Ezekiel 23:9
Ezekiel 23:9 in Multiple Translations
Therefore I delivered her into the hands of her lovers, the Assyrians for whom she lusted.
Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians, upon whom she doted.
Wherefore I delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians, upon whom she doted.
For this cause I gave her up into the hands of her lovers, into the hands of the Assyrians on whom her desire was fixed.
So I handed her over to her lovers, the Assyrians she wanted to have sex with.
Wherefore I deliuered her into the hands of her louers, euen into the hands of the Assyrians, vpon whome she doted.
Therefore I have given her into the hand of her lovers, Into the hand of sons of Asshur on whom she doted.
“Therefore I delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians on whom she doted.
Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians, upon whom she doted.
Therefore have I delivered her into the hands of her lovers, into the hands of the sons of the Assyrians, upon whose lust she doted.
So I allowed the Assyrian soldiers, whom she wanted to have sex with, to capture her.
Berean Amplified Bible — Ezekiel 23:9
BAB
Word Study
Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.
Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.
Ezekiel 23:9 Interlinear (Deep Study)
BIB
HEB
לָ/כֵ֥ן
נְתַתִּ֖י/הָ
בְּ/יַד
מְאַֽהֲבֶ֑י/הָ
בְּ/יַד֙
בְּנֵ֣י
אַשּׁ֔וּר
אֲשֶׁ֥ר
עָגְבָ֖ה
עֲלֵי/הֶֽם
לָ/כֵ֥ן
kên
H3651
right
Prep | Adv
נְתַתִּ֖י/הָ
nâthan
H5414
to give
V-Qal-Perf-1cs | Suff
בְּ/יַד
yâd
H3027
hand
Prep | N-cs
מְאַֽהֲבֶ֑י/הָ
ʼâhab
H157
to love
V-Piel | Suff
בְּ/יַד֙
yâd
H3027
hand
Prep | N-cs
בְּנֵ֣י
bên
H1121
son
N-mp
אַשּׁ֔וּר
ʼAshshûwr
H804
Asshur
N-proper
אֲשֶׁ֥ר
ʼăsher
H834
which
Rel
עָגְבָ֖ה
ʻăgab
H5689
to lust
V-Qal-Perf-3fs
עֲלֵי/הֶֽם
ʻal
H5921
upon
Prep | Suff
Hebrew Word Study
Select any word above to explore its original meaning, root, and usage across Scripture.
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Hebrew Word Reference — Ezekiel 23:9
לָ/כֵ֥ן
kên
H3651
"right"
Prep | Adv
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means 'so' or 'thus', often used to show agreement or confirmation, like in the book of Genesis. It can also mean 'rightly' or 'justly', as in doing something the correct way. It appears in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
Definition: adv adj 1) right, just, honest, true, veritable 1a) right, just, honest 1b) correct 1c) true, veritable
Usage: Occurs in 737 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] after that (this, -ward, -wards), as... as, [phrase] (for-) asmuch as yet, [phrase] be (for which) cause, [phrase] following, howbeit, in (the) like (manner, -wise), [idiom] the more, right, (even) so, state, straightway, such (thing), surely, [phrase] there (where) -fore, this, thus, true, well, [idiom] you. See also: Genesis 1:7; Exodus 37:19; Judges 7:17.
נְתַתִּ֖י/הָ
nâthan
H5414
"to give"
V-Qal-Perf-1cs | Suff
This word means to give, put, or set something, with a wide range of applications. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, describing God's actions and human interactions. The word is used to convey giving, selling, or exchanging something.
Definition: : give/deliver/send/produce 1) to give, put, set 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to give, bestow, grant, permit, ascribe, employ, devote, consecrate, dedicate, pay wages, sell, exchange, lend, commit, entrust, give over, deliver up, yield produce, occasion, produce, requite to, report, mention, utter, stretch out, extend 1a2) to put, set, put on, put upon, set, appoint, assign, designate 1a3) to make, constitute 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to be given, be bestowed, be provided, be entrusted to, be granted to, be permitted, be issued, be published, be uttered, be assigned 1b2) to be set, be put, be made, be inflicted 1c) (Hophal) 1c1) to be given, be bestowed, be given up, be delivered up 1c2) to be put upon
Usage: Occurs in 1816 OT verses. KJV: add, apply, appoint, ascribe, assign, [idiom] avenge, [idiom] be (healed), bestow, bring (forth, hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, [phrase] cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, [idiom] doubtless, [idiom] without fail, fasten, frame, [idiom] get, give (forth, over, up), grant, hang (up), [idiom] have, [idiom] indeed, lay (unto charge, up), (give) leave, lend, let (out), [phrase] lie, lift up, make, [phrase] O that, occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, [idiom] pull, put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send (out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), [phrase] sing, [phrase] slander, strike, (sub-) mit, suffer, [idiom] surely, [idiom] take, thrust, trade, turn, utter, [phrase] weep, [phrase] willingly, [phrase] withdraw, [phrase] would (to) God, yield. See also: Genesis 1:17; Genesis 40:21; Exodus 30:12.
