Jeremiah 43:4
Jeremiah 43:4 in Multiple Translations
So Johanan son of Kareah and all the commanders of the forces disobeyed the command of the LORD to stay in the land of Judah.
So Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, and all the people, obeyed not the voice of the LORD, to dwell in the land of Judah.
So Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, and all the people, obeyed not the voice of Jehovah, to dwell in the land of Judah.
So Johanan, the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, and all the people, did not give ear to the order of the Lord that they were to go on living in the land of Judah.
So Johanan son of Kareah and all the army commanders refused to obey the Lord's command to stay in the land of Judah.
So Iohanan the sonne of Kareah, and all the captaines of the hoste, and all the people obeied not the voyce of the Lord, to dwell in the lande of Iudah.
And Johanan son of Kareah, and all the heads of the forces, and all the people, have not hearkened to the voice of Jehovah, to dwell in the land of Judah;
So Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, and all the people, didn’t obey the LORD’s voice, to dwell in the land of Judah.
So Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, and all the people, obeyed not the voice of the LORD, to dwell in the land of Judah.
So Johanan the son of Caree, and all the captains of the soldiers, and all the people, obeyed not the voice of the Lord, to remain in the land of Juda.
So Johanan and the other leaders of the Israeli soldiers and many of [HYP] the other people who were there refused to obey Yahweh’s command to stay in Judah.
Berean Amplified Bible — Jeremiah 43:4
BAB
Word Study
Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.
Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.
Jeremiah 43:4 Interlinear (Deep Study)
BIB
HEB
וְ/לֹֽא
שָׁמַע֩
יוֹחָנָ֨ן
בֶּן
קָרֵ֜חַ
וְ/כָל
שָׂרֵ֧י
הַ/חֲיָלִ֛ים
וְ/כָל
הָ/עָ֖ם
בְּ/ק֣וֹל
יְהוָ֑ה
לָ/שֶׁ֖בֶת
בְּ/אֶ֥רֶץ
יְהוּדָֽה
וְ/לֹֽא
lôʼ
H3808
not
Conj | Part
שָׁמַע֩
shâmaʻ
H8085
to hear
V-Qal-Perf-3ms
יוֹחָנָ֨ן
Yôwchânân
H3110
Johanan
N-proper
בֶּן
bên
H1121
son
N-ms
קָרֵ֜חַ
Qârêach
H7143
Kareah
N-proper
וְ/כָל
kôl
H3605
all
Conj | N-ms
שָׂרֵ֧י
sar
H8269
ruler
N-mp
הַ/חֲיָלִ֛ים
chayil
H2428
Helech
Art | N-mp
וְ/כָל
kôl
H3605
all
Conj | N-ms
הָ/עָ֖ם
ʻam
H5971
Amaw
Art | N-ms
בְּ/ק֣וֹל
qôwl
H6963
voice
Prep | N-ms
יְהוָ֑ה
Yᵉhôvâh
H3068
The Lord
N-proper
לָ/שֶׁ֖בֶת
yâshab
H3427
to dwell
Prep | V-Qal-Inf-a
בְּ/אֶ֥רֶץ
ʼerets
H776
land
Prep | N-cs
יְהוּדָֽה
Yᵉhûwdâh
H3063
Judah
N-proper
Hebrew Word Study
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Hebrew Word Reference — Jeremiah 43:4
וְ/לֹֽא
lôʼ
H3808
"not"
Conj | Part
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Definition: 1) not, no 1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition) 1b) not (with modifier-negation) 1c) nothing (subst) 1d) without (with particle) 1e) before (of time) Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)
Usage: Occurs in 3967 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without. See also: Genesis 2:5; Genesis 31:15; Exodus 4:9.
שָׁמַע֩
shâmaʻ
H8085
"to hear"
V-Qal-Perf-3ms
To hear and listen is what this Hebrew word means, often implying attention and obedience. In Exodus and Deuteronomy, it is used when God speaks to the people, and they must listen and obey.
