ם
אֵלָ֑י/ו
וַ/יְרַפֵּ֛א
אֶת
מִזְבַּ֥ח
יְהוָ֖ה
הֶ/הָרֽוּס
וַ/יֹּ֨אמֶר
ʼâmar
H559
to say
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3ms
אֵלִיָּ֤הוּ
ʼÊlîyâh
H452
Elijah
N-proper
לְ/כָל
kôl
H3605
all
Prep | N-ms
הָ/עָם֙
ʻam
H5971
Amaw
Art | N-ms
גְּשׁ֣וּ
nâgash
H5066
to approach
V-Qal-Impv-2mp
אֵלַ֔/י
ʼêl
H413
to(wards)
Prep | Suff
וַ/יִּגְּשׁ֥וּ
nâgash
H5066
to approach
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3mp
כָל
kôl
H3605
all
N-ms
הָ/עָ֖ם
ʻam
H5971
Amaw
Art | N-ms
אֵלָ֑י/ו
ʼêl
H413
to(wards)
Prep | Suff
וַ/יְרַפֵּ֛א
râphâʼ
H7495
to heal
Conj | V-Piel-ConsecImperf-3ms
אֶת
ʼêth
H853
Obj.
DirObjM
מִזְבַּ֥ח
mizbêach
H4196
altar
N-ms
יְהוָ֖ה
Yᵉhôvâh
H3068
The Lord
N-proper
הֶ/הָרֽוּס
hâraç
H2040
to overthrow
Art | V-Qal-Inf-c
Hebrew Word Study
Select any word above to explore its original meaning, root, and usage across Scripture.
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Hebrew Word Reference — 1 Kings 18:30
וַ/יֹּ֨אמֶר
ʼâmar
H559
"to say"
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3ms
This Hebrew word means to say or speak, and it's used in many different ways in the Bible. It can mean to command, promise, or think, and it's translated in the KJV as 'answer', 'appoint', or 'command'.
Definition: 1) to say, speak, utter 1a) (Qal) to say, to answer, to say in one's heart, to think, to command, to promise, to intend 1b) (Niphal) to be told, to be said, to be called 1c) (Hithpael) to boast, to act proudly 1d) (Hiphil) to avow, to avouch Aramaic equivalent: a.mar (אֲמַר "to say" H0560)
Usage: Occurs in 4337 OT verses. KJV: answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call, certify, challenge, charge, [phrase] (at the, give) command(-ment), commune, consider, declare, demand, [idiom] desire, determine, [idiom] expressly, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] intend, name, [idiom] plainly, promise, publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), [idiom] still, [idiom] suppose, talk, tell, term, [idiom] that is, [idiom] think, use (speech), utter, [idiom] verily, [idiom] yet. See also: Genesis 1:3; Genesis 18:23; Genesis 25:32.
אֵלִיָּ֤הוּ
ʼÊlîyâh
H452
"Elijah"
N-proper
Elijah means my God is Jehovah, referring to the famous prophet who lived during King Ahab's reign. He is also the name of two other Israelites mentioned in the Bible. Elijah is known for his bravery and faith in God.
Definition: A man living at the time of Exile and Return, only mentioned at Ezr.10.26 § Elijah or Eliah = "my God is Jehovah" or "Yah(u) is God" 1) the great prophet of the reign of Ahab 2) Benjamite son of Jeroham 3) a son of Elam with foreign wife during exile 4) a son of Harim, and priest, with foreign wife during exile
Usage: Occurs in 65 OT verses. KJV: Elijah, Eliah. See also: 1 Kings 17:1; 1 Kings 19:19; Malachi 3:23.
לְ/כָל
kôl
H3605
"all"
Prep | N-ms
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Definition: 1) all, the whole 1a) all, the whole of 1b) any, each, every, anything 1c) totality, everything Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
Usage: Occurs in 4242 OT verses. KJV: (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever). See also: Genesis 1:21; Genesis 17:10; Genesis 41:40.
הָ/עָם֙
ʻam
H5971
"Amaw"
Art | N-ms
A people or nation is what this Hebrew word represents, like the nation of Israel in Exodus 33:13. It can also mean a tribe, troops, or attendants, and is used to describe a group of people gathered together. The word is often used to refer to the people of God.
