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Psalms 44:11 — Word Study

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WLCתִּ֭תְּנֵנוּ כְּצֹ֣אן מַאֲכָ֑ל וּ֝בַגּוֹיִ֗ם זֵרִיתָֽנוּ׃

BSAto returnshûwb backʼâchôwr frommin narrowtsar to hatesânêʼ to plundershâçâh

Word
Listen & take awayPsalms 44
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 11 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ze.ri.Ta.nu) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Psalms 44:11quick helps
In a sentenceThe psalmist expresses a deep sense of abandonment, likening the people of Israel to sheep destined for slaughter.
Who is speakingThe psalmist, voicing the collective lament of Israel.
Where we areIn a lament over Israel's suffering and perceived abandonment by God.
The hard wordתִּ֭תְּנֵנוּ
Take awayThe people feel vulnerable and scattered among the nations.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Psalms 44:11

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — A Lament for Israel's Sufferinggenerated

10You have made us retreat from the foe, and those who hate us have plundered us.
11You have given us up as sheep to be devoured; You have scattered us among the nations.
12You sell Your people for nothing; no profit do You gain from their sale.
13You have made us a reproach to our neighbors, a mockery and derision to those around us.

Psalm 44:11 captures the anguish of the Israelites as they feel forsaken by God, likening themselves to sheep set for slaughter. The preceding verses highlight their distress as they face enemies and ridicule, while the following verses continue to express their plight and the perceived silence of God. This lament reflects a broader theme in the Psalms of seeking God's intervention in times of trouble.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Jeremiah 12:3But You know me, O LORD; You see me and test my heart toward You. Drag away the wicked like sheep to the slaughter and set them apart for the day of carnage.
2Romans 8:36As it is written: “For Your sake we face death all day long; we are considered as sheep to be slaughtered.”
3Psalm 14:4Will the workers of iniquity never learn? They devour my people like bread; they refuse to call upon the LORD.
4Psalm 60:1You have rejected us, O God; You have broken us; You have been angry; restore us!
5Deuteronomy 4:27Then the LORD will scatter you among the peoples, and only a few of you will survive among the nations to which the LORD will drive you.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 11 references, hung on the phrase they belong to

like sheep appointed for meatPsalm 14:4

The Key Word תִּ֭תְּנֵנוּ, Ti.te.ne.nugenerated

The verb תִּ֭תְּנֵנוּ (ti.te.ne.nu) is a second person masculine singular form of the root נָתַן (natan), meaning 'to give' or 'to put.' In this context, it conveys a sense of abandonment, as the psalmist laments that God has given them up, akin to sending sheep to be slaughtered.

The use of the verb in the imperfect tense indicates an ongoing action, emphasizing the continuous state of being given up. This word encapsulates the feelings of vulnerability and helplessness experienced by the Israelites.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses the phrase given us up.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verbs תִּ֭תְּנֵנוּ and זֵרִיתָֽנוּ govern the main clauses, with the phrases describing the state of the people as sheep and their scattering among the nations. The structure emphasizes the actions of God in relation to the people, highlighting their plight.

The sentence is constructed with two main actions: being given up and being scattered, which together convey a powerful image of abandonment and vulnerability.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates תִּ֭תְּנֵנוּ as ἡμᾶς (hēmās), meaning 'us.' This choice reflects a direct translation of the pronoun, maintaining the focus on the people being addressed.

The use of ἡμᾶς emphasizes the collective experience of abandonment, aligning with the Hebrew text's portrayal of vulnerability.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Psalm 44:11 expresses the deep feelings of the Israelites, who feel abandoned by God and likened to sheep meant for slaughter. They lament being scattered among the nations, highlighting their vulnerability and suffering.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that God has given us up as sheep?

This phrase indicates a feeling of vulnerability and abandonment, suggesting that the people feel defenseless against their enemies.

Why does the psalmist use the imagery of sheep?

Sheep are often used in biblical literature to symbolize vulnerability and helplessness, emphasizing the dire situation of the Israelites.