בְּ/יַד
yâd
H3027
"hand"
Prep | N-cs
In the Bible, 'yad' refers to an open hand, symbolizing power or direction. It can also mean strength or a part of something, like a side or a share. The word is used in many contexts, including anatomy and everyday life.
Definition: : hand/arm[anatomy] 1) hand 1a) hand (of man) 1b) strength, power (fig.) 1c) side (of land), part, portion (metaph.) (fig.) 1d) (various special, technical senses) 1d1) sign, monument 1d2) part, fractional part, share 1d3) time, repetition 1d4) axle-trees, axle 1d5) stays, support (for laver) 1d6) tenons (in tabernacle) 1d7) a phallus, a hand (meaning unsure) 1d8) wrists
Usage: Occurs in 1446 OT verses. KJV: ([phrase] be) able, [idiom] about, [phrase] armholes, at, axletree, because of, beside, border, [idiom] bounty, [phrase] broad, (broken-) handed, [idiom] by, charge, coast, [phrase] consecrate, [phrase] creditor, custody, debt, dominion, [idiom] enough, [phrase] fellowship, force, [idiom] from, hand(-staves, -y work), [idiom] he, himself, [idiom] in, labour, [phrase] large, ledge, (left-) handed, means, [idiom] mine, ministry, near, [idiom] of, [idiom] order, ordinance, [idiom] our, parts, pain, power, [idiom] presumptuously, service, side, sore, state, stay, draw with strength, stroke, [phrase] swear, terror, [idiom] thee, [idiom] by them, [idiom] themselves, [idiom] thine own, [idiom] thou, through, [idiom] throwing, [phrase] thumb, times, [idiom] to, [idiom] under, [idiom] us, [idiom] wait on, (way-) side, where, [phrase] wide, [idiom] with (him, me, you), work, [phrase] yield, [idiom] yourselves. See also: Genesis 3:22; Exodus 7:19; Leviticus 14:22.
מְאַֽהֲבֶ֑י/הָ
ʼâhab
H157
"to love"
V-Piel | Suff
To love means to have affection for someone or something, including family, romance, or God. It can also describe being a friend or having appetite for things like food or wisdom.
Definition: : lover 1) to love 1a) (Qal) 1a1) human love for another, includes family, and sexual 1a2) human appetite for objects such as food, drink, sleep, wisdom 1a3) human love for or to God 1a4) act of being a friend 1a4a) lover (participle) 1a4b) friend (participle) 1a5) God's love toward man 1a5a) to individual men 1a5b) to people Israel 1a5c) to righteousness 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) lovely (participle) 1b2) loveable (participle) 1c) (Piel) 1c1) friends 1c2) lovers (fig. of adulterers) 2) to like Also means: a.hav (אָהֵב ": friend" H0157H)
Usage: Occurs in 195 OT verses. KJV: (be-) love(-d, -ly, -r), like, friend. See also: Genesis 22:2; Psalms 116:1; Psalms 4:3.
בְּ/יַד֙
yâd
H3027
"hand"
Prep | N-cs
In the Bible, 'yad' refers to an open hand, symbolizing power or direction. It can also mean strength or a part of something, like a side or a share. The word is used in many contexts, including anatomy and everyday life.
Definition: : hand/arm[anatomy] 1) hand 1a) hand (of man) 1b) strength, power (fig.) 1c) side (of land), part, portion (metaph.) (fig.) 1d) (various special, technical senses) 1d1) sign, monument 1d2) part, fractional part, share 1d3) time, repetition 1d4) axle-trees, axle 1d5) stays, support (for laver) 1d6) tenons (in tabernacle) 1d7) a phallus, a hand (meaning unsure) 1d8) wrists
Usage: Occurs in 1446 OT verses. KJV: ([phrase] be) able, [idiom] about, [phrase] armholes, at, axletree, because of, beside, border, [idiom] bounty, [phrase] broad, (broken-) handed, [idiom] by, charge, coast, [phrase] consecrate, [phrase] creditor, custody, debt, dominion, [idiom] enough, [phrase] fellowship, force, [idiom] from, hand(-staves, -y work), [idiom] he, himself, [idiom] in, labour, [phrase] large, ledge, (left-) handed, means, [idiom] mine, ministry, near, [idiom] of, [idiom] order, ordinance, [idiom] our, parts, pain, power, [idiom] presumptuously, service, side, sore, state, stay, draw with strength, stroke, [phrase] swear, terror, [idiom] thee, [idiom] by them, [idiom] themselves, [idiom] thine own, [idiom] thou, through, [idiom] throwing, [phrase] thumb, times, [idiom] to, [idiom] under, [idiom] us, [idiom] wait on, (way-) side, where, [phrase] wide, [idiom] with (him, me, you), work, [phrase] yield, [idiom] yourselves. See also: Genesis 3:22; Exodus 7:19; Leviticus 14:22.
