Exodus 21:29

Exodus 21:29 in Multiple Translations

Berean Standard Bible BSB

But if the ox has a habit of goring, and its owner has been warned yet does not restrain it, and it kills a man or woman, then the ox must be stoned and its owner must also be put to death.

King James Version KJV

But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.

American Standard Version ASV

But if the ox was wont to gore in time past, and it hath been testified to its owner, and he hath not kept it in, but it hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and its owner also shall be put to death.

Bible in Basic English BBE

But if the ox has frequently done such damage in the past, and the owner has had word of it and has not kept it under control, so that it has been the cause of the death of a man or woman, not only is the ox to be stoned, but its owner is to be put to death.

Free Bible Version FBV

But if the ox has repeatedly hurt people with its horns, and its owner has been warned but still doesn't keep it under control, and it kills a man or woman, then the ox must be stoned to death and its owner must also be executed.

Geneva Bible 1599 GNV

If the oxe were wont to push in times past, and it hath bene tolde his master, and hee hath not kept him, and after he killeth a man or a woman, the oxe shall be stoned, and his owner shall die also.

Young's Literal Translation YLT

and if the ox is [one] accustomed to gore heretofore, and it hath been testified to its owner, and he doth not watch it, and it hath put to death a man or woman, the ox is stoned, and its owner also is put to death.

World English Bible WEB

But if the bull had a habit of goring in the past, and this has been testified to its owner, and he has not kept it in, but it has killed a man or a woman, the bull shall be stoned, and its owner shall also be put to death.

Noah Webster Bible WBS

But if the ox was accustomed to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not restrained him, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.

Douay-Rheims 1899 DRV

But if the ox was wont to push with his horn yesterday and the day before, and they warned his master, and he did not shut him up, and he shall kill a man or a woman: then the ox shall be stoned, an his owner also shall be put to death.

Translation for Translators T4T

But suppose the bull had attacked people several times before, and its owner had been warned, but he did not keep the bull inside a fence. Then you must kill the bull by throwing stones at it, but you must also execute its owner.

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Berean Amplified Bible — Exodus 21:29

BAB

Word Study

Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.

Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.

Exodus 21:29 Interlinear (Deep Study)

BIB

HEB וְ/אִ֡ם שׁוֹר֩ נַגָּ֨ח ה֜וּא מִ/תְּמֹ֣ל שִׁלְשֹׁ֗ם וְ/הוּעַ֤ד בִּ/בְעָלָי/ו֙ וְ/לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְרֶ֔/נּוּ וְ/הֵמִ֥ית אִ֖ישׁ א֣וֹ אִשָּׁ֑ה הַ/שּׁוֹר֙ יִסָּקֵ֔ל וְ/גַם בְּעָלָ֖י/ו יוּמָֽת

וְ/אִ֡ם ʼim H518 if Conj | Conj

שׁוֹר֩ shôwr H7794 cattle N-ms

נַגָּ֨ח naggâch H5056 goring Adj

ה֜וּא hûwʼ H1931 he/she/it Pron

מִ/תְּמֹ֣ל tᵉmôwl H8543 yesterday Prep | Adv

שִׁלְשֹׁ֗ם shilshôwm H8032 three days ago Adv

וְ/הוּעַ֤ד ʻûwd H5749 to uphold Conj | V-Hophal-3ms

בִּ/בְעָלָי/ו֙ baʻal H1167 master Prep | N-mp | Suff

וְ/לֹ֣א lôʼ H3808 not Conj | Part

יִשְׁמְרֶ֔/נּוּ shâmar H8104 to keep V-Qal-Imperf-3ms | Suff

וְ/הֵמִ֥ית mûwth H4191 to die Conj | V-Hiphil-3ms

אִ֖ישׁ ʼîysh H376 man N-ms

א֣וֹ ʼôw H176 or Conj

אִשָּׁ֑ה ʼishshâh H802 woman N-fs

הַ/שּׁוֹר֙ shôwr H7794 cattle Art | N-ms

יִסָּקֵ֔ל çâqal H5619 to stone V-Niphal-Imperf-3ms

וְ/גַם gam H1571 also Conj | DirObjM

בְּעָלָ֖י/ו baʻal H1167 master N-mp | Suff

יוּמָֽת mûwth H4191 to die V-Hophal-Imperf-3ms

Hebrew Word Study

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Hebrew Word Reference — Exodus 21:29

