1 Thessalonians 1

1 Thessalonians 1:1

ΠΡΟΣΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΙΣΑ

1. ADDRESS AND . The Apostle names Silvanus and Timotheus with himself, as having with him founded the church at Thessalonica, see Acts 16:1; Acts 17:14. Silvanus is placed before Timotheus, then a youth (Acts 16:1 f., see further in Prolegg, to 1 Tim. § i. 3, 4), as being one ἡγούμενοςἐντοῖςἀδελφοῖς (Acts 15:22; Acts 15:32; Acts 18:5), and a προφήτης (ib. Acts 15:32, see also 2 Corinthians 1:19; 1 Peter 5:12). He does not name himself an Apostle, probably for (an amplification of) the reason given by De Wette,—because his Apostleship needed not any substantiation to the Thessalonians.

For the same reason he omits the designation in the Epistle to the Philippians. This last fact precludes the reasons given,—by Pelt, al., ‘id ei tum non jam moris fuisse,’ by Chrys.,—διὰτὸνεοκατηχήτουςεἶναιτοὺςἄνδρας, κ. μηδέπωαὐτοῦπεῖρανεἰληφέναι,—by Estius, Pelt (altern.), and Zwingl., out of modesty, not to distinguish himself from Silvanus and Timotheus,—by Jowett, “probably the name ‘Apostle,’ which in its general sense was used of many, was gradually, and at no definite period, applied to him with the same special meaning as to the Apostles at Jerusalem.”

τῇἐκκλησίᾳ] So in 2 Thess., Gal., Corr., in the other Epistles, viz. Rom., Eph., Col., Phil., more generally, e.g.,—πᾶσιντοῖςοὖσινἐνῬώμῃἀγαπητοῖςθεοῦ, κλητοῖςἁγίοις. This is most probably accounted for by the circumstances of the various Epistles. We may notice that the gen. plur. of the persons constituting the church occurs only in the addresses of these two Epistles. We may render ‘of Thessalonians,’ or ‘of the Thessalonians:’ better the former.

ἐνθεῷπατρί] The construction need not be filled up by τῇ or τῇοὔσῃ, as Chr., al.: nor with Schott, by understanding χαίρεινλέγουσιν, which would be unnecessary, seeing that the apostolic greeting follows. The words form a (“tertiary,” Ellic.) predication respecting τῇἐκκλησίᾳ, or Θεσσαλονικέων, which requires no supplementing. See Winer, edn, 6, § 20. 2.

ἐνθεῷπατρί marks them as not being heathens,—κ. κυρίῳἸησοῦχριστῷ, as not being Jews. So De W. after Chrys.: but perhaps the πατρί already marks them as Christians.

The ἐν, as usual, denotes communion and participation in, as the element of spiritual life.

χάριςὑμῖνκ. εἰρήνη] “Gratia et pax a Deo sit vobis, ut, qui humana gratia et sæculari pace privati estis, apud Deum gratiam et pacem habeatis.” Anselm (in Pelt).

The words which follow in the rec. are not yet added in this his first Epistle. Afterwards they became a common formula with him.

1 Thessalonians 1:2

2. εὐχαριστοῦμεν, coming so immediately after the mention of Paul, Silvanus, and Timotheus, can hardly be here understood of the Apostle alone, as Pelt, Conyb. and Hows., Jowett, al. For undoubted as it is that he often, e.g. ch. 1 Thessalonians 3:1-2, where see note, uses the plural of himself alone, yet it is as undoubted that he uses it also of himself and his fellow-labourers—e.g., 2 Corinthians 1:18-19. And so De W., Lünemann, al., take it here.

πάντοτεπερὶπάντων] We have the same alliteration Ephesians 5:20. These words belong to εὐχαριστ., not to μνείανποι. On these latter words see Romans 1:9 f.

ἀδιαλείπτως seems by the nearly parallel place, Romans 1:9, to belong to μνείανὑμ. ποι., not to μνημονεύοντες, as Lün., Pelt, al. Such a formula would naturally repeat itself, as far as specifications of this kind are concerned. Still it must be borne in mind, that the order there is slightly different.