Definition: : hear v 1) to hear, listen to, obey 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to hear (perceive by ear) 1a2) to hear of or concerning 1a3) to hear (have power to hear) 1a4) to hear with attention or interest, listen to 1a5) to understand (language) 1a6) to hear (of judicial cases) 1a7) to listen, give heed 1a7a) to consent, agree 1a7b) to grant request 1a8) to listen to, yield to 1a9) to obey, be obedient 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to be heard (of voice or sound) 1b2) to be heard of 1b3) to be regarded, be obeyed 1c) (Piel) to cause to hear, call to hear, summon 1d) (Hiphil) 1d1) to cause to hear, tell, proclaim, utter a sound 1d2) to sound aloud (musical term) 1d3) to make proclamation, summon 1d4) to cause to be heard n m 2) sound
Usage: Occurs in 1072 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] attentively, call (gather) together, [idiom] carefully, [idiom] certainly, consent, consider, be content, declare, [idiom] diligently, discern, give ear, (cause to, let, make to) hear(-ken, tell), [idiom] indeed, listen, make (a) noise, (be) obedient, obey, perceive, (make a) proclaim(-ation), publish, regard, report, shew (forth), (make a) sound, [idiom] surely, tell, understand, whosoever (heareth), witness. See also: Genesis 3:8; Exodus 32:18; Deuteronomy 27:9.
יוֹחָנָ֨ן
Yôwchânân
H3110
"Johanan"
N-proper
Johanan means 'Jehovah has graced' and refers to several Israelites, including a priest who returned with Zerubbabel and a captain mentioned in Nehemiah.
Definition: A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Neh.12.11; son of: Joiada (H3111H); brother of: son_of_Joiada (H3111I); father of: Jaddua (H3037H); also called Jonathan at Neh.12.11; Also named: yo.na.tan (יוֹנָתָן "Jonathan" H3129M) § Johanan = "Jehovah has graced" 1) a priest during the high priesthood of Joiakim who returned with Zerubbabel 2) a Jewish captain after the fall of Jerusalem 3) the eldest son of king Josiah 4) a post-exilic prince of the line of David 5) father of Azariah, priest in Solomon's time 6) a Benjamite, one of David's mighty warriors 7) a Gadite, one of David's mighty warriors 8) a returning exile
Usage: Occurs in 22 OT verses. KJV: Johanan. See also: 2 Kings 25:23; Jeremiah 40:16; Jeremiah 40:8.
בֶּן
bên
H1121
"son"
N-ms
In the Bible, this word means a son or descendant, and can also refer to a grandson, nation, or quality. It appears in 1 Chronicles 24, describing a Levite named Beno. The word is used to show family relationships and inheritance.
Definition: : child/son
Usage: Occurs in 3653 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] afflicted, age, (Ahoh-) (Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-) ite, (anoint-) ed one, appointed to, ([phrase]) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-) ian, one born, bough, branch, breed, [phrase] (young) bullock, [phrase] (young) calf, [idiom] came up in, child, colt, [idiom] common, [idiom] corn, daughter, [idiom] of first, [phrase] firstborn, foal, [phrase] very fruitful, [phrase] postage, [idiom] in, [phrase] kid, [phrase] lamb, ([phrase]) man, meet, [phrase] mighty, [phrase] nephew, old, ([phrase]) people, [phrase] rebel, [phrase] robber, [idiom] servant born, [idiom] soldier, son, [phrase] spark, [phrase] steward, [phrase] stranger, [idiom] surely, them of, [phrase] tumultuous one, [phrase] valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth. See also: Genesis 3:16; Genesis 23:3; Genesis 34:18.
קָרֵ֜חַ
Qârêach
H7143
"Kareah"
N-proper
Kareah was an Israelite who lived during the Divided Monarchy, mentioned in 2 Kings 25:23, and was the father of Johanan and Jonathan. He supported Gedaliah's authority and avenged his murder. His name means 'bald'.
Definition: A man living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at 2Ki.25.23; father of: Johanan (H3110), Jonathan (H3129L) § Kareah = "bald" father of Johanan and Jonathan who supported Gedaliah's authority and avenged his murder
Usage: Occurs in 14 OT verses. KJV: Careah, Kareah. See also: 2 Kings 25:23; Jeremiah 41:14; Jeremiah 40:8.
וְ/כָל
kôl
H3605
"all"
Conj | N-ms
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Definition: 1) all, the whole 1a) all, the whole of 1b) any, each, every, anything 1c) totality, everything Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
Usage: Occurs in 4242 OT verses. KJV: (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever). See also: Genesis 1:21; Genesis 17:10; Genesis 41:40.
שָׂרֵ֧י
sar
H8269
"ruler"
N-mp
A leader or person in charge, like a prince or captain, as seen in the Bible with King David and other rulers.
Definition: 1) prince, ruler, leader, chief, chieftain, official, captain 1a) chieftain, leader 1b) vassal, noble, official (under king) 1c) captain, general, commander (military) 1d) chief, head, overseer (of other official classes) 1e) heads, princes (of religious office) 1f) elders (of representative leaders of people) 1g) merchant-princes (of rank and dignity) 1h) patron-angel 1i) Ruler of rulers (of God) 1j) warden
Usage: Occurs in 368 OT verses. KJV: captain (that had rule), chief (captain), general, governor, keeper, lord,(-task-)master, prince(-ipal), ruler, steward. See also: Genesis 12:15; 1 Kings 22:32; 2 Chronicles 32:21.
