Revelation 22

Revelation 22:1

And in the same vision I further saw, by the angel’s shewing me, or pointing to it, a font or baptistery, to which they that were admitted were bound to undertake all purity of living; and the power of admitting to that was intrusted to the governors of the church, by Christ communicated to them.

[a] a pure river] The five first verses of this chapter belong to the business of the former chapter, the description of the Christian church in its flourishing condition, and ought not to have been divided from it. And this first verse hath a nearer connexion with that which immediately preceded. There in the beginning of it is mention of entrance into the church, and who they were that should not be admitted to it. Now this entrance we know was by baptism, and that is sure expressed here by the καθαρὸς ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς, the pure river of water of life. The place wherein they baptized was first any great pool of water, (typified, Ezek. xlvii. 5, by waters to swim in,) where they might go in, as Philip with the eunuch, and be put under water; from whence it is ordinarily by the ancients called κολυμβήθρα, a pool. In the times here referred to, that is, under Constantine, the font was in the court before the church, fountain-water running always into it. This fountain-water is in the New Testament called ζῶν ὕδωρ, living water, and here by analogy water of life, but that with the addition of a mystical sense, (as when, Ezek. xlvii. 9, it is said, that every thing that moveth, wheresoever the waters come, shall live; or when Christ speaks of ὕδωρ ἀλλόμενον εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον, water leaping, or springing, to eternal life,) because baptism, as an initiation into the church, is an entrance into a Christian and eternal life. And the water in the baptistery or font, maintained from the spring, is called here ποταμὸς, river, a word by which any running water is called, and so that Ezek. xlvii. 5. And this river καθαρὸς, pure, because baptism is a federal sacramental undertaking of all purity of living, forsaking all sin, and engaging of the soul to purity; and in the same respect it is also said to be λαμπρὸς ὡς κρύσταλλος, clear as crystal, being an obligation to all purity in the baptized. Now that this pure river is said to proceed, not as Ezek. xlvii. 1, from under the threshold of the house, but out of the throne of God and the Lamb, hath some more difficulty in it, which, I conceive, may thus be resolved; the throne is a notation of power and judicature, as when God is introduced in the vision, ch. iv. 1, sitting on a throne; and so the throne of the Lamb is that power which is by Christ instated on the governors of the church, of which the power of baptizing being one special part, this river, by which baptism is expressed, is fitly said to proceed out of the throne. To which purpose it must be

ᵘ Polyhist. c. 70.

ˣ Lib. 6. 26.

ʸ Lib. 2. c. 6.

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Revelation 22:2

And I saw also a place for Christian assemblies; and betwixt that and the font was the tree of life planted, noting these two to be great obligations, and advancers of piety in men’s hearts, such as should bring forth all manner of fruits of holiness at all seasons. And the visible outward profession and form of piety in the church (perhaps discipline and government and ceremonies instituted in it) were to be of great use, as to attract others and bring them into the church, so to keep men in a good healthy state of soul, or reduce and restore them that are fallen from it.

[b] street] What πλανεία, the street, denotes in this vision, may be easily resolved by observing that the streets or broad places of a city are places of concourse and resort, and so συναγωγαί and ῥύμαι, assemblies and streets, are used together in the same sense, Matt. vi. 5. Accordingly, the street or broad place here will be fit to denote the place of assembly in the church or city of God, where the prayers are offered up, and the sacrifice of the church in the eucharist, and where instruction is reached out to them.