1 Thessalonians 1:3

3. μνημον. is not intransitive, as Erasm.-Schmid, al.: but as in reff.: ‘commemorantes,’ Beza. ὑμῶν is by Œcum., Calv., al., regarded as the genitive after μνημον. standing alone, and ἕνεκα supplied before the other genitives. But such a construction may be doubted, and at all events it is much simpler here to regard ὑμ. as the genitive governed by τοῦἔργου, … τοῦκόπου, and τῆςὑπομονῆς, and prefixed, as belonging to all three, πίστις, ἀγάπη, ἐλπίς, are the three great Christian graces of 1 Corinthians 13. See also ch. 1 Thessalonians 5:8; Colossians 1:4-5; and Usteri, paulinisch. Lehrbegriff, p. 236 ff.

τοῦἔργουτῆςπίστεως] Simple as these words are, all sorts of strange meanings have been given to them. Koppe and Rosenmüller hold τ. ἔργου to be pleonastic: Calv., Calov., al., render (ungrammatical) ‘your faith wrought by God;’ Kypke, ‘the reality (ἔργ. as contrasted with λόγος) of your faith;’ Chrys., Thl., Thdrt, Œc., al., ‘the endurance of your faith in suffering:’ &c. Comparing the words with the following genitives, they seem to mean, ‘that work (energetic activity) which faith brings forth’ (as Chrys. ἡπίστιςδιὰτῶνἔργωνδείκνυται: the gen., as also those following, being thus a possessive one: see Ellicott here): q.d. ‘the activity of your faith:’ see 2 Thessalonians 1:11; or perhaps, as Jowett (but not so well), “ ‘your work of faith,’ i.e. the Christian life, which springs from faith:” thus making the gen. one of origin.

τοῦκόπου] probably towards the sick and needy strangers, cf. Acts 20:35; Romans 16:6; Romans 16:12—not in the word and ministry (De W.), cf. ch. 1 Thessalonians 5:12; which is irrelevant here. τῆςἀγάπ. not as springing from, but as belonging to, love,—characterizing it (Lün.): see above.

τ. ὑπομ. τῆςἐλπίδος] your endurance of hope—i.e. endurance (in trials) which belongs to (see above), characterizes, your hope; and also nourishes it, in turn: cf. Romans 15:4, ἵναδιὰτῆςὑπομονῆς, κ. διὰτῆςπαρακλήσεωςτῶνγραφῶντὴνἐλπίδαἔχωμεν.

τοῦκυρ. ἡμ. Ἰ. χ.] specifies the hope—that it is a hope of the coming of the Lord Jesus Christ (cf. 1 Thessalonians 1:10). Olsh. refers the words to all three preceding substantives—but this seems alien from St. Paul’s style. On all three Jowett says well, ‘your faith, hope, and love; a faith that had its outward effect on your lives: a love that spent itself in the service of others: a hope that was no mere transient feeling, but was content to wait for the things unseen when Christ should be revealed.’

ἔμπρ. τ. θ. κ. πατρ. ἡμ.] belongs most naturally to μνημονεύοντες—making mention … before God: not to the genitives preceding (see Romans 4:17; Romans 14:22), as Thdrt., al.

1 Thessalonians 1:4

4. εἰδότες refers back to μνημονεύοντες; in that we know—or for we know. Thdrt., Erasm., Grot., al., take it for οἴδατεγάρ, or εἰδότεςἐστέ, wrongly referring it to the Thessalonians: Pelt joins it with μνείανποιούμενοι: but the construction as above seems the best. ὑπὸθεοῦ belongs to ἠγαπημένοι, as in 2 Thessalonians 2:13, see also Romans 1:7; not to εἰδότες, as Est. thinks possible (ὑπό for παρά?), nor to ἐκλογήν—either as E. V., ‘your election of God,’ which is ungrammatical (requiring τὴνὑπ. θ. ἐκ.), or as Œc., Thl., all., ὑπὸθ. τὴνἐκλ. ὑμ. (εἶναι), which would introduce an irrelevant emphasis on ὑπὸθεοῦ.

ἐκλογή must not be softened down: it is the election unto life of individual believers by God, so commonly adduced by St. Paul (reff.: and 1 Corinthians 1:27; 2 Thessalonians 2:13).