בְּנֵ֣י
bên
H1121
"son"
N-mp
In the Bible, this word means a son or descendant, and can also refer to a grandson, nation, or quality. It appears in 1 Chronicles 24, describing a Levite named Beno. The word is used to show family relationships and inheritance.
Definition: : child/son
Usage: Occurs in 3653 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] afflicted, age, (Ahoh-) (Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-) ite, (anoint-) ed one, appointed to, ([phrase]) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-) ian, one born, bough, branch, breed, [phrase] (young) bullock, [phrase] (young) calf, [idiom] came up in, child, colt, [idiom] common, [idiom] corn, daughter, [idiom] of first, [phrase] firstborn, foal, [phrase] very fruitful, [phrase] postage, [idiom] in, [phrase] kid, [phrase] lamb, ([phrase]) man, meet, [phrase] mighty, [phrase] nephew, old, ([phrase]) people, [phrase] rebel, [phrase] robber, [idiom] servant born, [idiom] soldier, son, [phrase] spark, [phrase] steward, [phrase] stranger, [idiom] surely, them of, [phrase] tumultuous one, [phrase] valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth. See also: Genesis 3:16; Genesis 23:3; Genesis 34:18.
אַשּׁ֔וּר
ʼAshshûwr
H804
"Asshur"
N-proper
Asshur was the second son of Shem and the ancestor of the Assyrians, mentioned in Genesis 10:22. The name Asshur means 'a step'.
Definition: A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.10.22; son of: Shem (H8035); brother of: Elam (H5867C), Arpachshad (H0775), Lud (H3865) and Aram (H0758) § Asshur or Assyria = "a step" 1) the second son of Shem, eponymous ancestor of the Assyrians 2) the people of Assyria 3) the nation, Assyria 4) the land, Assyria or Asshur
Usage: Occurs in 138 OT verses. KJV: Asshur, Assur, Assyria, Assyrians. See H838 (אָשֻׁר). See also: Genesis 2:14; Isaiah 7:20; Psalms 83:9.
אֲשֶׁ֥ר
ʼăsher
H834
"which"
Rel
This Hebrew word is a conjunction that connects ideas and events in the Bible, like in the book of Genesis, where it's used to describe the relationship between God and His creation.
Definition: A: 1) (relative part.) 1a) which, who 1b) that which 2) (conj) 2a) that (in obj clause) 2b) when 2c) since 2d) as 2e) conditional if B: Beth+ 1) in (that) which 2) (adv) 2a) where 3) (conj) 3a) in that, inasmuch as 3b) on account of C: Mem+ 1) from (or than) that which 2) from (the place) where 3) from (the fact) that, since D: Kaph+ 1) (conj.), according as, as, when 1a) according to that which, according as, as 1b) with a causal force: in so far as, since 1c) with a temporal force: when
Usage: Occurs in 4440 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] after, [idiom] alike, as (soon as), because, [idiom] every, for, [phrase] forasmuch, [phrase] from whence, [phrase] how(-soever), [idiom] if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), [idiom] though, [phrase] until, [phrase] whatsoever, when, where ([phrase] -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, [phrase] whither(-soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection. See also: Genesis 1:7; Genesis 20:9; Genesis 31:16.
עָגְבָ֖ה
ʻăgab
H5689
"to lust"
V-Qal-Perf-3fs
To have a strong sensual desire or lust for someone. In the Bible, it is used to describe the love of Solomon for his many wives in 1 Kings 11:1.
Definition: 1) (Qal) to have inordinate affection or lust 1a) lust (participle) 1b) paramours (participle as subst)
Usage: Occurs in 7 OT verses. KJV: dote, lover. See also: Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel 23:9; Ezekiel 23:20.