What is the significance of being scattered among the nations?

Being scattered signifies a loss of unity and identity, as the Israelites feel displaced and marginalized among foreign peoples.

How does this verse relate to other biblical themes?

This verse reflects themes of suffering, abandonment, and the plea for divine intervention, which are prevalent throughout the Psalms and other biblical texts.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what areas of my life do I feel abandoned or vulnerable, similar to the imagery of sheep in this verse?
  2. How can I find comfort in God's presence during times of distress?
  3. What does this verse teach me about the importance of community and unity among believers?
  4. How can I support others who may feel scattered or marginalized in their lives?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early church fathers, like John Chrysostom and Augustine, reference this verse to highlight themes of vulnerability and divine abandonment.

John ChrysostomCOMMENTARY ON THE Psalms 44:7 c. 347–407
What is the meaning of “like sheep for slaughter”? Making us vulnerable to attack, presenting us as insignificant. Some sheep, you see, those suited to breeding are for purchase;
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 44 →
Augustine of HippoExposition on Psalms 44 354–430
"You have given us like sheep appointed for meat, and hast scattered us among the nations" [Psalms 44:11].
Early Church Fathers on Psalms 44 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Psalms 44:11 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Thou hast given us like sheep [appointed] for meat,.... To be butchered, and then eaten as sheep are; and therefore are called "the flock of slaughter", Zechariah 11:4; as the church was, not only

Read John Gill on Psalms 44 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Thou hast given us like sheep appointed for meat; and hast scattered us among the heathen. Thou hast given us like sheep appointed for meat - to be devoured as a prey.

Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 44 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Those of us who were not slain are carried into captivity, and dispersed in several places.

Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 44 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Psalms 44:11 Thou hast given us like sheep [appointed] for meat; and hast scattered us among the heathen.Ver. 11. Thou hast given us like sheep appointed for meat] Aliqui occisi, dispersi alii, et venundati gratias, Some of us are slain, others scattered here and there, and sold for nought (Aben-Ezra). And hast scattered us, &c.] Oh the many miseries of such a banishment! The poet Tyrtaeus thus expresses it: Est miserum, patria amissa laribusque vagare: Mendiea et timida voce rogare cibos. Cum natisque errare suis, et coniuge moesta, Et cum matre pia, cumque parente sene.

Read John Trapp on Psalms 44 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(11) Like sheep.—The image of the sheep appointed for the slaughter; and unable to resist, recalls Isaiah 53:6-7, but does not necessarily connect the Psalm with the exile period, since it was a figure likely to suggest itself in every time of helpless peril.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 44 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 11. And hast scattered us among the heathen.] This most evidently alludes to the captivity. From the successful wars of the kings of Assyria and Chaldea against the kings of Israel and Judah, and the dispersion of the tribes under Tiglath-pileser, Shalmaneser, and Nebuchadnezzar, Jews have been found in every province of the east; there they settled, and there their successors may be found to the present day.

Read AdamClarke on Psalms 44 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

11. Some of God’s people are butchered like sheep (cp. Psalms 44:22); others are sold as slaves. It is evidently not a deportation of the nation that is meant, but the sale of prisoners of war for slaves. Cp. Joe 3:2; Joe 3:6; Amos 1:6; Amos 1:9. To the Israelite with his love of freedom and attachment to his own land such a fate seemed little better than death.

Read Cambridge on Psalms 44 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Thou hast given us like sheep appointed for meat - Margin, as in Hebrew, “as sheep of meat.” That is, as sheep are killed for food, so thou hast allowed us to be put to death.

Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 44 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

You have given us up as sheep to be devoured; You have scattered us among the nations.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

You have made us like sheep for food, and have scattered us among the nations.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

You have given us up as sheep to be devoured; You have scattered us among the nations.