[c] on either side of the river] That the tree of life here mentioned (instead of the very many trees in Ezekiel, ch. xlvii. 7.) looks back to Paradise, where that tree was set, Gen. ii. 9, doth seem most probable, and well accords also with the river here joined with it, as there, ver. 10, a river went out of Eden to water the garden. And therefore what is here meant by it in the prophetic notion, may be best learned from the allegorical interpretations which the ancient writers affix to it in the Old Testament; for those will be most agreeable to the prophetic style, which we know is made up of figures. Now of the tree of life, saith Philo, it signified θεοσέβειαν, piety, or worship of God. And so Clemens Alexandrinus, that the tree of knowledge was ἰὰν παρανομῶμεν, if we transgress, that is, it signified sin, of which whosoever tasted should die, but the tree of life denoted piety, of which he that eat should live eternally. Other descants there are on it here, that it should signify the cross of Christ, or the enlivening grace of God: but this is the most agreeable to the context, and the other circumstances thereof. But it must here be inquired, what is the meaning of the phrase, ἐν μέσῳ πλανείας καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ, ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ἐντεῦθεν, which we render, in the midst of the street of it, and on either side the river; but the words bear not that, and a great inconvenience there must be in so rendering them, for the tree of life, which appears to be in Paradise and here but one, and not many, as in Ezekiel, nor set on the bank of the river, as there, must yet be supposed to be on both sides of the river, which is impossible. The best and most literal rendering will be this, ἐν μέσῳ τῆς πλανείας καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ, in the midst of the street and the river, ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ἐντεῦθεν, (or, as the king’s MS. reads, καὶ ἐκεῖθεν,) on this side and on that side, that is, not as in Ezekiel, the many trees

HAMMOND ANNOTT. VOL. II. 8 8

[d] the leaves of the tree] The leaves of a tree that beareth fruit are of use to guard and preserve the fruit; and besides they are many of them medicinal; and so both in Ezekiel and here they are said to be εἰς θεραπείαν, for healing or medicine. That which is most probably here meant by these leaves of this tree of life, is the outward visibleness and exemplariness of piety, which accompanies the fruits of it. This in single persons is only the shining of their light before men, which is of great use to attract others (even the ἔθνη, if that signify the Gentiles, unbelievers here) to Christianity, who see their good works; whereas the scandalous sins of Christians are apt to alien and deter others from that profession. But in a church these leaves may signify more also, the public and frequent assembling for the service and worship of God, and the canons and exercise of strict discipline, &c. And

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Revelation 22:3

And for notorious sinners, such to whom the censures of the church belong, they shall not be permitted to continue in it; for the Christian judicatures shall never cease, or be turned out of it, for the space of the thousand years, (as many other governments have failed,) and all Christians will submit to it.

[e] shall be no more curse] That ἀνάθεμα, a curse, or execration, is ordinarily taken for the person to whom that censure or second sort of excommunication belongs, appears by the use of it in other places of the New Testament. Thus Rom. ix. 3, πύχαμην ἀνάθεμα εἶναι, I could wish to be a curse, that is, accursed, from Christ, separate or excommunicate from the body of Christ, the church. So 1 Cor. xvi. 22, If any man love not—let him be anathema; and Gal. i. 8, If I or an angel shall teach any other doctrine, let him be anathema. In all these places the word curse is clearly put for an excommunicate or accursed person, put under the censures or execration of the church; and accordingly here in any reason πᾶν κατανάθεμα, every curse, must signify every wicked person fit for the censures of the church. And then the οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι, shall be no longer, must signify the exercise of such discipline in the church, in excluding all such wicked persons out of it, and so to the mention of baptism, by the river, vv. 1, 2, and of the Christian assemblies, by the streets, v. 2, adds the use of excommunication in the Christian church, for which we know ecclesiastical judicatories were erected in Constantine’s time, and so continued under the favour of Christian emperors and princes. By which appears also what is meant by the throne of God and the Lamb, in this verse, viz. Christian judicatories for the excommunicating of scandalous offenders, wherein the power exercised by the bishops is acknowledged to be the power of God, or Christ, and this throne here the same with that, ver. 1, the power of baptizing and of excommunicating, of admitting and excluding from the church, being branches of the same authority, by Christ communicated to the apostles.

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Revelation 22:4

And such as do so shall have the favour of God, and shall be accounted true Christian servants of his.

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Revelation 22:5

And in this church of Christ there shall be no more sadness or darkness, no want of refreshment or

¹⁶ and a lie, ψ6802. ¹ thereof, and of the river, on this side and on that was the tree of life bearing twelve fruits, yielding— ² any accursed thing shall be there no longer.

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Revelation 22:6

And the angel then began to conclude and fold up his discourse to me, and to sum up what I had seen in this vision, telling me, That all this, as strange and glorious as it was, should certainly come to pass; and that that God which inspired and gave commissions to all the prophets had now sent an angel to make this revelation, by way of vision, of those things that were speedily to commence, and one after another to come to pass.