וְ/אִ֡ם ʼim H518 "if" Conj | Conj

This Hebrew word is used to express conditions or questions, like if or whether. It can also be used to make oaths or express wishes, as in Oh that! It appears in various forms in the KJV, including if, though, and when.

Definition: : if/whether_or/though 1) if 1a) conditional clauses 1a1) of possible situations 1a2) of impossible situations 1b) oath contexts 1b1) no, not 1c) if...if, whether...or, whether...or...or 1d) when, whenever 1e) since 1f) interrogative particle 1g) but rather

Usage: Occurs in 931 OT verses. KJV: (and, can-, doubtless, if, that) (not), [phrase] but, either, [phrase] except, [phrase] more(-over if, than), neither, nevertheless, nor, oh that, or, [phrase] save (only, -ing), seeing, since, sith, [phrase] surely (no more, none, not), though, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] unless, [phrase] verily, when, whereas, whether, while, [phrase] yet. See also: Genesis 4:7; Exodus 22:3; Leviticus 27:27.

שׁוֹר֩ shôwr H7794 "cattle" N-ms

This word refers to cattle, like oxen or bulls, used for work, food, or sacrifices, as seen in Genesis and Leviticus.

Definition: 1) ox, bull, a head of cattle 1a) for plowing, for food, as sacrifice Aramaic equivalent: tor (תּוֹר "bullock" H8450)

Usage: Occurs in 69 OT verses. KJV: bull(-ock), cow, ox, wall (by mistake for H7791 (שׁוּר)). See also: Genesis 32:6; Deuteronomy 15:19; Psalms 69:32.

נַגָּ֨ח naggâch H5056 "goring" Adj

This word describes something or someone that is prone to pushing or goring, like an aggressive animal. It is used to describe a tendency or habit of being violent or forceful.

Definition: addicted to goring, apt to gore

Usage: Occurs in 2 OT verses. KJV: used (wont) to push. See also: Exodus 21:29; Exodus 21:36.

ה֜וּא hûwʼ H1931 "he/she/it" Pron

This word is a pronoun meaning 'he', 'she', or 'it', used to refer to a person or thing. It is used in the Bible to emphasize a subject or make it clear who is being talked about.

Definition: pron 3p s 1) he, she, it 1a) himself (with emphasis) 1b) resuming subj with emphasis 1c) (with minimum emphasis following predicate) 1d) (anticipating subj) 1e) (emphasising predicate) 1f) that, it (neuter) demons pron 2) that (with article)

Usage: Occurs in 1693 OT verses. KJV: he, as for her, him(-self), it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they, this, those, which (is), who. See also: Genesis 2:11; Genesis 32:19; Exodus 21:3.

מִ/תְּמֹ֣ל tᵉmôwl H8543 "yesterday" Prep | Adv

This Hebrew word means yesterday or a short time ago, like in Genesis when God reminds the Israelites of what happened the day before. It can also mean recently or formerly, as in the events of the past. It appears in various Bible verses as beforetime or heretofore.

Definition: 1) before, before that time, beforetime, heretofore, of late, of old, these days, time(s) past, yesterday, day before yesterday, recently, formerly 1a) yesterday 1a1) recently, formerly (usual usage) (fig) 1b) as formerly, so more recently 1c) from yesterday, already

Usage: Occurs in 22 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] before (-time), [phrase] these (three) days, [phrase] heretofore, [phrase] time past, yesterday. See also: Genesis 31:2; Joshua 3:4; Job 8:9.

שִׁלְשֹׁ֗ם shilshôwm H8032 "three days ago" Adv

The Hebrew phrase shilshom means three days ago or day before yesterday, used to describe a past event. It is an idiom that conveys a sense of time, often used in the Bible to tell stories of what happened previously. This phrase helps to establish a timeline of events.