ὑμῶν, objective genitive after ἐκλογήν—knowing that God ἐξελέξατοὑμᾶς.

1 Thessalonians 1:5

5. ὅτι has been taken to mean ‘videlicet, ut,’ and the verse to be an epexegesis of ἐκλογήν: but as Lün. remarks, evidently 1 Thessalonians 1:5-6 ff. are meant not to explain wherein their election consisted, but to give reasons in matter of fact for concluding (εἰδότες) the existence of that election. ὅτι must then be because, and a colon be placed at ὑμῶν. These reasons are (1) the power and confidence with which he and Silvanus and Timotheus preached among them (1 Thessalonians 1:5), and (2) the earnest and joyful manner in which the Thessalonians received it (1 Thessalonians 1:6 ff.). Both these were signs of God’s grace to them—tokens of their election vouchsafed by Him.

τὸεὐαγγ. ἡμ., the gospel which we preached.

ἐγενήθηεἰς] See reff., especially Gal.: came to you is perhaps the nearest: εἰς betokens the direction, πρός, with ἐγέν., would give nearly the same sense, or perhaps that of apud, see ref. 1 Cor. &c. We must not take ἐγενήθηεἰςὑμ. for a constr. prægnans (ἦλθ. εἰςκαὶἐγ. ἐν), which with ἦν it might be: for ἐγενήθηεἰς carries motion in itself without any thing supplied. On ‘the passive form ἐγενήθη, alien to the Attic, and originally Doric, but common in the κοινή’ (Lün.), see note on Ephesians 3:7; Lobeck on Phryn. p. 108 ff.; Kühner, i. 193; Winer, § 15. It was attempted in my earlier editions to press the passive sense in the frequent occurrences of this form in this Epistle. But wider acquaintance with the usage has since convinced me that this is not possible, and that we must regard it as equivalent in meaning to the more usual ἐγένετο.

The prepositions ἐν following indicate the form and manner in which the preaching was carried on, not (as Pelt, al.) that in which the Thessalonians received it, which is not treated till 1 Thessalonians 1:6.

δυνάμει is not ‘miracles,’ as Thdrt., Œc., all., nor efficacia et vis agens in cordibus fidelium (Bullinger) (see above), but power, viz. of utterance and of energy.

πν. ἁγίῳ] beware again of the supposed figure of ἓνδιὰδυοῖν, by which all character of style and all logical exactness is lost. Even Conyb. here has fallen into this error, and rendered “power of the Holy Ghost.”

It is a predicate advancing beyond ἐνδυνάμει—not only in force and energy, but in the Holy Ghost—in a manner which could only be ascribed to the operation of the Holy Spirit.

πληροφορίᾳπολλῇ] much confidence (of faith), see reff. Many irrelevant meanings have been given: fulness of spiritual gifts, which the Thessalonians had received (Lomb., Corn.-a-lap., Turretin.): certainty of the truth, felt by them (Macknight, Benson, al.): ‘fulfilment of the apostolic office’ (Estius). The confidence (see above) was that in which Paul and Silvanus and Timotheus preached to them.

καθὼςκ.τ.λ.] Appeal to their knowledge that the fact was so. These words restrict the foregoing to the preachers, as explained above: καὶτί, φησι, μακρηγορῶ; αὐτοὶὑμεῖςμάρτυρέςἐστε, οἷοιἐγενήθημενπρὸςὑμᾶς. Œc. This interpretation is fixed by καθώς, referring back to the whole previous description. The sense has been variously given: Conyb., ‘And you, likewise know’—but ‘likewise’ surely confounds the connexion: Pelt, even further from the mark, … ‘ita accipimus, ut Apostolum exemplum suum Thessaloniensibus imitandum statuamus.’

οἷοιἐγενήθ.] what manner of men we proved, as Ellic.: not ‘quales facti simus,’ see above in this note: nor as vulg., ‘quales fuerimus;’ the point of the fact appealed to is, the proof given, what manner of men they were, by the manner of their preaching. “The ποιότης was evinced in the power and confidence with which they delivered their message.” Ellic.: the proof given by the manner of their preaching.

ἐνἱμῖν] local merely: among you.