Definition: This name means nation, people
Usage: Occurs in 1655 OT verses. KJV: folk, men, nation, people. See also: Genesis 11:6; Exodus 16:4; Leviticus 17:9.
גְּשׁ֣וּ
nâgash
H5066
"to approach"
V-Qal-Impv-2mp
To approach or draw near, like Moses to the burning bush, and can also mean to worship or present an argument, as in Genesis 18:23.
Definition: : approach 1) to draw near, approach 1a) (Qal) to draw or come near 1a1) of humans 1a1a) of sexual intercourse 1a2) of inanimate subject 1a2a) to approach one another 1b) (Niphal) to draw near 1c) (Hiphil) to cause to approach, bring near, bring 1d) (Hophal) to be brought near 1e) (Hithpael) to draw near Also means: na.gash (נָגַשׁ ": bring" H5066H)
Usage: Occurs in 112 OT verses. KJV: (make to) approach (nigh), bring (forth, hither, near), (cause to) come (hither, near, nigh), give place, go hard (up), (be, draw, go) near (nigh), offer, overtake, present, put, stand. See also: Genesis 18:23; 1 Samuel 28:25; Psalms 91:7.
אֵלַ֔/י
ʼêl
H413
"to(wards)"
Prep | Suff
This Hebrew word means 'to' or 'toward', showing direction or movement. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, to indicate where someone is going. The KJV translates it in various ways, like 'about', 'according to', or 'against'.
Definition: 1) to, toward, unto (of motion) 2) into (limit is actually entered) 2a) in among 3) toward (of direction, not necessarily physical motion) 4) against (motion or direction of a hostile character) 5) in addition to, to 6) concerning, in regard to, in reference to, on account of 7) according to (rule or standard) 8) at, by, against (of one's presence) 9) in between, in within, to within, unto (idea of motion to)
Usage: Occurs in 4205 OT verses. KJV: about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in). See also: Genesis 1:9; Genesis 21:14; Genesis 31:13.
וַ/יִּגְּשׁ֥וּ
nâgash
H5066
"to approach"
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3mp
To approach or draw near, like Moses to the burning bush, and can also mean to worship or present an argument, as in Genesis 18:23.
Definition: : approach 1) to draw near, approach 1a) (Qal) to draw or come near 1a1) of humans 1a1a) of sexual intercourse 1a2) of inanimate subject 1a2a) to approach one another 1b) (Niphal) to draw near 1c) (Hiphil) to cause to approach, bring near, bring 1d) (Hophal) to be brought near 1e) (Hithpael) to draw near Also means: na.gash (נָגַשׁ ": bring" H5066H)
Usage: Occurs in 112 OT verses. KJV: (make to) approach (nigh), bring (forth, hither, near), (cause to) come (hither, near, nigh), give place, go hard (up), (be, draw, go) near (nigh), offer, overtake, present, put, stand. See also: Genesis 18:23; 1 Samuel 28:25; Psalms 91:7.
כָל
kôl
H3605
"all"
N-ms
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Definition: 1) all, the whole 1a) all, the whole of 1b) any, each, every, anything 1c) totality, everything Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
Usage: Occurs in 4242 OT verses. KJV: (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever). See also: Genesis 1:21; Genesis 17:10; Genesis 41:40.
הָ/עָ֖ם
ʻam
H5971
"Amaw"
Art | N-ms
A people or nation is what this Hebrew word represents, like the nation of Israel in Exodus 33:13. It can also mean a tribe, troops, or attendants, and is used to describe a group of people gathered together. The word is often used to refer to the people of God.
Definition: This name means nation, people
Usage: Occurs in 1655 OT verses. KJV: folk, men, nation, people. See also: Genesis 11:6; Exodus 16:4; Leviticus 17:9.
אֵלָ֑י/ו
ʼêl
H413
"to(wards)"
Prep | Suff
This Hebrew word means 'to' or 'toward', showing direction or movement. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, to indicate where someone is going. The KJV translates it in various ways, like 'about', 'according to', or 'against'.
Definition: 1) to, toward, unto (of motion) 2) into (limit is actually entered) 2a) in among 3) toward (of direction, not necessarily physical motion) 4) against (motion or direction of a hostile character) 5) in addition to, to 6) concerning, in regard to, in reference to, on account of 7) according to (rule or standard) 8) at, by, against (of one's presence) 9) in between, in within, to within, unto (idea of motion to)
Usage: Occurs in 4205 OT verses. KJV: about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in). See also: Genesis 1:9; Genesis 21:14; Genesis 31:13.
