Matthew 17

Matthew 17:1

THE TRANSFIGURATION

[Matthew 17, 1-6. Mark 9, 1-8. Luke 9, 28-36]

A SHORT time before His Passion, Jesus took with Him Peter, James and John, and went up to a high mountain¹ to pray. And whilst He prayed, He was transfigured² before them. His

face shone like the sun, and His garments became white as snow³. And behold, Moses and Elias⁴ appeared, discoursing with Him

¹ A high mountain. Probably Mount Thabor (Fig. 78), which is situated six miles to the south east of Nazareth, and Isaiah 2000 feet high.

² Transfigured. The shining glory of His Divine nature illuminated His Body and even His raiment.

³ As snow. On which the sun is shining

⁴ Moses and Elias. The first, as the representative of the Old Law, and the second, as the representative of the Prophets, came to offer their homage to Jesus and to speak with Him about His accomplishment of the work of Redemption (Luke 9, 31). Elias, who had been translated from this world without tasting of death (Old Test, LXV), appeared in his own body, while the soul of Moses assumed a body, such as the angels assume when they appear visibly.

— XXXVII. THE TRANSFIGURATION.

concerning His Passion and Death, which He was soon to suffer for the redemption of the world.

Transported with joy¹ at the sight, Peter exclaimed: “Lord, it is good² for us to be here. If Thou wilt, let us make here three tabernacles; one for Thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias.” As he was yet speaking, a bright cloud³ overshadowed them⁴, and the Voice of the Eternal Father was heard, saying: “This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well-pleased. Hear ye Him!”

The disciples fell prostrate on the ground, terrified⁵ by the heavenly Voice. Then Jesus came to them, and touched them⁶, saying: “Arise, and be not afraid!” When they arose, they saw no one but Jesus alone. As they went down from the mountain, Jesus said to the three disciples: “Tell the vision to no one⁷ till the Son of Man be risen from the dead.”

COMMENTARY. The Divinity of Christ is proved:

a) by the testimony of His heavenly Father, Who, at the time of our Lord’s Transfiguration, declared for the second time that Jesus was His beloved Son.

b) by the teaching of the apostles, who were eye-witnesses of His divine glory. This glory was visibly manifested at the Transfiguration, and was seen by the three apostles. Therefore St. Peter was able to write in his second epistle (1, 16, 17, 18) thirty-five years later: “For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known

¹ With joy. Being quite beside himself with the beauty and glory of his transfigured Lord, and speaking, according to Luke 9, 33, “not knowing what he said”.

² It is good. “This is so glorious to us that we wish to remain here for ever.”

³ A bright cloud. The token of the immediate Presence of God. Compare this cloud with the cloud into which Moses entered on Mount Sinai (Old Test XXXVI), and with the cloud which rested on the Tabernacle (Old Test XXXVIII).

⁴ Overshadowed them. Namely, Jesus, Moses and Elias.

⁵ Terrified. Because they recognised the Presence of God both in the Voice and in the bright cloud.

⁶ Touched them. To help them to recover themselves, so amazed and shaken were they by all they had seen and heard.

⁷ Tell no one. Our Lord gave them this command, because the time for His being glorified was not yet come. St. Chrysostom writes thus: “Silence was imposed on them, because the greater the things related of the Son of God were, the harder would it be for many to believe, and the greater in consequence would be the scandal of the Cross.” It was only by His Resurrection that the stumbling-block of His Death was removed.

— XXXVII. THE TRANSFIGURATION.

to you the power and presence of our Lord Jesus Christ: but having been made eye-witnesses of His majesty. For He received from God the Father honour and glory; this voice coming down to Him from excellent glory: “This is My beloved Son in whom I have pleased Myself. Hear ye Him!” And this voice we heard brought from heaven, when we were with Him in the holy mount.”

c) by our Lord’s own prophecy of His Resurrection, when He forbade the apostles to tell what they had seen, till after He had risen from the dead.

Jesus is the Messias and Lawgiver of the New Testament. The apparition of Moses and Elias proved Jesus to be the Messias to whom the law and the prophets pointed. They paid homage to Him as their Lord, Who had fulfilled the law and the prophets, and Who by His impending death would release the holy men of the Old Covenant from Limbo, and admit them into heaven. The Voice of the heavenly Father proclaimed Jesus to be the Founder and Lawgiver of the New Covenant, the teaching of which all men are bound to believe, and the commandments of which they are bound to obey. This narrative, therefore, reveals Jesus to us as the Messias, and the Fulfillment of the law and the prophets, the Divine Founder and Lawgiver of the New Covenant, the Redeemer of mankind in all ages, and the centre of the history of the world.