διʼ ἱμᾶς] for your sakes—conveying the purpose of the Apostle and his colleagues, and in the background also the purpose of GOD—‘you know what God enabled us to be,—how mighty in preaching the word,—for your sakes—thereby proving that he loved you, and had chosen you for His own.’

1 Thessalonians 1:6

6. Further proof of the same, that ye are ἐκλεκτοί, by the method in which you received the Gospel thus preached by us. καὶὑμεῖς corresponds with τὸεὐ. ἡμῶν above. It is somewhat difficult here to fix exactly the point of comparison, in which they imitated their ministers and Christ. Certainly it is not merely, in receiving the word—for to omit other objections, this would not apply at all to Him:—and therefore, not in any qualifying detail of their method of reception of the word—not in δύναμις, nor in πν. ἁγ., nor in πληρ. πολλ.

So far being clear, we have but one particular left, and that respects the circumstances under which, and the spirit with which: and here we find a point of comparison even with Christ Himself: viz. joyful endurance in spirit under sufferings. This it was in which they imitated the Apostles, and their divine Master, and which made them patterns to other churches (see below).

For this θλῖψις in which they ἐδέξαντοτὸνλόγον, see Acts 17:5-10; ch. 1 Thessalonians 2:14; 1 Thessalonians 3:2-3; 1 Thessalonians 3:5.

δεξάμενοι] in that ye received. χαρὰπνεύματοςἁγίου (ref.), joy wrought by the Holy Spirit. On the gen. of origin, see Ellic.’s note here.

1 Thessalonians 1:7

7. Further specification of the eminence of the Thessalonians’ Christian character.

τύπον, of the whole church as one: see Bernhardy, p. 60.

πᾶσιντοῖςπιστεύουσιν] to the whole of the believers. οἱπιστεύοντες, like ὁπειράζων, designates the kind. Chrys. understands this participle as if it were πιστεύσασιν:—καὶμὴνἐνὑστέρῳἦλθεπρὸςαὐτούςἀλλʼ οὕτωςἐλάμψατε, φησίν, ὡςτῶνπρολαβόντωνγενέσθαιδιδασκάλους … οὐγὰρεἶπεν, ὥστετύπουςγενέσθαιπρὸςτὸπιστεῦσαι, ἀλλὰτοῖςἤδηπιστεύουσιτύποςἐγένεσθε. But it was not so: for the only church in Europe which was in Christ before the Thessalonian, was the Philippian (Acts 16:12 to Acts 17:1, see ch. 1 Thessalonians 2:2).

Μακ. κ. Ἀχ.] Cf. Romans 15:26; Acts 19:21; the two Roman provinces, comprehending Northern and Southern Greece. There is no reference, as Thdrt., to the Greeks being ἔθνημέγιστακ. ἐπὶσοφίᾳθαυμαζόμενα, and so their praise being the greater: these are mentioned simply because the Apostle had been, since their conversion, in Macedonia, and had left Silvanus and Timotheus there,—and was now in Achaia.

1 Thessalonians 1:8

8. Proof of the praise in 1 Thessalonians 1:7.

ἀφʼ ὑμῶν is merely local, from you, as in ref.; not ‘by you’ (as preachers) (ὑφʼ ὑμῶν), as Rückert, “locorum Paulinorum 1 Thessalonians 1:8 et 1 Thessalonians 3:1-3 explanatio:” nor ‘by your means,’ viz. in saving Silas and myself from danger of our lives and so enabling us to preach (διʼ ὑμῶν), as Storr, and Flatt.

ἐξήχηται] δηλῶνὅτιὥσπερσάλπιγγοςλαμπρὸνἠχούσηςὁπλησίονἅπαςπληροῦταιτόπος, οὕτωτῆςὑμετέραςἀνδρείαςἡφήμηκαθάπερἐκείνησαλπίζουσαἱκανὴτὴνοἰκουμένηνἐμπλῆσαι. Chrys.

ὁλόγ. τ. κυρίου, cannot be as De W. ‘the fame of the reception of the Gospel by you:’ the sense seems to be that your ready reception and faith as it were sounded forth the λόγοντοῦκυρίου, the word of the Lord, the Gospel message, loudly and clearly, through all parts.