עֲלֵי/הֶֽם
ʻal
H5921
"upon"
Prep | Suff
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Definition: prep 1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against 1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards 1b) above, beyond, over (of excess) 1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence) 1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition) 1e) over (of suspension or extension) 1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity) 1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion) 1h) to (as a dative)
Usage: Occurs in 4493 OT verses. KJV: above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with. See also: Genesis 1:2; Genesis 24:13; Genesis 41:33.
Study Notes — Ezekiel 23:9
Show Verse Quote Highlights
- Context
- Cross References
- Ezekiel 23:9 Summary
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Reflection Questions
- Gill's Exposition on Ezekiel 23:9
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Ezekiel 23:9
- Matthew Poole's Commentary on Ezekiel 23:9
- Trapp's Commentary on Ezekiel 23:9
- Cambridge Bible on Ezekiel 23:9
- Barnes' Notes on Ezekiel 23:9
- Whedon's Commentary on Ezekiel 23:9
- Sermons on Ezekiel 23:9
Context — The Two Adulterous Sisters
7She offered sexual favors to all the elite of Assyria. She defiled herself with all the idols of those for whom she lusted.
8She did not give up the prostitution she began in Egypt, when men slept with her in her youth, caressed her virgin bosom, and poured out their lust upon her.
9Therefore I delivered her into the hands of her lovers, the Assyrians for whom she lusted.
10They exposed her nakedness, seized her sons and daughters, and put her to the sword. Thus she became a byword among women, and they executed judgment against her. 11Her sister Oholibah saw this, yet in her lust and prostitution she was more depraved than her sister.Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hosea 11:5 | Will they not return to the land of Egypt and be ruled by Assyria because they refused to repent? |
| 2 | 2 Kings 15:29 | In the days of Pekah king of Israel, Tiglath-pileser king of Assyria came and captured Ijon, Abel-beth-maacah, Janoah, Kedesh, Hazor, Gilead, and Galilee, including all the land of Naphtali, and he took the people as captives to Assyria. |
| 3 | 2 Kings 17:23 | Finally, the LORD removed Israel from His presence, as He had declared through all His servants the prophets. So Israel was exiled from their homeland into Assyria, where they are to this day. |
| 4 | Revelation 17:12–13 | The ten horns you saw are ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom, but will receive one hour of authority as kings, along with the beast. These kings have one purpose: to yield their power and authority to the beast. |
| 5 | 2 Kings 18:9–12 | In the fourth year of Hezekiah’s reign, which was the seventh year of the reign of Hoshea son of Elah over Israel, Shalmaneser king of Assyria marched against Samaria and besieged it. And at the end of three years, the Assyrians captured it. So Samaria was captured in the sixth year of Hezekiah, which was the ninth year of Hoshea king of Israel. The king of Assyria exiled the Israelites to Assyria and settled them in Halah, in Gozan by the Habor River, and in the cities of the Medes. This happened because they did not listen to the voice of the LORD their God, but violated His covenant—all that Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded—and would neither listen nor obey. |
| 6 | 1 Chronicles 5:26 | So the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria (that is, Tiglath-pileser king of Assyria) to take the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh into exile. And he brought them to Halah, Habor, Hara, and the river of Gozan, where they remain to this day. |
| 7 | Revelation 17:16 | And the ten horns and the beast that you saw will hate the prostitute. They will leave her desolate and naked, and will eat her flesh and burn her with fire. |
| 8 | 2 Kings 17:3–6 | Shalmaneser king of Assyria attacked him, and Hoshea became his vassal and paid him tribute. But the king of Assyria discovered that Hoshea had conspired to send envoys to King So of Egypt, and that he had not paid tribute to the king of Assyria as in previous years. Therefore the king of Assyria arrested Hoshea and put him in prison. Then the king of Assyria invaded the whole land, marched up to Samaria, and besieged it for three years. In the ninth year of Hoshea, the king of Assyria captured Samaria and carried away the Israelites to Assyria, where he settled them in Halah, in Gozan by the Habor River, and in the cities of the Medes. |
Ezekiel 23:9 Summary
This verse, Ezekiel 23:9, is saying that God allowed the nation to be taken over by the very people they had been lusting after, the Assyrians. This is a warning to us that our actions have consequences, and that if we continue to pursue things that are not of God, we may face negative outcomes (as seen in Deuteronomy 28:25). It's a reminder to seek God's ways and to turn from our own desires, and instead to follow Him (as encouraged in 1 Corinthians 6:18-20). By doing so, we can avoid the kind of judgment and heartache that the nation experienced in Ezekiel 23:9.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does it mean for God to deliver someone into the hands of their lovers?