NETBNew English Translation2006

You handed us over like sheep to be eaten; you scattered us among the nations.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Thou hast given us like sheep appointed for meat; and hast scattered us among the heathen.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Thou hast made us like sheep appointed for food, And hast scattered us among the nations.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Thou hast given us like sheep appointed for meat; and hast scattered us among the nations.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Thou hast given us like sheep appointed for food; and hast scattered us among the heathen.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Thou giuest vs as sheepe to bee eaten, and doest scatter vs among the nations.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Thou hast given us over like sheep [appointed] for meat, and hast scattered us among the nations;

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Thou makest us food like sheep, And among nations Thou hast scattered us.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

You make us food like sheep, || And You have scattered us among nations.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

(44:12) Thou givest us up like sheep for food, and among the nations hast thou dispersed us.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

You have made us like sheep to be slaughtered and have scattered us among the nations.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Hearken, O daughter, and see, and incline thy ear: and forget thy people and thy father’s house.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

You have handed us over like sheep to be slaughtered; you have scattered us among the other nations.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

You have made us like sheep which are taken for meat; we are put to flight among the nations.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseverbתִּ֭תְּנֵyouobjectנוּhave.made.usprepositional phrase · prepositionalכְּlikenoun phraseצֹ֣אןsheepמַאֲכָ֑לof.foodוּ֝andclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalבַamongnoun phrasetheגּוֹיִ֗םnationsverbזֵרִיתָֽyouobjectנוּhave.scattered.us

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording, with four out of five words matching. This alignment suggests a consistent understanding of the text's meaning across these ancient witnesses.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

תִּ֭תְּנֵנוּ כְּצֹ֣אן מַאֲכָ֑ל וּ֝בַגּוֹיִ֗ם זֵרִיתָֽנוּ׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
תִּ֭תְּנֵנוּἡμᾶςכְּצֹ֣אןπαρὰוּ֝בַגּוֹיִ֗םἡμᾶςזֵרִיתָֽנוּ׃ἑαυτοῖς

4 of the 5 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Psalms 44:11נָתַןyou have mayou have made uנָתַןצֹאןlike sheep like sheep ofצֹאןמַאֲכָלfoodfoodמַאֲכָלגּוֹיand among tand among the nגּוֹיזָרָהyou have scyou have scatteזָרָהאָכַלto eatto eatאָכַלגֵּוָהbackbackגֵּוָהזוּרbe a stranbe a strangerזוּרנַחֲלָהinheritancinheritanceנַחֲלָהזֶ֫רַעseedseedזֶ֫רַעבָּקַרcattlecattleבָּקַרבֵּית־עֵ֫קֶדHouse of SHouse of Shepheבֵּית־עֵ֫קֶדנְבֵלָהcarcasscarcassנְבֵלָהעוֹףbirdbirdעוֹףעָצוּםmightymightyעָצוּםמַמְלָכָהkingdomkingdomמַמְלָכָהרִיקto emptyto emptyרִיקפּוּץto scatterto scatterפּוּץ
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Psalms 44:11

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

you have made us like sheep of food and among the nations you have scattered us
תִּ֭תְּנֵנוּTi.te.ne.nu you have made us H5414 Verb qal imperfect second person masculine singular · suffix
2,011× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to give, put, or set something, with a wide range of applications. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, describing God's actions and human interactions. The word is used to convey giving, selling, or exchanging something.
Tyndale gloss
to give: give
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נָתַן (natan) means 'to give' and encompasses a wide range of applications such as putting, setting, and making. It can also indicate actions like bestowing, delivering, and assigning. The entries describe its use in various forms, including Qal, Niphal, and Hophal, but do not present any significant disagreements among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נָתַן 2007 vb. give, put, set

Qal 1917

give

Put, set

Make, constitute

Niph.