וַ/יְרַפֵּ֛א
râphâʼ
H7495
"to heal"
Conj | V-Piel-ConsecImperf-3ms
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to heal or mend, often referring to God's power to cure physical or emotional hurts, as seen in Psalm 103:3.
Definition: 1) to heal, make healthful 1a) (Qal) to heal 1a1) of God 1a2) healer, physician (of men) 1a3) of hurts of nations involving restored favour (fig) 1a4) of individual distresses (fig) 1b) (Niphal) to be healed 1b1) literal (of persons) 1b2) of water, pottery 1b3) of national hurts (fig) 1b4) of personal distress (fig) 1c) (Piel) to heal 1c1) literal 1c2) of national defects or hurts (fig) 1d) (Hithpael) in order to get healed (infinitive)
Usage: Occurs in 62 OT verses. KJV: cure, (cause to) heal, physician, repair, [idiom] thoroughly, make whole. See H7503 (רָפָה). See also: Genesis 20:17; Psalms 107:20; Psalms 6:3.
אֶת
ʼêth
H853
"Obj."
DirObjM
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Definition: sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
Usage: Occurs in 6782 OT verses. KJV: (as such unrepresented in English). See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 10:8; Genesis 19:21.
מִזְבַּ֥ח
mizbêach
H4196
"altar"
N-ms
An altar is a place of sacrifice, where offerings are made to God, as seen in the Bible's description of the tabernacle and temple. It was a central part of Israel's worship. The altar played a key role in the priestly rituals.
Definition: altar
Usage: Occurs in 338 OT verses. KJV: altar. See also: Genesis 8:20; Leviticus 7:2; 1 Kings 2:28.
יְהוָ֖ה
Yᵉhôvâh
H3068
"The Lord"
N-proper
Yehovah is another name for God, often translated as 'the Lord'. It is a national name for God in the Jewish faith. This name is used throughout the Old Testament.
Definition: Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
Usage: Occurs in 5522 OT verses. KJV: Jehovah, the Lord. Compare H3050 (יָהּ), H3069 (יְהֹוִה). See also: Genesis 2:4; Genesis 24:42; Exodus 8:8.
הֶ/הָרֽוּס
hâraç
H2040
"to overthrow"
Art | V-Qal-Inf-c
This Hebrew word means to overthrow or destroy something, like breaking down a wall or throwing something to the ground. It is used to describe God's power and judgment.
Definition: 1) to tear down, break down, overthrow, beat down, break, break through, destroy, pluck down, pull down, throw down, ruined, destroyer, utterly 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to throw down, tear down 1a2) to break through 1a3) to break down, break away 1b) (Niphal) to be torn down, be thrown down 1c) (Piel) 1c1) to overthrow, tear down 1c2) destroyer (participle)
Usage: Occurs in 42 OT verses. KJV: beat down, break (down, through), destroy, overthrow, pluck down, pull down, ruin, throw down, [idiom] utterly. See also: Exodus 15:7; Isaiah 49:17; Psalms 11:3.
Study Notes — 1 Kings 18:30
Show Verse Quote Highlights
- Context
- Cross References
- 1 Kings 18:30 Summary
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Reflection Questions
- Gill's Exposition on 1 Kings 18:30
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on 1 Kings 18:30
- Matthew Poole's Commentary on 1 Kings 18:30
- Trapp's Commentary on 1 Kings 18:30
- Ellicott's Commentary on 1 Kings 18:30
- Adam Clarke's Commentary on 1 Kings 18:30
- Cambridge Bible on 1 Kings 18:30
- Whedon's Commentary on 1 Kings 18:30
- Sermons on 1 Kings 18:30
Context — Elijah on Mount Carmel
28So they shouted louder and cut themselves with knives and lances, as was their custom, until the blood gushed over them.
29Midday passed, and they kept on raving until the time of the evening sacrifice. But there was no response; no one answered, no one paid attention.
30Then Elijah said to all the people, “Come near to me.” So all the people approached him, and he repaired the altar of the LORD that had been torn down.