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Revelation 22:7

And this consideration of the speediness of the completion of these prophecies, that of the prosperity of the church under the Christian emperors and kings within two hundred and fifty years, but of those that concerned the destruction of the Jews and Gnostics, the present enemies and persecutors of Christians, every where called the coming of Christ, (see note [b] Matt. xxiv,) now immediately approaching, is of so important consideration to every one who now lives in the Christian church, that as it is the only way to felicity for a man to guide his actions by the contents of this prophecy, so it will go very ill with him that doth not.

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Revelation 22:8

And I that write all this book of visions, by way of epistle to the seven churches of Asia, am that very person that saw and heard all that is here set down; and when I did see them and hear them, I was so transported with the joyfulness of the matter of them, that I did, in expression of a true sense of that benefit, perform a most humble obeisance to him that had been the messenger to convey it to me: (see ch. xix. 10.)

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Revelation 22:9

But he would not permit me, saying, I am but a fellowservant of thine, and but equal to the other prophets which are thy brethren, (thou thyself being such an one by being an apostle, see ch. xix. 10;) and they that live christianly, and persevere in the faith of Christ against all temptations, according to the design of this book, are absolutely such as I am, the servants of God also. Let God have the thanks and praise of all that shall be done, and of all that is now revealed to thee.

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Revelation 22:10

And then, methought, Christ himself said thus

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Revelation 22:11

And now the bad and good shall come to receive their sentence: there remain not now any more seasons of working changes on any, but he that is now an impenitent persecutor of Christianity, an impenitent, carnal Gnostic, is like suddenly to be taken and dealt with accordingly; and, on the other side, he that hath held out constant for all those terrors and persecutions and deceits of carnal sins, is suddenly to receive the fruits and reward of it.

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Revelation 22:12

And I shall not now make any longer delays, (as hitherto hath by some been objected against the fidelity of my promises, 2 Pet. iii. 9,) but hasten to reward every man according to his works, both good and evil.

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Revelation 22:13

I am the eternal God, that have descended so low to the very death of the cross, and having been myself tempted, am sure not to leave you in calamities; I am able to perform my promise, and shall not by any means be hindered from it.

Revelation 22:14

Thrice happy are they that receive the faith of Christ, and live according to those rules of piety mentioned, ver. 2, and live quietly and christianly in the church.

Revelation 22:15

Out of which all profane wicked persons are to be ejected; such are the Gnostics, who cannot be better compared than to dogs, for biting and tearing the orthodox constant Christians, and are over and above sorcerers professed, and guilty of all filthy pollutions, bloody-minded, guilty of idol-worship, and hypocritical, treacherous persons, (see ch. xxi. 8,) and so are but false, equivocal members of Christ’s church, and shall have no part of the benefit of Christians.

Revelation 22:16

I Jesus have sent unto thee my angel, with all these visions concerning the seven churches, and all other passages concerning the universal church of God. I am he that am known by the prophets by these several titles, The root of Jesse, The son of

⁴ injurious, let him be injurious, ὁ ἀδικῶν ἀδικησάτω. ⁵ defileth, let him defile, ὁ ῥυπῶν

ῥυπωσάτω. ⁶ Or, do righteousness: the King’s MS. reads δικαιοσύνην ποιησάτω. ⁷ Or,

wash their garments: for the King’s MS. reads πλύποντες τὰς σχολὰς αὐτῶν. ⁸ power

over, or, upon, ἐξουσία ἐπί. ⁹ concerning, ἐπί.

Revelation 22:17

And the Spirit of God that dwells in the church of Christ, and adorns and sets it out, fits it as a bride for Christ, and the church, the bride itself, calls to every man to consider his own safety, so far as to make haste to come into the number of these faithful servants of Christ. And let every one that heareth these visions say the same, seeing the important advantages of it, and dangers of the contrary; and whosoever will, may have a cheerful admission to it, and to that refreshing assistance of grace and pardon of sin that is reached out there.

Revelation 22:18

As for all those to whom this prophecy shall come, I conjure them all that they change not a tittle of it, and withal that they look upon it as the last authoritative prophecy that is likely to come from heaven, to be a rule of faith to the church. What is here said is decreed and settled immutable; no man shall be able to avert it; and whosoever shall go about to infuse any other expectations into men than what are agreeable to these visions, God shall bring on him the judgments that are here denounced against God’s greatest enemies.