Thabor and Golgotha. This glimpse of glory was meant to make such an impression on the three apostles, as to prevent their losing courage or faith when, ere long, they saw their Lord in the hour of His deep abasement, and in that fearful state of suffering, when “there was no beauty or comeliness in Him” (Old Test. LXXII). In fact, the Transfiguration contrasts with the Crucifixion in every respect. In the one, we perceive Christ in wondrous majesty—on either side of Him two Saints—, the revelation of God, and the disciples in rapture. In the other we see our Lord marred and disfigured—on either side of Him two thieves—, abandoned by God, and with Him His sorrowing Mother, the grief-stricken John, and the weeping women.

The happiness of heaven. If one passing glimpse of their Lord’s glory could fill the apostles with such rapture, how unspeakable must be the happiness of heaven, where the blessed see God face to face, and rejoice in the company of the Saints and angels. Truly it will be good to be there!

APPLICATION. While Jesus was praying, He was transfigured. Have you ever been able to watch any one who is praying interiorly and with recollection? You can see devotion on his very countenance, and he is, as it were, transfigured. Prayer raises and ennobles a man, and makes him heavenly.

— XXXVIII. THE TRIBUTE FOR THE TEMPLE.

minded, filling him with peace and conformity to God’s will. He who prays devoutly feels himself raised and filled with joy. Have you ever prayed thus? Compose yourself carefully before you begin your prayers, and say: “Lord, teach me how to pray!”

Matthew 17:25

THE TRIBUTE FOR THE TEMPLE

[Matthew 17, 25-26 and 27, 13 19]

JESUS having returned with His disciples to Capharnaum, those who collected the annual tribute for the Temple came to Peter and asked: “Doth not your Master pay the didrachma?“¹ Peter replied: “Yes”, and went to tell Jesus.

But when Jesus saw Peter coming, He said to him: “Of whom do the kings of the earth take tribute or custom? Of their own

children, or of strangers?” Peter answered: “Of strangers.” Jesus continued: “Then the children are free. But, that we may not scandalize them², go to the sea and cast in a book, and the fish which shall first come up, take; and when thou

hast opened its mouth, thou shalt find a stater; take that, and give it to them for me and for thee.” Peter did as his Master had commanded.

Then Jesus began to upbraid the Pharisees, saying: “Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, because you tithe mint and anise and cummin, and have left the weightier things of the law, judgment and mercy and faith. These things you ought to have done, and not leave those undone. Bind guides, who strain at a gnat and swallow a camel! Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, because you are like to whited sepulchres, which

¹ Didrachma. A didrachma was half a siele or stater (Fig. 79), that is, about fifteen pence of our money. This was a tax imposed upon every man for the service of the Temple.

² Scandalize them. Our Lord thus carefully observed every law and precept of the Old Covenant, rather than give scandal; but, on the other hand, He judged with great severity those who thought only of the outward observance of the letter of the law, without having any regard for its spirit.

KNIGHT, Commentary. 3. ed — XXXVIII. THE TRIBUTE FOR THE TEMPLE.

outwardly appear to men beautiful, but within are full of dead men’s bones and of all filthiness. So you also outwardly, indeed, appear to men just, but inwardly you are full of hypocrisy and iniquity!” (See chapter LIX.)

COMMENTARY.

Peter’s Superiority. The manner in which Christ associates Peter with Himself in paying the tribute, is most marked and striking. It is a part of the gracious design that our Lord had upon him in the future. See chapters XXXVI and LXXXII.

Divinity of Christ. Our Lord claims to be the Son of Him to whom the Temple belongs, that is, God the Father. As the kings of the earth do not exact tribute from their own children, so neither does God from His own Son.

Avoiding of scandal. Our Lord’s example shows us that we must avoid even the appearance of giving a bad example. He would have been quite justified in refusing to pay the Temple tax, but He did not refuse lest He should scandalize the weak and ignorant.