31And Elijah took twelve stones, one for each tribe of the sons of Jacob, to whom the word of the LORD had come and said, “Israel shall be your name.” 32And with the stones, Elijah built an altar in the name of the LORD. Then he dug a trench around the altar large enough to hold two seahs of seed.Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 Chronicles 33:16 | Then he restored the altar of the LORD and sacrificed peace offerings and thank offerings on it, and he told Judah to serve the LORD, the God of Israel. |
| 2 | 1 Kings 19:14 | “I have been very zealous for the LORD, the God of Hosts,” he replied, “but the Israelites have forsaken Your covenant, torn down Your altars, and killed Your prophets with the sword. I am the only one left, and they are seeking my life as well.” |
| 3 | 1 Kings 19:10 | “I have been very zealous for the LORD, the God of Hosts,” he replied, “but the Israelites have forsaken Your covenant, torn down Your altars, and killed Your prophets with the sword. I am the only one left, and they are seeking my life as well.” |
| 4 | Romans 11:3 | “Lord, they have killed Your prophets and torn down Your altars. I am the only one left, and they are seeking my life as well” ? |
1 Kings 18:30 Summary
In 1 Kings 18:30, Elijah asks the people to come near to him and repairs the altar of the LORD, which represents their connection to God. This act symbolizes the people's need to restore their relationship with God, just as we need to regularly examine and restore our own relationship with Him (Matthew 22:37-38). By drawing near to God and seeking to repair the 'altars' in our lives, we can experience His presence and power. Just as the people gathered around Elijah, we can gather around God's Word and seek to follow His will, as seen in Joshua 1:8, where we are encouraged to meditate on God's Word day and night.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why did Elijah ask the people to come near to him in 1 Kings 18:30?
Elijah asked the people to come near to him so he could lead them back to the one true God, as seen in Deuteronomy 4:7, where it says God is near to those who call upon Him.
What is the significance of repairing the altar of the LORD in this verse?
The altar represented the people's connection to God, and by repairing it, Elijah was symbolically restoring their relationship with Him, as seen in Exodus 20:24-26, where God gives instructions for building an altar.
How does this verse relate to the idea of spiritual restoration?
This verse shows that Elijah was not only physically repairing the altar but also calling the people to spiritual restoration, as seen in Psalm 51:12, where David asks God to restore the joy of his salvation.
What can we learn from Elijah's actions in this verse about leadership and faith?
Elijah's actions demonstrate courageous leadership and faith, as he stands alone against the prophets of Baal, and his example encourages us to stand firm in our faith, as seen in 1 Corinthians 16:13, where we are told to be watchful and stand firm in the faith.
Reflection Questions
- What are some areas in my life where I need to 'repair the altar' and restore my relationship with God?
- How can I, like Elijah, take a stand for my faith and lead others to the one true God?
- What are some ways I can practically apply the principle of spiritual restoration in my daily life?
- In what ways can I seek to draw near to God, as the people did in this verse, and experience His presence and power?
Gill's Exposition on 1 Kings 18:30
And Elijah said unto all the people, come near unto me,.... And observe what I do, and what will be done at my request: and all the people came near unto him; left the prophets of Baal to themselves,
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on 1 Kings 18:30
And Elijah said unto all the people, Come near unto me. And all the people came near unto him. And he repaired the altar of the LORD that was broken down. Elijah said unto all the people, Come near.
Matthew Poole's Commentary on 1 Kings 18:30
Come near unto me; come away from these impudent deceivers to me, and expect from me what satisfaction you desire. He repaired the altar, which by the people’ s help was quickly done; the materials being all ready, and very slightly put together, only for the present occasion. The altar of the Lord; which had been built there by some of their ancestors for the offering of sacrifice to the God of Israel, which was frequently done in high places, of which this was none of the least eminent ones; but being for some time neglected, it needed reparations. That was broken down; either, first, By the priests of Baal at this time, who leaped upon it to that end; of which See Poole "". Or rather, secondly, By some of the Baalites, out of their enmity to the true God, whose temple, because they could not reach, they showed their malignity in destroying his altars, .
Trapp's Commentary on 1 Kings 18:30
1 Kings 18:30 And Elijah said unto all the people, Come near unto me. And all the people came near unto him. And he repaired the altar of the LORD [that was] broken down.Ver. 30. And he repaired the altar of the Lord.] Defaced, likely, by idolaters, and haply by these Baalists now in their frantic fits, and to make work for Elijah, who had so taunted them, and would yet take them a link lower.