[f] If any man shall add—] This form of speech here used to conclude this book is, first, a symbolical and prophetical form of expressing the certainty and immutability of this prophecy; and secondly, an expression of the absoluteness and perfection of it in order to public use, that it should be the one prophecy given to the Christian church, which should bring divine authority along with it, sent with a commission from heaven; and not only proceeding from a public spirit, but sent out with a public charge, that (as Josephus saith, contr. Appion. l. 1, that after the time of Artaxerxes, though many excellent things were written, yet they brought not divine authority with them, nor consequently were so received or believed, because there was not then a certain succession of prophets, and nobody durst add, or detract, or change any thing in the old canon after so long a time, so) though there might be some prophets after St. John, (as Justin Martyr tells us,

Revelation 22:19

And so in like manner, whosoever shall derogate any thing from the authority of this prophecy, or take out any part of it, or occasion men’s not receiving the admonition of Christ here contained, in every part thereof, God shall cast him off, throw him out of the church, account him uncapable of all the blessings which are here promised to the faithful Christians.

Revelation 22:20

Christ that sent these visions affirmeth assuredly that he will speedily set to the execution of what is contained in them, (see note [b] Matt. xxiv.) and that infallibly. And the writer hereof in the name of all faithful Christians gives his acclamation: Be it so, Lord Jesus, be it so.

Revelation 22:21

I am now to conclude this epistle to the seven churches in the solemn form of apostolical salutation; The grace, mercy and goodness of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. ¹⁰ Or; tree: the King’s MS. reads ξύλου.

Revelation 22:25

And there shall be a most ready, hospitable reception at all times for all that will come in to the faith by amendment of life.

Revelation 22:26

And the Gentiles of other parts, that are not subject to the Roman empire, shall come in to the church, and contribute their best to the flourishing of it, by endowing of the church, (which is ordinarily meant by honour, see note [i] Col. ii.)

Revelation 22:27

And this shall generally be done by all that have any resolution of living purely and godly, and only they shall be kept out which are immersed in all filthiness, and abominable, unnatural, vicious practices, and in all kind of unjust dealings, (for such cannot by the laws of baptism be received, and such will not desire to undergo Christ’s discipline.)

CHAP. XXII.

AND he shewed me [a] a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb.

