04. BOOK V, CHAPTER III

CHAPTER III.

ACCESSION of Jovian—General Exultation—His Character—Favours the Interests of the Church—Paganism is at a Discount—Proceedings of the Arians, Donatists, and Novatians—General Toleration—The Standard of the Cross is replaced—Intolerant Proceeding of Magnus rebuked and punished—Athanasius re-appears in Alexandria—Is addressed in an Epistle by Jovian—Who invites him to resume the See of Alexandria—Which is offensive to the Arians—A Deputation wait upon Jovian—

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Who remains firm—Death of Jovian—Is succeeded by Valentinian—Who associates Valens with him in the Empire—Character of both—Valens ranks among the Orthodox—But is led by Eudoxius, Bishop of Constantinople, to the Side of Arianism—Valentinian is tolerant—Ammanus Marcellinus—Paganism is tolerated—Valens is zealous for Arianism—And persecutes the Orthodox—Prelates are exiled—Barbarities at Antioch—Murder of eighty Ministers—Modestus a Tool of Valens—Rev. H. H. Milman—Savage Ferocity of Valentinian—His Death—Valens again expels the orthodox Prelates from the Churches—Athanasius again flees—The See is filled by Lucius, a Usurper—Death of Procopius—Heroism of numerous Martyrs—Death of Athanasius—Nominates his Successor—Prepares the Way for further Persecution—Peter, the orthodox Successor of Athanasius, is imprisoned—And exiled—Euzoius—Tumult in Alexandria—Lucius attacks the Monasteries—Pantonius—Heraclides—Persecution of the Monks—Macarius—Lucius installed by the Help of the Sword—Cruelty of Magnus—And of Palladius—Numerous Monks sent to the Mines—The Goths—Athanaric—Fritigern—Sufferings of Sabas—His Character—Intolerant Proceedings of Athanaric—Unflinching Integrity of Sabas—Persecution increases—Sansala, a Fellow-Sufferer—Atharides—Sabas is tortured—And relieved by a Pagan Woman—Martyrdom of Sabas—Idolatry and Superstition of the Goths—Nicetas—Bitter Hatred of Athanaric—Numerous Attempts to induce Apostacy—A “noble Army of Martyrs” among the Sufferers of this Period—Valens approaching a Crisis in his Career—Influence of Christianity on the Barbarism of the Age—The Gothic Invasion—Salutary Effects of the Christian Clergy—Basil—Interview of Valens—Efforts of Modestus to shake the Fidelity of the Prelate—Valens succumbs to the Bishop, and presents an Oblation to the Poor—Piety of Terentius—Many Christians murdered amongst the Goths—Eusebius of Samosata—A powerful Adversary of Arianism—His Care of the Church—Machinations of the Arians—An Instance of his Firmness—Council at Antioch—In Disguise he makes the Tour of Syria—Continually frustrates the Schemes of the Arians—Eusebius is banished into Thrace—Perilous Situation of the Messenger—Escapes privately into Exile—Uproar in Samosata—Corresponds with Gregory Nazianzen—And with Basil—Character of Eunomius—Gregory Nyssen—Eunomius is superseded by Lucius—His violent Temper—Evolcius and Antiochus are banished—Paulinus—Defence of Eusebius and Meletius—Peter of Alexandria—Warlike Movements in Thrace—Valens marches against the Goths—He restores the exiled Bishops—Death of Eusebius—His Charity—Progress of the Goths—History of their Movements—Theophilus at the Council of Nice—Ulphilas, Character of—The Goths embrace Christianity—And Arianism—Death of Valens—Succeeded by Gratian—Valentinian the Younger—Theodosius—Murder of Gratian—Ambrose—Rebellion of Maximus—Justina—Ambrose commanded to resign the Churches of Milan—Refuses—And is persecuted by Justina—Valentinian II. dies—Critical Period of Church History—Canons of the Church, part of the civil Law—Priscillian—Persecution and Death of Priscillian—The first Martyr to sectarian Opinions—Theodosius—His Baptism—His intolerant Manifesto—Councils and Emperors govern the Church—Ambrose—Sanguinary Conduct of Theodosius—Bold Conduct of Ambrose—Penitence of the Emperor—Successfully pleads for the Pardon of an Offender—Epiphanius—His Character—His supposed Miracles—Ecumenical Council of Constantinople—Maximus—Canons of the Council—Heresies—Theodosius makes a determined Attack on Paganism—Desecration and Destruction of Pagan Temples—Marcellus, Bishop of Apamea—Temple of Jupiter—Martyrdom of Marcellus—Olympus—Temple of Serapis destroyed—And the colossal Statue of Serapis—Acacius, Bishop of Berea—Numerous Heresies—Martyrdom of Heretics—Donatists—Theodosius, Edicts of—Veneration for Martyrs xi