Ellicott's Commentary on 1 Kings 18:30
(30) The altar of the Lord—evidently referred to as well known, and here accepted by Elijah as having a true sacredness. The exclusive consecration of the appointed sanctuary at Jerusalem, if ever as yet thoroughly recognised, was now obviously broken down by the religious severance of Israel.
Adam Clarke's Commentary on 1 Kings 18:30
Verse 30. He repaired the altar of the Lord] There had been an altar of Jehovah in that place, called, even among the heathens, the altar of Carmel, probably built in the time of the judges, or, as the rabbins imagine, by Saul. Tacitus and Suetonius mention an altar on Mount Carmel, which Vespasian went to consult; there was no temple nor statue, but simply an altar that was respectable for its antiquity. "Est Judaeam inter Syriamque Carmelus; ita vocant montem Deumque: nec simulachrum Deo, aut templum situm tradidere majores: aram tantum, et reverentiam." - TACIT. Hist. lib. ii., c. 78. A priest named Basilides officiated at that altar, and assured Vespasian that all his projects would be crowned with success. Suetonius speaks to this purpose: "Apud Judaeam Carmeli Dei oraculum consulentem ita confirmavere sortes, ut quicquid cogitaret volveretque animo quamlibet magnum, id esse proventurum pollicerentur." SUET. in Vespas. cap. 5. The mount, the absence of a temple, no image, but a simple altar, very ancient, and which was held in reverence on account of the true answers which had been given there, prove that this was originally the altar of Jehovah: though in the time of Vespasian it seems to have been occupied by a heathen priest, and devoted to lying vanities.
Cambridge Bible on 1 Kings 18:30
30. And he repaired the altar of the Lord that was broken down] On the top of Carmel had been one of the high places where worship was paid to Jehovah, after the manner of the worship in the wilderness, till the place which God had chosen became known and the Temple built there. The custom of worship at such spots was continued for a long time after Solomon’s date, and Elijah here treats the altar as a specially sacred erection, to be restored in Jehovah’s honour. The LXX. omits this clause here, but introduces one very similar in 1 Kings 18:32.
Whedon's Commentary on 1 Kings 18:30
30. Come near — The people had, perhaps, withdrawn somewhat, being shocked at the wild dances and ravings of the false prophets, whose number, too, would not allow the people to approach so closely
Sermons on 1 Kings 18:30
| Sermon | Description | |
|---|---|---|
|
Elijah - Part 9 by Leonard Ravenhill | This sermon emphasizes the importance of experiencing the fellowship of Christ's suffering, not just enduring personal trials but sharing in the suffering of others as Jesus did. I |
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Repairing the Altar of the Lord by Peter Brandon | Peter Brandon preaches on 'Repairing the Altar of the Lord,' focusing on the story of Elijah confronting King Ahab and the prophets of Baal in 1 Kings 18. He emphasizes the need fo |
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I Came to Kindle a Fire on the Earth (Repair the Altar, and God Will Answer by fire.) by Hans R. Waldvogel | Hans R. Waldvogel emphasizes the necessity of repairing our spiritual altars to invite God's fire into our lives, as Jesus came to kindle a fire on the earth. He challenges the con |
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The Author of God by Peter Brandon | Peter Brandon emphasizes the significance of the altar of God in his sermon, drawing from 1 Kings 18, where Elijah confronts the idolatry of Israel under King Ahab. He highlights t |
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The Weapon of Disunity by K.P. Yohannan | K.P. Yohannan emphasizes the critical importance of unity in the Body of Christ, drawing from the story of Elijah at Mount Carmel, where he rebuilt the altar to signify the need fo |
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The Fire Falls by Theodore Epp | Theodore Epp emphasizes the power of sincere prayer through the story of Elijah in 1 Kings 18:30-39, contrasting his brief yet heartfelt prayer with the lengthy, ineffective cries |
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Rebuilding the Altar (Don't Fool Yourself. Find Out How It Really Stands With Your soul.) by Hans R. Waldvogel | Hans R. Waldvogel emphasizes the critical need for self-examination of our souls, warning against the dangers of self-deception as illustrated by a young man who believed he was he |