Revelation 22:138

ii. 7. resurrection of the just, i. 138. Jesus and the resurrection, i. 416. return, i. 153. revelation, ii. 145, 500. revelation of Christ, ii. 267. revealed, ii. 273. ready to be revealed, ii. 78. with reverence, ii. 225. reward, ii. 485. I have reward, ii. 118. the Lord reward, ii. 314. a certain rich man, i. 284. will be rich, ii. 304. right hand of power, L. 174. righteous judge, ii. 314. righteous scarcely be saved, ii. 423. righteousness, ii. 7, 47. righteousness by the law, ii. 7. righteousness by works, ii. 8. of righteousness, i. 333. counted—for righteousness, ii. 187. riot, ii. 420. rioting, ii. 79, 211. rising of the sun, i. 215. rivers, i. 454. thought it no robbery, ii. 223. rock, i. 110. rocks, ii. 550. rock that followed them, ii. 127. rod, ii. 96, 100, 193. iron rod, ii. 529. beaten with rods, ii. 170. a Roman, i. 434. to the Romans, ii. 3. Romans will come, i. 326. round about and within, ii. 540. round about the throne, ii. 534, 536. royal priesthood, ii. 506. rudiments, ii. 237. rule in, ii. 250. measure of the rule, ii. 168. same rule, ii. 230. them which have the rule, ii. 373. rulers, i. 68, 188. rulers of the synagogue, i. 188, 393. run, ii. 119. so run, ii. 120 running over, i. 252. rust, i. 50. # S. Lord of the sabbath, i. 91. second sabbath after the first, i. 246. sackcloth, i. 18. sacrifice, ii. 208. sacrifice of praise, ii. 376. offered upon the sacrifice, ii. 235. remains no more sacrifice, ii. 356, 472. sad countenance, i. 49. Sadducees, i. 109. it hath been said, i. 39. saints, ii. 199. ten thousand of his saints, ii. 129, 486. salt, i. 196. salted with fire, i. 196. salvation, i. 77. ii. 78, 163, 330, 553. common salvation, ii. 78. horn of salvation, i. 226. Samaritan, i. 322. from Samuel, i. 358. sanctify, i. 326, 352. sanctified, ii. 112. Sardis, ii. 532. Satan, i. 114. deliver to Satan, ii. 99. Satan’s seat, ii. 523. satisfy the flesh, ii. 243. save with fear, ii. 397. save the sick, ii. 397. saved, i. 78, 273, 274, ii. 65, 261, 423, 553. few saved, ii. 553. they that be saved, ii. 406. saved in childbearing, ii. 284. saved from their enemies, ii. 364. saved, yet so as by fire, ii. 95. saving of the soul, ii. 358. Saviour, i. 162. Saul, i. 392. a sweet savour, ii. 208. scarcely, ii. 423. school of Tyrannus, i. 424. scoffers, ii. 438, 445. scourge, i. 294. scourging, i. 434. scribes, i. 100, 189. their scribes, i. 245. scrip, i. 74. scriptures, i. 189. sea, i. 291. ii. 551. through the sea, ii. 126. sea side, ii. 551. seal up—and write not, ii. 565. as many as have not the seal, ii. 560. sealed, ii. 207. sealed in their foreheads, ii. 551. for a season, ii. 274. at a certain season, i. 307. seasons, i. 347. times and seasons, ii. 260. second appearing, ii. 331. secret chambers, i. 161. see God, i. 30. seek death, ii. 561. it seemed good, i. 322. seen, i. 44. seen God, ii. 459. self-willed, ii. 393. in yourselves, ii. 385. send, i. 325. so send I you, i. 340. send her away, i. 108. sensual, ii. 488. sent unto him, i. 252. as my Father sent me, ii. 529. separate, i. 323. ii. 270, 296. separated, ii. 276. build the sepulchres, i. 268. whited sepulchres, i. 147. old serpent, ii. 573. serpents, ii. 390. like serpents, ii. 564.