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—Death of Theodosius—Pelagius—Honorius—Semi-Pelagianism—Origin of Nestorianism—Cessation of the Agape—Doctrines of the Nestorans—Repartces of Sisinus—John Chrysostom—Christianity compromised—Corruption of Manners—Troubles of the Empire—State of the Church—Council of Carthage—Persecution in Persia—Several Prelates deposed—Persecution of a Deaconess—Chrysostom condemned—Character of Innocent—Statue of the Empress—Testimony of Prudentius—Tumult in the Church—Gladiatorial Games prohibited—Death of Chrysostom—Worship of Martyrs—Theodosius the Younger—Pulcheria—Relics of Martyrs—Death of Stilicho—Alaric takes Rome—Vigilantius—Donatists at Carthage—Theophilus, Bishop of Alexandria—Martin of Tours—Progress of Superstition—Martin in the Army—First Monastery in France—His Fanaticism—And Miracles imputed to him—Sulpitius—Pagan Rites introduced—Doubtful Character of Proselytes—Credulity of Sulpitius—Examples—Saint-Worship of Paulinus—Jerome—Early Career of—Character of—Bethlehem—Monastic Institutions—Birth-Place of Vigilantius—Marvellous Tales—His Principles in Danger—Propagation of Falsehoods—Difficulty of studying Scripture—Vigilantius ordained—Abuse of the fourth Century—Apostolical Authority—Vigilantius at Bethlehem—Cradle—Desceration—Extravagant Notions of Celibacy—Vigilantius in the Cottian Alps—Connexion between him and the Waldenses—Gospel professed in the Cottian Alps—Vigilantius condemns numerous Errors—Perished in the Massacre of Barcelona—Dr. Henderson—Jerome—Theodosian Code established—Definition of Heresy—Laws against—Term "Inquisitor" first used—Final Effort of Paganism—Character of Leo—Aggrandizement of the Roman See—Private Confession—Genseric upon Carthage—Heresy of Eutyches—Councils of Constantinople, Chalcedon, and Ephesus—Vandal Persecution—Martyrdom of Armogastus—Death of Valentinian III.—Numerous Sects—Arians strengthen Rome—Power of the Church—Christianity extends—Edicts against Heresy—Code of Theodosius—Code of Justinian

CHAPTER IV.

Not all the Slain are Martyrs—Confusion of the Secular and the Spiritual—The Britons—Persecution in Armenia, and religious War—Renewed Persecution in Africa—Massacre of Christians in Arabia—War between Justinian and Chosroes—The Lombards—Hermenegild, the Rebel, canonized—Chosroes II. takes Jerusalem—The Mussulmans also take Jerusalem—Constantine-Sylvanus and the Paulicians—Phocas and Boniface III.—The Monks of Bangor—State of Europe in the EIGHTH Century—Persecution in the East—In Spain—Gotteschalchus—State of the Church in the NINTH Century—Claudius of Turin—Pseudo-Martyrs of the TENTH Century—Adalbert of Prague—Sylvester II.—Canons of Orleans—Christianity rejected in Hungary—Ordeals—Propagandists of the ELEVENTH Century—First Crusade—England—Hakem, Father of the Druses—Intellectual Movement in the TWELFTH Century—Speculations—Foulques de Neuilly—Heretics—Conduct of the Church towards Heretics—Albigenses—Councils of Lateran and Verona—Judgment of an enlightened Romanist respecting the Persecutions of those Times—Jews—Resistance to Ecclesiastical Power—Second Crusade—Third Crusade—Fourth Crusade—Military Orders—Condition of Christians in the East—Waldo and the Waldenses—Prohibition of Prayer in vernacular Languages xii

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THE THIRTEENTH Century characterized—SIXTH, SEVENTH, and EIGHTH Crusades to the Holy Land and Egypt—Fall of the Latin Kingdom in the East—Fruitless Negotiations between the Latin, Greek, and Roman Churches—Crusades against reputed Heretics in France and Spain—Spanish Preachers in Africa—Crusades against Pagans in Livonia and Prussia—Political and religious Opponents of the Papacy persecuted throughout Europe—State of England, Scotland, and Ireland—Jubilees invented—Series of Events in the FOURTEENTH Century—Quarrels and Schism of the Papacy—Monasticism—Disaffection of the Laity—State of Society—Persecutions in Italy—Germany—France—England—Wycliffe and the Lollards—Conclusion

MARTYROLOGIA,

&c.

BOOK IV.

PERSECUTIONS WHICH TOOK PLACE FROM THE CLOSE OF THE FIRST TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FOURTH CENTURY.