Definition: 1) day before yesterday, three days ago 1a) an idiom for 'heretofore in times past'

Usage: Occurs in 25 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] before (that time, -time), excellent things (from the margin), [phrase] heretofore, three days, [phrase] time past. See also: Genesis 31:2; Joshua 4:18; Proverbs 22:20.

וְ/הוּעַ֤ד ʻûwd H5749 "to uphold" Conj | V-Hophal-3ms

To testify means to repeat or affirm something, like a witness in court. In the Bible, it appears in Deuteronomy 4:26 and Isaiah 44:26. It involves speaking up or warning others.

Definition: 1) to return, repeat, go about, do again 1a) (Piel) to surround, go round and round 1b) (Pilel) to restore, relieve 1c) (Hithpalel) to be restored

Usage: Occurs in 40 OT verses. KJV: admonish, charge, earnestly, lift up, protest, call (take) to record, relieve, rob, solemnly, stand upright, testify, give warning, (bear, call to, give, take to) witness. See also: Genesis 43:3; Nehemiah 13:15; Psalms 20:9.

בִּ/בְעָלָי/ו֙ baʻal H1167 "master" Prep | N-mp | Suff

Means master or owner, often referring to a husband or leader, as seen in the book of Genesis and Exodus.

Definition: : master/leader 1) owner, husband, lord 1a) owner 1b) a husband 1c) citizens, inhabitants 1d) rulers, lords 1e) (noun of relationship used to characterise-ie, master of dreams)

Usage: Occurs in 79 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] archer, [phrase] babbler, [phrase] bird, captain, chief man, [phrase] confederate, [phrase] have to do, [phrase] dreamer, those to whom it is due, [phrase] furious, those that are given to it, great, [phrase] hairy, he that hath it, have, [phrase] horseman, husband, lord, man, [phrase] married, master, person, [phrase] sworn, they of. See also: Genesis 14:13; 1 Samuel 23:11; Proverbs 1:17.

וְ/לֹ֣א lôʼ H3808 "not" Conj | Part

The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.

Definition: 1) not, no 1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition) 1b) not (with modifier-negation) 1c) nothing (subst) 1d) without (with particle) 1e) before (of time) Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Usage: Occurs in 3967 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without. See also: Genesis 2:5; Genesis 31:15; Exodus 4:9.

יִשְׁמְרֶ֔/נּוּ shâmar H8104 "to keep" V-Qal-Imperf-3ms | Suff

To keep or obey means to protect, attend to, or guard something, like keeping a promise or watching over someone, as seen in the commands to observe the Sabbath.

Definition: : obey/observe 1) to keep, guard, observe, give heed 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to keep, have charge of 1a2) to keep, guard, keep watch and ward, protect, save life 1a2a) watch, watchman (participle) 1a3) to watch for, wait for 1a4) to watch, observe 1a5) to keep, retain, treasure up (in memory) 1a6) to keep (within bounds), restrain 1a7) to observe, celebrate, keep (sabbath or covenant or commands), perform (vow) 1a8) to keep, preserve, protect 1a9) to keep, reserve 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to be on one's guard, take heed, take care, beware 1b2) to keep oneself, refrain, abstain 1b3) to be kept, be guarded 1c) (Piel) to keep, pay heed 1d) (Hithpael) to keep oneself from

Usage: Occurs in 440 OT verses. KJV: beward, be circumspect, take heed (to self), keep(-er, self), mark, look narrowly, observe, preserve, regard, reserve, save (self), sure, (that lay) wait (for), watch(-man). See also: Genesis 2:15; Deuteronomy 11:1; 1 Kings 14:8.

וְ/הֵמִ֥ית mûwth H4191 "to die" Conj | V-Hiphil-3ms

In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to die, either literally or as a punishment, and is used in books like Genesis and Exodus. It can also mean to perish or be killed. This concept is seen in the story of Adam and Eve, where death enters the world as a result of sin.