Revelation 22:413

ii. 217, 535. πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας ii. 395. ὁ πρεσβύτερος ii. 473. πρεσβύτιδες ii. 319. πρηνὴς i. 176, 349. προβάλλειν i. 428. πρόβατα i. 312, 324. Ἰδια πρόβατα i. 324. ἐπὶ τῇ προβατικῇ κολυμβήθρῃ i. 306. προβιβάζω i. 101. προσβίβασαν i. 427. οἱ πάλαι προγεγραμμένοι εἰς τοῦτο τὸ κρίμα ii. 479. προγράφεσθαι ii. 479. προσίρηκα καὶ προλέγω ii. 172. προηλπικότες ii. 197. κατὰ πρόθεσιν ii. 53. προϊστάμενοι ii. 262. προϊστασθαι ii. 322. προκείμενος ἀγών ii. 366. ἐπὶ πλείον προκόψουσιν ἀσεβείας ii. 310. προλέγω τὸ δεύτερον ii. 323. προνοεῖν ii. 295. προπέμπειν ii. 151. οὐδὲ ἐμοὶ προσαυθέντος ii. 182. προσδοκούμεν ii. 445. προσεγγίζειν τῇ Θεῷ ii. 460. προσεφράσατο i. 310. προσέκοψαν ii. 64. προσερχόμενοι τῇ Θεῷ i. 381. ἐπὶ τὸ δῶμα προσεύζασθαι i. 381. προσευχαὶ i. 355. ii. 283. προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων ii. 542. προσευχὴ i. 247, 413. οἶκος προσευχῆς ἔθνεσι i. 202. ii. 199. προσευχόμενοι ἐν πνεύματι i. 261. ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ προσευχόμενοι ii. 488. προσέχειν i. 44. προσήλυτοι i. 13, 304. προσήλυτος i. 141. προσηλώσας ii. 240. προσκόπτουσι τῇ λόγῳ ii. 407. προσκυνεῖν i. 56. προσκυνεῖν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ i. 327. προσκυνεῖν ἐν πνεύματι i. 263. προστάτις i. 258. προστάτις πολλῶν ii. 84. προσφάτως ἐληλυθῶς ii. 544. προσφορά ii. 208. προσωπολήπτης ii. 18. πρόσωπον ii. 155. πρόσωπον γενέσεως ii. 381. πρόσωπον Ἰησοῦ ii. 159. πρόσωπόν σου i. 84. κατὰ πρόσωπον ταπεινός ii. 167. κατήγοροι κατὰ πρόσωπον i. 437. προτείνειν i. 434. προτρέψασθαι i. 423. πρόφασις ii. 220, 253. προφήται ii. 134. προφήται δύο ἡ τρεῖς λαλεῖτωσαν ii. 90. προφητείας ii. 281. διὰ προφητείας i. 377, 430. προφητεύειν i. 224. προφητεύειν ἐπὶ λαοῖς ii. 565. προφήτης ii. 316. ὁ προφήτης i. 310, 412. προφήτην ἀναστήσει i. 394. περισσότερον προφήτου i. 84. ἡ πρώτη ii. 351. πρώτη ἀζύμων i. 208. πρώτη πόλις τῆς μερίδος ii. 214. πρώτοι ἔσχατοι i. 199. πρώτον ii. 21. τὸ πρώτον ii. 423. τοῦτο πρώτον γινώσκοντες ii. 439. πρώτος i. 300. πρώτος Σίμων i. 302. πρωτότοκος ii. 234. πρωτότοκος πάσης κτίσεως i. 300. πτερόγιον i. 26, 79. πτύον i. 20. πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα pref. p. xv. ii. 185. πτωχοὶ i. 250. πυγμὴ i. 192. πύθωνος πνεῦμα i. 414. πυκτεύω ii. 122. πύλαι ἥθου i. 111. ii. 365. πῦρ ii. 555. πῦρ ἀδικίας τῇ κόσμῳ ii. 389. πῦρ καὶ θεῖος ii. 564. πῦρ ποῖς καταβαίνειν ii. 580. πῦρ φλογός ii. 267. αἰώνιον πῦρ ii. 481. ὡς πῦρ ἐθησαυρίσατε πυρινοὶ ii. 563. πυρὸς αἰωνίου δίκη ii. 481. πυρὸς ζῆλος ii. 442. πύρωσις ii. 421, 442. πώλος δεδεμένος i. 180. πῶς ii. 210. # P. ράβδος i. 75. ii. 96, 100, 193. ράβδιζεσθαι ii. 171. ἄκρον τῆς ῥάβδου ii. 360. ράδιουργία i. 392. ραντισμὸς αἵματος ii. 402. ραπίς i. 175. ραχά i. 37. Ραχάβ i. 2. Ραχὴλ κλαίουσα i. 10. Ρεμφάν i. 371. ρῆμα i. 10. ἀργὸν ῥῆμα i. 93, 98. διὰ ῥήματος Θεοῦ i. 325. ῥήσσω i. 195. ῥίπτεσθαι i. 70, 71. ῥοιζηδόν ii. 441. ῥομφαία ψυχὴν διελεύσεται i. 234. ῥύεσθαι ii. 78. ῥύμη i. 45. ῥύσις i. 190. ἀφόβως ῥυσθέντες i. 228. Ρωμαῖος i. 434. Ρωμαῖοι ἐλεύσονται i. 326. πρὸς Ρωμαίους ii. 3. # Σ. σαββατισμὸς ἀπολείπεται ii. 334. δευτερόπρωτον σάββατον i. 246. μεγάλῃ ἡμέρα τοῦ σαββάτου i. 337. κύριος σαββάτου i. 90. ζύμη Σαβδοκυκίων i. 109. σάκκος i. 18. σαλευθῆναι ἀπὸ τοῦ νοῦς ii. 270. ἐπτά σάλπιγγες ii. 554. σαλπίζειν i. 45. σαμαρείτης i. 322. ἀπὸ Σαμουὴλ i. 358. σανίς i. 441. Σαούλ i. 392. σακρὸς λόγος ii. 209. Σάρδεϊς ii. 531. κατὰ σάρκα ii. 30.