הַ/חֲיָלִ֛ים
chayil
H2428
"Helech"
Art | N-mp
This word represents strength, might, or power, whether physical, financial, or military. In the Bible, it's used to describe the strength of God or the wealth of a nation, as seen in Deuteronomy 8:17-18.
Definition: § Helech = "your army" a place near Arvad and Gammad
Usage: Occurs in 221 OT verses. KJV: able, activity, ([phrase]) army, band of men (soldiers), company, (great) forces, goods, host, might, power, riches, strength, strong, substance, train, ([phrase]) valiant(-ly), valour, virtuous(-ly), war, worthy(-ily). See also: Genesis 34:29; 2 Chronicles 13:3; Psalms 18:33.
וְ/כָל
kôl
H3605
"all"
Conj | N-ms
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Definition: 1) all, the whole 1a) all, the whole of 1b) any, each, every, anything 1c) totality, everything Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)
Usage: Occurs in 4242 OT verses. KJV: (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever). See also: Genesis 1:21; Genesis 17:10; Genesis 41:40.
הָ/עָ֖ם
ʻam
H5971
"Amaw"
Art | N-ms
A people or nation is what this Hebrew word represents, like the nation of Israel in Exodus 33:13. It can also mean a tribe, troops, or attendants, and is used to describe a group of people gathered together. The word is often used to refer to the people of God.
Definition: This name means nation, people
Usage: Occurs in 1655 OT verses. KJV: folk, men, nation, people. See also: Genesis 11:6; Exodus 16:4; Leviticus 17:9.
בְּ/ק֣וֹל
qôwl
H6963
"voice"
Prep | N-ms
A voice or sound, it can refer to the sound of a person speaking, an animal, or a musical instrument. In the Bible, it is often used to describe God's voice or the sound of praise and worship.
Definition: : sound/noise 1) voice, sound, noise 1a) voice 1b) sound (of instrument)
Usage: Occurs in 436 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] aloud, bleating, crackling, cry ([phrase] out), fame, lightness, lowing, noise, [phrase] hold peace, (pro-) claim, proclamation, [phrase] sing, sound, [phrase] spark, thunder(-ing), voice, [phrase] yell. See also: Genesis 3:8; Judges 5:11; Job 4:10.
יְהוָ֑ה
Yᵉhôvâh
H3068
"The Lord"
N-proper
Yehovah is another name for God, often translated as 'the Lord'. It is a national name for God in the Jewish faith. This name is used throughout the Old Testament.
Definition: Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
Usage: Occurs in 5522 OT verses. KJV: Jehovah, the Lord. Compare H3050 (יָהּ), H3069 (יְהֹוִה). See also: Genesis 2:4; Genesis 24:42; Exodus 8:8.
לָ/שֶׁ֖בֶת
yâshab
H3427
"to dwell"
Prep | V-Qal-Inf-a
This verb means to sit or dwell, and can also mean to remain or abide. It's used in the Bible to describe people living in a place or staying with someone, like in the book of Genesis.
Definition: 1) to dwell, remain, sit, abide 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to sit, sit down 1a2) to be set 1a3) to remain, stay 1a4) to dwell, have one's abode 1b) (Niphal) to be inhabited 1c) (Piel) to set, place 1d) (Hiphil) 1d1) to cause to sit 1d2) to cause to abide, set 1d3) to cause to dwell 1d4) to cause (cities) to be inhabited 1d5) to marry (give an dwelling to) 1e) (Hophal) 1e1) to be inhabited 1e2) to make to dwell Aramaic equivalent: ye.tiv (יְתִב "to dwell" H3488)
Usage: Occurs in 977 OT verses. KJV: (make to) abide(-ing), continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-ing), ease self, endure, establish, [idiom] fail, habitation, haunt, (make to) inhabit(-ant), make to keep (house), lurking, [idiom] marry(-ing), (bring again to) place, remain, return, seat, set(-tle), (down-) sit(-down, still, -ting down, -ting (place) -uate), take, tarry. See also: Genesis 4:16; Leviticus 25:18; Joshua 13:6.
בְּ/אֶ֥רֶץ
ʼerets
H776
"land"
Prep | N-cs
The land or earth refers to the soil or ground, and can also mean a country, territory, or region. In the Bible, it is used to describe the earth and its inhabitants, and is often translated as 'land' or 'country'.