The logical construction of this verse is somewhat difficult. After the οὐμόνονἐντῇΜακ. κ. Ἀχ., we expect merely ἀλλʼ ἐνπαντὶτόπῳ: but these words appear, followed by a new subject and a new predicate. Either then we must regard this new subject and predicate as merely an epexegesis of the former, ἐξήχηταιὁλόγ. τοῦκυρ., or, with Lünemann, we must place a colon at κυρίου, and begin a new sentence with οὐμόνον. This last is very objectionable, for it leaves ἀφʼ ὑμ … κυρίου standing alone in the most vapid and spiritless manner, with the strong rhetorical word ἐξήχηται unaccounted for and unemphatic. The other way then must be our refuge, and I cannot see those objections to it which Lün. has found. It is quite according to the versatile style of St. Paul, half to lose sight of the οὐμόνονἀλλʼ, and to go on after ἐνπαντὶτόπῳ with a new sentence; and especially as that new sentence explains the somewhat startling one preceding.

πρός, towards, directed towards God as its object (and here, as contrasted with idols, see next verse)—not = the more usual εἰς, to and into, as Ellic. correcting my previous on (ἐπί).

De Wette, al., suppose with some probability that the report of the Thessalonians’ faith may have been spread by Christian travelling merchants, such as Aquila and Priscilla.

ὥστεμὴ …] The report being already rife, we found no occasion to speak of your faith, or in your praise.

1 Thessalonians 1:9

9. αὐτοί, the people ἐντῇΜακ. κ. Ἀχ., κ. ἐνπαντὶτόπῳ: see reff., and Bernhardy, p. 288.

περὶἡμῶν] concerning US, Paul and Silvanus and Timotheus; not as Lün., ‘us both,’ including the Thessalonians. This he does, to square the following clauses, which otherwise are not correspondent: but there are two objections to his view: (1) the emphatic position of περὶἡμῶν, which seems to necessitate its keeping its strict meaning: (2) that it would in this case have been much more naturally ὑμῶν than ἡμῶν, as the second person has prevailed throughout, and our εἴσοδος to you was quite as much a matter happening to you as to us. That καὶπερὶὑμῶν, πῶς should be abbreviated as we find it, will surely not surprise any one familiar with the irregularities, in point of symmetry, of St. Paul’s style.

The ἀπαγγελλόμενα here correspond to the two members of the above proof, 1 Thessalonians 1:5-6. ὁποίαν has no reference to danger, as Chrys., al. εἴσοδος merely access, in the way of coming to them: see ch. 1 Thessalonians 2:1; not of itself facilis aditus, as Pelt. πῶς, merely how that, introducing matter of fact,—not ‘how,’ ‘in what manner,’ how joyfully and energetically, as Lünem.: if so, the long specification (πρὸς … ἐρχομένης), which follows the (thus) unemphatic verb, drags wearily: whereas, regarded as indicating matter of fact only, the πῶς is unemphatic, and the matter of fact itself, carrying the emphasis, justifies the full statement which is made of it.

ζῶντικ. ἀληθινῷ] ζῶνταμὲναὐτὸνὠνόμασεν, ὡςἐκείνωνοὐζώντων. ἀληθινὸνδέ, ὡςἐκείνωνψευδῶςθεῶνκαλουμένων. Thdrt.

1 Thessalonians 1:10

10. The especial aspect of the faith of the Thessalonians was hope: hope of the return of the Son of God from heaven: a hope, indeed, common to them with all Christians in all ages, but evidently entertained by them as pointing to an event more immediate than the church has subsequently believed it to be. Certainly these words would give them an idea of the nearness of the coming of Christ: and perhaps the misunderstanding of them may have contributed to the notion which the Apostle corrects, 2 Thessalonians 2:1 ff.: see note there. By ὃνἤγ. ἐκτῶννεκρῶν, that whereby (Romans 1:4) Jesus was declared to be the Son of God with power, is emphatically prefixed to His name.

τὸνῥυόμενον] who delivereth: not = τ. ῥυσόμενον,—still less as E. V., past, ‘who delivered,’ but descriptive of His office, = ‘our Deliverer,’ as ὁπειράζων, &c.

τῆςἐρχ.—which is coming: cf. Ephesians 5:6; Colossians 3:6.