This means that God allowed the consequences of their actions to catch up with them, as seen in Ezekiel 23:9, where God delivered the unfaithful nation into the hands of the Assyrians they had lusted after, similar to how God gave the Israelites over to their enemies in Deuteronomy 28:25.
Is this verse saying that God is responsible for the evil actions of the Assyrians?
No, this verse is not saying that God is responsible for the evil actions of the Assyrians, but rather that He allowed the natural consequences of the nation's actions to occur, as stated in Ezekiel 23:9, and as seen in other scriptures such as Romans 1:24-25, where God gives people over to their sinful desires.
How does this verse relate to the concept of God's judgment?
This verse shows that God's judgment is not always immediate, but rather it can be a process where He allows the natural consequences of our actions to unfold, as seen in Ezekiel 23:9, and also in other passages such as Hebrews 10:26-27, which warns of the judgment that will come to those who deliberately sin after receiving the knowledge of the truth.
What can we learn from this verse about the dangers of idolatry and lust?
This verse teaches us that idolatry and lust can lead to spiritual and physical bondage, as seen in Ezekiel 23:9, where the nation's lust for the Assyrians led to their downfall, and as warned in other scriptures such as 1 Corinthians 6:18-20, which tells us to flee from sexual immorality and honor God with our bodies.
Reflection Questions
- What are some ways that I may be 'lusting' after things that are not of God, and how can I turn from them?
- How have I seen the consequences of my actions play out in my own life, and what can I learn from those experiences?
- What does it mean for me to 'give myself over' to my desires, and how can I instead give myself over to God?
- In what ways can I be more mindful of the potential consequences of my actions, and seek to live in a way that is pleasing to God?
Gill's Exposition on Ezekiel 23:9
Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers,.... To destruction; their persons, families, riches, and kingdom itself: into the hand of the Assyrians, on whom she doted; first into the
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Ezekiel 23:9
Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians, upon whom she doted. Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians.
Matthew Poole's Commentary on Ezekiel 23:9
Wherefore, for this boundless idolatry and lewdness I have delivered her; long ago I have delivered the ten tribes: first, Pul put them under tribute, ,20, about two hundred years before our prophet’ s time; then Tiglath-pileser, ; and finally into Shalmaneser’ s hand, who destroyed the kingdom, . Into the hand of the Assyrians, upon whom she doted; punished them for their sins by those who were fellow sinners with her.
Trapp's Commentary on Ezekiel 23:9
Ezekiel 23:9 Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians, upon whom she doted.Ver. 9. Wherefore I have delivered her.] 2 Kings 17:23. “ Per quod quis peccat, per idem punitur et ipse. ”
Cambridge Bible on Ezekiel 23:9
9. I have delivered] I delivered. The Assyrians overthrew Samaria in 722 b.c. Menahem was supported on the throne by Assyria (2 Kings 15:19); and Hoshea, the last king, was dethroned on account of his intrigues with Egypt (2 Kings 17:4).
Barnes' Notes on Ezekiel 23:9
For the cause which at last brought destruction on Israel, see marginal reference.
Whedon's Commentary on Ezekiel 23:9
7-10. This vile creature is not even true to her Assyrian paramour, but continues the adultery with Egypt began in her youth.
Sermons on Ezekiel 23:9
| Sermon | Description | |
|---|---|---|
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(Revelation) Part 1 the Scarlet Womans Future Judgement by Willie Mullan | In this sermon, the preacher focuses on Revelation Chapter 17 and the woman mentioned in the text. The woman is described as sitting upon many waters, representing peoples, nations |
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Nebuchadnezzar's Dream by Arno Clemens Gaebelein | Arno Clemens Gaebelein preaches on the prophetic unfolding in the Book of Daniel, focusing on the great pivotal chapter introducing the times of the Gentiles. The chapter reveals t |
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Important Questions by Richard Owen Roberts | The preacher delves into the meaning of 'burned up' (katakaio) in the Bible, emphasizing its significance in consuming or destroying by fire, symbolizing the ultimate purification |
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Belshazzar's Feast and the Fall of Babylon by Arno Clemens Gaebelein | Arno Clemens Gaebelein delves into the historical account of Belshazzar's feast and the divine judgment that followed, showcasing the defiance and blasphemy against God that led to |
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Epistle 22 by George Fox | George Fox emphasizes the importance of staying close to the inner light and the power of God's words, urging believers to avoid distractions from vain thoughts and to focus on the |
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Social Conditions by Arno Clemens Gaebelein | Arno Clemens Gaebelein preaches about the alarming increase in the consumption of cigarettes and intoxicants, despite the efforts of reformers and prohibitionists, revealing the na |