Definition: : soil 1) land, earth 1a) earth 1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part) 1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven) 1a3) earth (inhabitants) 1b) land 1b1) country, territory 1b2) district, region 1b3) tribal territory 1b4) piece of ground 1b5) land of Canaan, Israel 1b6) inhabitants of land 1b7) Sheol, land without return, (under) world 1b8) city (-state) 1c) ground, surface of the earth 1c1) ground 1c2) soil 1d) (in phrases) 1d1) people of the land 1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance) 1d3) level or plain country 1d4) land of the living 1d5) end(s) of the earth 1e) (almost wholly late in usage) 1e1) lands, countries 1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan
Usage: Occurs in 2190 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] common, country, earth, field, ground, land, [idiom] natins, way, [phrase] wilderness, world. See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 18:18; Genesis 42:13.
יְהוּדָֽה
Yᵉhûwdâh
H3063
"Judah"
N-proper
Judah is the name of the tribe descended from Judah, the son of Jacob. It is also the name of the region where the tribe lived. The name means 'praised' and is first mentioned in Genesis.
Definition: § Judah = "praised" the tribe descended from Judah the son of Jacob
Usage: Occurs in 754 OT verses. KJV: Judah. See also: Genesis 29:35; 1 Samuel 23:3; 2 Kings 14:13.
Study Notes — Jeremiah 43:4
Show Verse Quote Highlights
- Context
- Cross References
- Jeremiah 43:4 Summary
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Reflection Questions
- Gill's Exposition on Jeremiah 43:4
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Jeremiah 43:4
- Matthew Poole's Commentary on Jeremiah 43:4
- Trapp's Commentary on Jeremiah 43:4
- Barnes' Notes on Jeremiah 43:4
- Sermons on Jeremiah 43:4
Context — Jeremiah Taken to Egypt
2Azariah son of Hoshaiah, Johanan son of Kareah, and all the arrogant men said to Jeremiah, “You are lying! The LORD our God has not sent you to say, ‘You must not go to Egypt to reside there.’
3Rather, Baruch son of Neriah is inciting you against us to deliver us into the hands of the Chaldeans, so that they may put us to death or exile us to Babylon!”
4So Johanan son of Kareah and all the commanders of the forces disobeyed the command of the LORD to stay in the land of Judah.
5Instead, Johanan son of Kareah and all the commanders of the forces took the whole remnant of Judah, those who had returned to the land of Judah from all the nations to which they had been scattered, 6the men, the women, the children, the king’s daughters, and everyone whom Nebuzaradan captain of the guard had allowed to remain with Gedaliah son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, as well as Jeremiah the prophet and Baruch son of Neriah.Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jeremiah 42:5–6 | Then they said to Jeremiah, “May the LORD be a true and faithful witness against us if we do not act upon every word that the LORD your God sends you to tell us. Whether it is pleasant or unpleasant, we will obey the voice of the LORD our God to whom we are sending you, so that it may go well with us, for we will obey the voice of the LORD our God!” |
| 2 | Psalms 37:3 | Trust in the LORD and do good; dwell in the land and cultivate faithfulness. |
| 3 | 2 Chronicles 25:16 | While he was still speaking, the king asked, “Have we made you the counselor to the king? Stop! Why be struck down?” So the prophet stopped, but he said, “I know that God has determined to destroy you, because you have done this and have not heeded my advice.” |
| 4 | Jeremiah 44:5 | But they did not listen or incline their ears; they did not turn from their wickedness or stop burning incense to other gods. |
| 5 | Jeremiah 42:10–13 | ‘If you will indeed stay in this land, then I will build you up and not tear you down; I will plant you and not uproot you, for I will relent of the disaster I have brought upon you. Do not be afraid of the king of Babylon, whom you now fear; do not be afraid of him, declares the LORD, for I am with you to save you and deliver you from him. And I will show you compassion, and he will have compassion on you and restore you to your own land.’ But if you say, ‘We will not stay in this land,’ and you thus disobey the voice of the LORD your God, |
| 6 | Ecclesiastes 9:16 | And I said, “Wisdom is better than strength, but the wisdom of the poor man is despised, and his words are not heeded.” |
Jeremiah 43:4 Summary
This verse is saying that the leaders of Judah, including Johanan son of Kareah, did not listen to God's command to stay in Judah, but instead decided to go to Egypt. This was a mistake, because God had told them to stay in Judah and trust in His protection, as seen in Jeremiah 42:10-17. Just like the people in this verse, we can sometimes disobey God's commands and try to do things our own way, but this can lead to trouble and heartache, as seen in Jeremiah 44:1-30 and Deuteronomy 28:15. We can learn from this verse to always trust in God's goodness and sovereignty, and to obey His commands, even when it's hard, as seen in Proverbs 3:5-6 and Psalm 37:3-7.