82be given

Be put, set

Hoph.

be given, bestowed

= be given to one for wife

be put upon

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5414 נָתַן give, put, set .. give

. Put, set

. Make, constitute

. . be given

. Be put, set

. . . be given, bestowed

. = be given to one for wife

. be put upon

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5414 nathan naw-than'

a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of

application (put, make, etc.):--add, apply, appoint, ascribe,

assign, X avenge, X be ((healed)), bestow, bring (forth,

hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, +

cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, X doubtless, X

without fail, fasten, frame, X get, give (forth, over, up),

grant, hang (up), X have, X indeed, lay (unto charge, up),

(give) leave, lend, let (out), + lie, lift up, make, + O that,

occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, X

pull , put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send

(out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), + sing, + slander,

strike, (sub-)mit, suffer, X surely, X take, thrust, trade,

turn, utter, + weep, + willingly, + withdraw, + would (to)

God, yield.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: give.

: give/deliver/send/produce

1) to give, put, set

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to give, bestow, grant, permit, ascribe, employ, devote, consecrate, dedicate, pay wages, sell, exchange, lend, commit, entrust, give over, deliver up, yield produce, occasion, produce, requite to, report, mention, utter, stretch out, extend

1a2) to put, set, put on, put upon, set, appoint, assign, designate

1a3) to make, constitute

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be given, be bestowed, be provided, be entrusted to, be granted to, be permitted, be issued, be published, be uttered, be assigned

1b2) to be set, be put, be made, be inflicted

1c) (Hophal)

1c1) to be given, be bestowed, be given up, be delivered up

1c2) to be put upon

נָתַן (na.tan) — to give: put.

: put/set/apppoint

1) to give, put, set

1a) (Qal)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVqi2ms/Sp1bp — Verb qal imperfect second person masculine singular · suffix
HVqi2ms/Sp1bp
English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

US, pronoun objective case of we.

Give us this day our daily bread.

Us , pron. [OE. us, AS. s; akin to OFries. & OS. s, D. ons, G. uns, Icel. & Sw. oss, Dan. os, Goth. uns, L. nos we, us, Gr. we, Skr. nas us. . Cf. Nostrum, Our.] The persons speaking, regarded as an object; ourselves; — the objective case of we. See We. “Tell us a tale.” Chaucer.

Give us this day our daily bread. Matt. vi. 11.

Us, pron. oblique case of we

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
you have made us like sheep of food and among the nations you have scattered us
כְּצֹ֣אןke.Tzon like sheep of H6629 Preposition · noun common both singular construct
274× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a flock of sheep or goats, and is sometimes used to describe people in a figurative sense. It is also associated with the Sheep Gate in Jerusalem, a significant location in biblical times.
Tyndale gloss
Sheep (Gate)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

צֹאן (tso'n) refers to small cattle, specifically sheep and goats, and is used to denote a flock or flocks. It can also be used metaphorically to describe a multitude. The term appears in contexts such as Psalm 144:13, where it emphasizes the collective nature of these animals.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

צֹאן 273 n.coll.f. small cattle, sheep and goats, flock, flocks

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6629 צֹאן small cattle, sheep and goats, flock, flocks

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6629 tso'n tsone

or tsaown (Psalm 144:13) {tseh-one'}; from an unused root

meaning to migrate; a collective name for a flock (of sheep or

goats); also figuratively (of men):--(small) cattle, flock

(+ -s), lamb (+ -s), sheep((-cote, -fold, -shearer, -herds)).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

צֹאן (tson) — flock.

1) small cattle, sheep, sheep and goats, flock, flocks

1a) small cattle (usually of sheep and goats)

1b) of multitude (simile)

1c) of multitude (metaphor)

צֹאן (tson) — Sheep (Gate).

This name means sheep and goats

Also named: probatikos (προβατικός "Sheep Gate" G4262)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Ncbsc — Preposition · noun common both singular construct
HR/Ncbsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

you have made us like sheep of food and among the nations you have scattered us
מַאֲכָ֑לma.'a.Khal food H3978 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
30× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means food or something to eat, like fruit or meat, as seen in the story of Adam and Eve eating the forbidden fruit in Genesis. It's about nourishment and survival.
Tyndale gloss
food
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מַאֲכָל (ma'akal) means 'food' and encompasses a range of edibles including fruit, meat, and provisions. It is derived from the root word for eating. The term appears in contexts related to nourishment, as noted in Judges 14:14.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מַאֲכָל 30 n.m. Ju 14:14 (f. Hb 1:16) food