Definition: 1) to die, kill, have one executed 1a)(Qal) 1a1) to die 1a2) to die (as penalty), be put to death 1a3) to die, perish (of a nation) 1a4) to die prematurely (by neglect of wise moral conduct) 1b) (Polel) to kill, put to death, dispatch 1c) (Hiphil) to kill, put to death 1d) (Hophal) 1d1) to be killed, be put to death 1d1a) to die prematurely

Usage: Occurs in 695 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] at all, [idiom] crying, (be) dead (body, man, one), (put to, worthy of) death, destroy(-er), (cause to, be like to, must) die, kill, necro(-mancer), [idiom] must needs, slay, [idiom] surely, [idiom] very suddenly, [idiom] in (no) wise. See also: Genesis 2:17; Exodus 21:18; Numbers 35:21.

אִ֖ישׁ ʼîysh H376 "man" N-ms

The Hebrew word for man, referring to a male person or individual, is used in the Bible to describe humans in contrast to God or animals, as seen in Genesis and Psalms. It can also mean husband or servant. In the KJV, it is translated as man or male.

Definition: : man 1) man 1a) man, male (in contrast to woman, female) 1b) husband 1c) human being, person (in contrast to God) 1d) servant 1e) mankind 1f) champion 1g) great man 2) whosoever 3) each (adjective)

Usage: Occurs in 1851 OT verses. KJV: also, another, any (man), a certain, [phrase] champion, consent, each, every (one), fellow, (foot-, husband-) man, (good-, great, mighty) man, he, high (degree), him (that is), husband, man(-kind), [phrase] none, one, people, person, [phrase] steward, what (man) soever, whoso(-ever), worthy. Compare H802 (אִשָּׁה). See also: Genesis 2:23; Genesis 42:25; Exodus 32:23.

א֣וֹ ʼôw H176 "or" Conj

Desire can also mean or, and, or if, showing a choice between options, as seen in Proverbs 31:4. It is used to express alternatives or possibilities.

Definition: 1) or, rather 1a) implying that the latter choice is preferred 1b) or if, introducing an example to be seen under a particular principle 1c) (in series) either...or, whether...or 1d) if perchance 1e) except, or else 2) whether, not the least, if, otherwise, also, and, then

Usage: Occurs in 218 OT verses. KJV: also, and, either, if, at the least, [idiom] nor, or, otherwise, then, whether. See also: Genesis 24:49; Leviticus 25:49; Proverbs 30:31.

אִשָּׁ֑ה ʼishshâh H802 "woman" N-fs

The Hebrew word for woman, used to describe a female person, wife, or animal, appears in many biblical passages, including Genesis and Exodus, and is often translated as woman, wife, or female.

Definition: : woman 1) woman, wife, female 1a) woman (opposite of man) 1b) wife (woman married to a man) 1c) female (of animals) 1d) each, every (pronoun)

Usage: Occurs in 686 OT verses. KJV: (adulter) ess, each, every, female, [idiom] many, [phrase] none, one, [phrase] together, wife, woman. Often unexpressed in English. See also: Genesis 2:22; Genesis 34:4; Numbers 5:12.

הַ/שּׁוֹר֙ shôwr H7794 "cattle" Art | N-ms

This word refers to cattle, like oxen or bulls, used for work, food, or sacrifices, as seen in Genesis and Leviticus.

Definition: 1) ox, bull, a head of cattle 1a) for plowing, for food, as sacrifice Aramaic equivalent: tor (תּוֹר "bullock" H8450)

Usage: Occurs in 69 OT verses. KJV: bull(-ock), cow, ox, wall (by mistake for H7791 (שׁוּר)). See also: Genesis 32:6; Deuteronomy 15:19; Psalms 69:32.

יִסָּקֵ֔ל çâqal H5619 "to stone" V-Niphal-Imperf-3ms

This Hebrew word means to stone someone to death, like in the case of someone who broke the law in the Old Testament. It can also mean to free a place from stones.