Frequently Asked Questions
What was the command of the LORD that Johanan son of Kareah and the commanders disobeyed?
The command of the LORD was to stay in the land of Judah, as spoken through Jeremiah the prophet, and not to go to Egypt to reside there, as seen in Jeremiah 42:10-17 and Jeremiah 43:4.
Why did Johanan son of Kareah and the commanders refuse to listen to Jeremiah?
They accused Jeremiah of lying and being influenced by Baruch son of Neriah, as stated in Jeremiah 43:2-3, and they did not believe that the LORD had truly spoken through him.
What were the consequences of disobeying the command of the LORD in this verse?
The consequences of disobeying the command of the LORD are not explicitly stated in Jeremiah 43:4, but in Jeremiah 44:1-30, we see that the people who went to Egypt were later judged by God for their disobedience, and in Deuteronomy 28:15 and Deuteronomy 28:45-48, we see the general principle that disobedience to God's commands leads to negative consequences.
How does this verse relate to the overall theme of Jeremiah's prophecy?
This verse fits into the overall theme of Jeremiah's prophecy, which is to call the people of Judah to repentance and obedience to the LORD, as seen in Jeremiah 7:1-7 and Jeremiah 18:1-10, and to warn them of the consequences of disobedience, as seen in Jeremiah 25:1-14.
Reflection Questions
- What are some ways that I might be disobeying the commands of the LORD in my own life, and what steps can I take to repent and obey Him?
- How can I be sure that I am hearing and following the voice of the LORD, rather than my own desires or the opinions of others?
- In what ways can I trust in the sovereignty and goodness of God, even when I do not understand His plans or commands?
- What are some areas of my life where I need to trust in God's promises and provision, rather than relying on my own strength or the help of others?
Gill's Exposition on Jeremiah 43:4
So Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, and all the people,.... The generality of them, at least, all agreed together, were of the same mind, and in the same sentiment and
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Jeremiah 43:4
So Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, and all the people, obeyed not the voice of the LORD, to dwell in the land of Judah. No JFB commentary on this verse.
Matthew Poole's Commentary on Jeremiah 43:4
That is, they resolved not to obey the message God had sent them by Jeremiah.
Trapp's Commentary on Jeremiah 43:4
Jeremiah 43:4 So Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, and all the people, obeyed not the voice of the LORD, to dwell in the land of Judah.Ver. 4. So Johanan the son of Kareah, &c.] Nothing is more audacious and desperate than a hypocrite when once discovered. Now these subdoli show themselves in their colours, appear in their likeness, going on end with their work.
Barnes' Notes on Jeremiah 43:4
All the people - Many, nevertheless, would be unwilling agents, compelled to do what their unscrupulous leaders forced upon the community.
Sermons on Jeremiah 43:4
| Sermon | Description | |
|---|---|---|
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Where to Go? What to Do? by Jim Cymbala | In this sermon, the pastor emphasizes the importance of preaching the whole counsel of God, rather than catering to what people want to hear. He uses the example of Jeremiah, who w |
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Hearers Not Doers by Chuck Smith | This sermon emphasizes the importance of not only hearing the Word of God but also actively doing what it says. It warns against the deception of merely agreeing with God's command |
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Jeremiah 42:5 by Chuck Smith | Chuck Smith discusses the theme of empty promises in Jeremiah 42:5, emphasizing the solemn vow made by the people to obey God's commands through Jeremiah. Despite their sincere int |
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Commit by Bill McLeod | In this sermon, the speaker discusses the concept of committal and trusting in God's plan. He uses the example of Paul and the sailors in the book of Acts who were caught in a viol |
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The Consequences of Not Trusting God - Part 2 by David Wilkerson | This sermon focuses on Abraham's journey of faith, highlighting the challenges and crises he faced as he learned to fully trust God with his life and future. Despite encountering s |
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The Story of My Vw Bug by K P Yohannan by K.P. Yohannan | This sermon shares a touching story of a man purchasing a 1962 Volkswagen Bug from a young girl who was going to serve as a missionary in the Philippines. It emphasizes the importa |
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What Can You Do? by Jim Cymbala | In this sermon, the speaker addresses the fear and uncertainty that many people feel in the current world, particularly in relation to issues such as terrorism and moral decay. He |