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3978 מַאֲכָל food

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3978 ma'akal mah-ak-awl'

from 398; an eatable (includ. provender, flesh and

fruit):--food, fruit, ((bake-)) meat(-s), victual.

see HEBREW for 0398

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מַאֲכָל (ma.a.khal) — food.

food, fruit, meat

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcmsa — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

food:

I. VEGETABLE FOODS

1. Primitive Habits

2. Cereals

3. Leguminous Plants

4. Food of Trees

II. ANIMAL FOOD

LITERATURE

In a previous article (see BREAD) it has been shown that in the Bible "bread" usually stands for food in general and how this came to be so. In a complementary article on MEALS the methods of preparing and serving food will be dealt with. This article is devoted specifically to the foodstuffs of the Orient, more especially to articles of food in use among the Hebrews in Bible times. These are divisible into two main classes.

I. Vegetable Foods.

1. Primitive Habits:

Orientals in general are vegetarians, rather than flesh eaters. There is some reason to believe that primitive man was a vegetarian (see Ge 2:16; 3:2,6). It would seem, indeed, from a comparison of Ge 1:29 f…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Food

Originally the Creator granted the use of the vegetable world for food to man (Gen. 1:29), with the exception mentioned (2:17). The use of animal food was probably not unknown to the antediluvians. There is, however, a distinct law on the subject given to Noah after the Deluge (Gen. 9:2-5). Various articles of food used in the patriarchal age are mentioned in Gen. 18:6-8; 25:34; 27:3, 4; 43:11. Regarding the food of the Israelites in Egypt, see Ex. 16:3; Num. 11:5. In the wilderness their ordinary food was miraculously supplied in the manna. They had also quails (Ex.…

The diet of eastern nations has been in all ages light and simple. Vegetable food was more used than animal. The Hebrews used a great variety of articles, (John 21:5) to give a relish to bread. Milk and its preparations hold a conspicuous place in eastern diet, as affording substantial nourishment; generally int he form of the modern leben , i.e. sour milk. Authorized Version "butter;" (Genesis 18:8; Judges 5:25; 2 Samuel 17:29) Fruit was another source of subsistence: figs stood first in point of importance; they were generally dried and pressed into cakes. Grapes were generally eaten in a dried state as raisins. Of vegetables we have most frequent notice of lentils…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

In ancient the food of a people was more entirely the product of their own country than in our day. Palestine was favored with an abundance of animal food, grain, and vegetables. But throughout the East, vegetable food is more used than animal. Bread was the principal food. Grain of various kinds, beans, lentils, onions, grapes, together with olive oil, honey, and the milk of goats and cows were the ordinary fare. The wandering Arabs live much upon a coarse black bread. A very common dish in Syria is rice, with shreds of meat, vegetables, olive oil, etc., intermixed. A similar dish, made with beans, lentils, and various kinds of pulse, was in frequent use at an earlier age, Ge 25:29-34 2Ki 4:38-1.

you have made us like sheep of food and among the nations you have scattered us
וּ֝בַגּוֹיִ֗םu.va.go.Yim and among the nations H1471 Conjunction · preposition · noun common masculine plural absolute
561× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a Gentile, someone who is not Hebrew or Israeli. It can also describe a large group of animals or a nation of people, emphasizing their unity and shared identity.
Tyndale gloss
Gentile
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גּוֹי (goy) refers to a nation or people, often indicating non-Hebrew groups, but can also encompass descendants of Abraham and Israel. It may figuratively describe a swarm of locusts or animals. The plural form, גּוֹיִם (goyim), is noted as a proper noun referring to the people of Goim, specifically mentioned in Genesis 14:1.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גּוֹי 661 n.m. nation, people

base

גּוֹיִם n.pr.gent. Tid‛al king of Goim

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1471a גּוֹי nation, people H1471b גּוֹיִם n. pr. gent. Tid‛al king of Goim

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1471 gowy go'-ee

rarely (shortened) goy {go'-ee}; apparently from the same

root as 1465 (in the sense of massing); a foreign nation;

hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a

flight of locusts:--Gentile, heathen, nation, people.

see HEBREW for 01465

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גּוֹי (goy) — nation.