Definition: 1) to stone (to death), put to death by stoning 1a) (Qal) to pelt with stones, stone to death 1b) (Niphal) to be stoned to death 1c) (Piel) 1c1) to stone, pelt with stones 1c2) to free from stones (of vineyard, highway) 1d) (Pual) to be stoned to death

Usage: Occurs in 20 OT verses. KJV: (cast, gather out, throw) stone(-s), [idiom] surely. See also: Exodus 8:22; Joshua 7:25; Isaiah 5:2.

וְ/גַם gam H1571 "also" Conj | DirObjM

Also means 'even' or 'too', used for emphasis or to connect ideas, like 'both...and' or 'neither...nor'. It can introduce a climax or show contrast.

Definition: 1) also, even, indeed, moreover, yea 1a) also, moreover (giving emphasis) 1b) neither, neither...nor (with negative) 1c) even (for stress) 1d) indeed, yea (introducing climax) 1e) also (of correspondence or retribution) 1f) but, yet, though (adversative) 1g) even, yea, yea though (with 'when' in hypothetical case) 2) (TWOT) again, alike

Usage: Occurs in 661 OT verses. KJV: again, alike, also, (so much) as (soon), both (so)...and, but, either...or, even, for all, (in) likewise (manner), moreover, nay...neither, one, then(-refore), though, what, with, yea. See also: Genesis 3:6; Exodus 19:9; 1 Samuel 14:21.

בְּעָלָ֖י/ו baʻal H1167 "master" N-mp | Suff

Means master or owner, often referring to a husband or leader, as seen in the book of Genesis and Exodus.

Definition: : master/leader 1) owner, husband, lord 1a) owner 1b) a husband 1c) citizens, inhabitants 1d) rulers, lords 1e) (noun of relationship used to characterise-ie, master of dreams)

יוּמָֽת mûwth H4191 "to die" V-Hophal-Imperf-3ms

Study Notes — Exodus 21:29

Show Verse Quote Highlights

Context
Cross References
Exodus 21:29 Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Reflection Questions
Gill's Exposition on Exodus 21:29
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Exodus 21:29
Matthew Poole's Commentary on Exodus 21:29
Trapp's Commentary on Exodus 21:29
Ellicott's Commentary on Exodus 21:29
Cambridge Bible on Exodus 21:29
Whedon's Commentary on Exodus 21:29
Sermons on Exodus 21:29

Context — Personal Injury Laws

27And if he knocks out the tooth of his manservant or maidservant, he must let the servant go free as compensation for the tooth. 28If an ox gores a man or woman to death, the ox must surely be stoned, and its meat must not be eaten. But the owner of the ox shall not be held responsible.

29But if the ox has a habit of goring, and its owner has been warned yet does not restrain it, and it kills a man or woman, then the ox must be stoned and its owner must also be put to death.

30If payment is demanded of him instead, he may redeem his life by paying the full amount demanded of him. 31If the ox gores a son or a daughter, it shall be done to him according to the same rule.

Cross References

	Reference	Text (BSB)
1	Deuteronomy 21:1–9	If one is found slain, lying in a field in the land that the LORD your God is giving you to possess, and it is not known who killed him, your elders and judges must come out and measure the distance from the victim to the neighboring cities. Then the elders of the city nearest the victim shall take a heifer that has never been yoked or used for work, bring the heifer to a valley with running water that has not been plowed or sown, and break its neck there by the stream. And the priests, the sons of Levi, shall come forward, for the LORD your God has chosen them to serve Him and pronounce blessings in His name and to give a ruling in every dispute and case of assault. Then all the elders of the city nearest the victim shall wash their hands by the stream over the heifer whose neck has been broken, and they shall declare, “Our hands did not shed this blood, nor did our eyes see it. Accept this atonement, O LORD, for Your people Israel whom You have redeemed, and do not hold the shedding of innocent blood against them.” And the bloodshed will be atoned for. So you shall purge from among you the guilt of shedding innocent blood, since you have done what is right in the eyes of the LORD.