1) nation, people

1a) nation, people

1a1) usually of non-Hebrew people

1a2) of descendants of Abraham

1a3) of Israel

1b) of swarm of locusts, other animals (fig.)

גּוֹיִם (go.yim) — Goiim.

People descended from Goy(?), first mentioned at Gen.14.1

§ Goyim (Tidgal, king of)

גּוֹי (goy) — Gentile.

1) nation, people

1a) nation, people

1a1) usually of non-Hebrew people

1a2) of descendants of Abraham

1a3) of Israel

1b) of swarm of locusts, other animals (fig.)

1c) Goyim? = "nations"

Also named: ethnos (ἔθνος "Gentiles" G1484)

גּוֹי (goy) — (Harosheth)-hagoyim.

Goyim (Tidgal, king of)

Combined with cha.ro.shet (חֲרֹ֫שֶׁת "Harosheth" H2800)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/Rd/Ncmpa — Conjunction · preposition · noun common masculine plural absolute
HC/Rd/Ncmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

na'-shunz.

See GENTILES; GOIIM; HEATHEN; TABLE OF NATIONS.

you have made us like sheep of food and among the nations you have scattered us
זֵרִיתָֽנוּ׃ze.ri.Ta.nu you have scattered us H2219 Verb piel perfect second person masculine singular · suffix
39× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew verb means to scatter or toss something about, and can also imply diffusing or winnowing. It is used in various forms throughout the Bible, including the books of Psalms and Isaiah. The word has different meanings based on context, such as casting away or spreading out.
Tyndale gloss
to scatter
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

זָרָה (zarah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to scatter, fan, or winnow. It encompasses various actions such as tossing about, dispersing, and spreading. The word appears in different forms, including Qal (to scatter), Niphal (to be scattered), and Piel (to intensively scatter). Notably, it is used in contexts like the scattering of the Israelites and the winnowing of grain.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[זָרָה] vb. scatter, fan, winnow (Ar. Arabic cause to fly, scatter (of wind), winnow; Aram. דְּרָא, Syriac; Eth. Ethiopic)—

Qal

scatter, the powder into which the golden calf was ground

fan, winnow

Niph. be scattered, dispersed, of Israel

Pi.

(intens. of Qal) scatter, disperse, esp. of peoples

winnow, sift

Pu. be scattered

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2219 [זָרָה] scatter, fan, winnow

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2219 zarah zaw-raw'

a primitive root (compare 2114); to toss about; by

implication, to diffuse, winnow:--cast away, compass,

disperse, fan, scatter (away), spread, strew, winnow.

see HEBREW for 02114

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

זָרָה (za.rah) — to scatter.

1) to scatter, fan, cast away, winnow, disperse, compass, spread, be scattered, be dispersed

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to scatter

1a2) to fan, winnow

1b) (Niphal) to be scattered, be dispersed

1c) (Piel)

1c1) to scatter, disperse (intensive of Qal)

1c2) to winnow, sift

1d) (Pual) to be scattered, be spread out

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVpp2ms/Sp1bp — Verb piel perfect second person masculine singular · suffix
HVpp2ms/Sp1bp
English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

US, pronoun objective case of we.

Give us this day our daily bread.

Us , pron. [OE. us, AS. s; akin to OFries. & OS. s, D. ons, G. uns, Icel. & Sw. oss, Dan. os, Goth. uns, L. nos we, us, Gr. we, Skr. nas us. . Cf. Nostrum, Our.] The persons speaking, regarded as an object; ourselves; — the objective case of we. See We. “Tell us a tale.” Chaucer.

Give us this day our daily bread. Matt. vi. 11.

Us, pron. oblique case of we

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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