Exodus 21:29 Summary

This verse, Exodus 21:29, teaches us about the importance of taking responsibility for our actions and the things that belong to us. If someone's animal, like an ox, has a history of causing harm and the owner doesn't do anything to stop it, they can be held accountable if the animal hurts someone. This is similar to the idea that we are responsible for our own actions, as seen in Romans 14:12, where we will each give an account of ourselves to God. We must take care to prevent harm to others and be good stewards of what God has given us, as encouraged in Matthew 25:14-30.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the significance of the ox having a habit of goring in Exodus 21:29?

The ox having a habit of goring indicates that the owner should have been aware of its dangerous behavior and taken necessary precautions, as seen in the principle of responsibility in Deuteronomy 22:8, where owners are accountable for the actions of their possessions.

Why is the owner held responsible for the ox's actions in this verse, but not in Exodus 21:28?

The key difference lies in the owner's knowledge and actions: in Exodus 21:28, the ox's behavior is unexpected, but in Exodus 21:29, the owner has been warned and failed to restrain the ox, making them accountable, as seen in the principle of negligence in Leviticus 5:2-6.

What does it mean for the ox to be stoned, and why is this punishment included?

Stoning the ox is a form of capital punishment, emphasizing the severity of the crime and the need for justice, as seen in Numbers 35:30-34, where punishment is proportionate to the offense, and the ox's death serves as a form of restitution for the life it took.

How does this verse relate to the concept of personal responsibility in the Bible?

Exodus 21:29 highlights the importance of personal responsibility, as owners are accountable for their actions and the actions of their possessions, a principle reiterated in Proverbs 27:23-27, where wise stewardship is encouraged, and in Luke 12:48, where greater knowledge brings greater responsibility.

Reflection Questions

In what ways can I apply the principle of personal responsibility in my own life, considering the possessions and resources God has entrusted to me?
How can I ensure that I am taking necessary precautions to prevent harm to others, just as the owner of the ox should have done?
What does this verse teach me about the importance of heeding warnings and taking corrective action, and how can I apply this to my own life?
In what ways can I demonstrate a greater sense of responsibility and stewardship, as encouraged in Proverbs 27:23-27, and how can I hold myself accountable for my actions?

Gill's Exposition on Exodus 21:29

But if the ox were wont to push with his horns in time past,.... Or "from or before yesterday, to the third" (m) that is, three days before, and had made three pushes, as Jarchi explains it: and it

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Exodus 21:29

If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit. If an ox gore a man.

Matthew Poole's Commentary on Exodus 21:29

It hath been testified, which the Jews say was to be done thrice, and before the magistrate. A man or a woman, to wit, an Israelite, or a stranger who is free, by comparing this with .

Trapp's Commentary on Exodus 21:29

Exodus 21:29 But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.Ver. 29. That he hath killed a man, &c.] Since the fall, all creatures are armed against us; as that sword which Hector gave Ajax: which so long as he used against men, his enemies, served for help and defence: but after he began to abuse it to the hurt of hurtless beasts, it turned into his own bowels.

Ellicott's Commentary on Exodus 21:29

(29) His owner also shall be put to death.—It seems clear that under this law the representatives of the slain person might have exacted life for life; but probably they would in almost all cases have been ready to accept a compensation.

Cambridge Bible on Exodus 21:29

29. If, however, the owner of the animal had been warned that it was vicious, and had taken no precautions to keep it in, he is held responsible, if it kills any one, and must suffer the penalty of death himself.

Whedon's Commentary on Exodus 21:29

28-32. If an ox gore a man — This statute further guards the sanctity of human life.

Sermons on Exodus 21:29

	Sermon	Description
	Commutation as Unto Sin and Righteousness by John Owen	John Owen preaches about the commutation between Christ and believers in sin and righteousness, emphasizing the imputation of sins to Christ and His righteousness to believers. Thi
	Church Government by J.W. McGarvey	J.W. McGarvey preaches about the importance of Church Government, focusing on the qualifications and roles of elders within congregations. He addresses the need for elders to posse

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