That which is most important. Whenever our Lord pronounced a “woe” on any one, He signified that such an one was worthy of the everlasting punishment of hell, and therefore He wound up His denunciation of the Pharisees (of which only a portion is given above) by these words: “You serpents! How will you flee from the judgment of hell?” (Mat. 23, 33) But why did our Lord threaten the Pharisees with everlasting punishment? Because they transgressed all the most important precepts of the law without shame and without conscience, and were, all the same, most scrupulous in their minute observance of the less important commandments. Our Lord enumerates the duties of justice, mercy and faith as those which are of most importance, and the Pharisees sinned most glaringly against these by their oppression of widows and orphans, by their unjust extortions, and by their refusal to believe anything that they did not wish to believe.

Hypocrisy. Above all, the Pharisees were hypocrites, because they set themselves up for being outwardly just and God-fearing men, whereas their hearts were full of evil and injustice, and without any true fear of God. Hypocrisy or dissimulation is a lie, and is, therefore, a sin against the eighth Commandment.

APPLICATION. If you want to know yourself (and without self-knowledge there can be no amendment of life), ask yourself what it is that most easily disturbs you. Do you feel sad when others are praised or rewarded? Do you feel glad when they are blamed or punished? If so, you are full of selfishness and envy.

— XXXIX. JESUS AND THE LITTLE CHILDREN.

Are you put out when you cannot have your own way, or if leave is refused you to do something you wish? If so, you are self-willed and disobedient.

Never laugh about the sins of others. Remember the offence against God, and pray for the conversion of those who have sinned.

Be compassionate towards the poor, and practise self-denial in order to be able to give them alms. Be kind to those of your companions who are sick or in trouble, and try to comfort and cheer them.

Examine your conscience on the subject of honesty and straightforwardness. Do you never take anything—such as fruit, sweets &c.—that does not belong to you? When you have committed a fault, do you never tell falsehoods in order to excuse yourself and escape punishment?

Matthew 17:47

JESUS IS LAID IN THE SEPULCHRE

[Matthew 17, 47. Mark 15, 42. Luke 21, 6. John 15, 48]

IN order that the bodies of those who were crucified might not remain on the Cross during the Sabbath¹, the soldiers came and broke² the legs of the two thieves, but coming to Jesus, they

¹ The Sabbath. This Sabbath was doubly holy, being a “great Sabbath-Day”, as it came in the paschal week.

² Broke. If one who had been crucified had to be taken down from the cross before he was dead, his arms and legs were broken with a club, and then, out of so-called mercy, he was pierced through the heart with a lance.

— LXXVII. JESUS IS LAID IN THE SEPULCHRE.

found Him already dead. Hence there was no need to break His legs. Fearing, however, that some vestige of life might still remain in Him, one of the soldiers pierced His side¹ with a spear, and immediately blood and water² came forth.

There was among the secret disciples of Jesus a rich man named Joseph of Arimathea³, a member of the council⁴. He went to Pilate and asked for the Body of Jesus, that he might bury it. Pilate granted his request. Then Joseph, together with Nicodemus⁵, took down⁶ the Sacred Body from the Cross, and wrapped it up, with costly aromatic spices, in a linen shroud.

It so happened that Joseph had a garden near the place where Jesus was crucified, and in the garden was a new sepulchre, hewn from the rock, wherein no one had yet been buried. In

¹ Pierced His side. The opening made by the lance was so wide and deep that Thomas was able to put his hand in it (see chapter LXXXI). The spear reached the Sacred Heart of Jesus and pierced it through, for the intention was to indict an absolutely mortal wound, supposing that Jesus had been still alive. But there was no life left in our Crucified Lord, as was proved to the soldiers by the outpouring of blood and water, which was a clear sign of death. To the four sacred wounds which Jesus bore in His Hands and Feet, there was now added a fifth, in His Side. This was about four o’clock in the afternoon. The bodies of the two thieves were thrown into an empty pit near at hand, and the Sacred Body of our Lord would have been thrown in there likewise had not His disciples, in union with His holy Mother, provided another and more honourable burial for it.

² Blood and water. The water and the blood that flowed from the Side of Jesus are figures of two great Sacraments; the blood referring to the Holy Eucharist, and the water to Holy Baptism.

³ Arimathea. A town to the north-west of Jerusalem (see Map).

⁴ The council. Or the Sanhedrin. Scripture says that “he had not consented to their counsel and doings” against Jesus, “because he was a disciple of Jesus, but secretly, for fear of the Jews”. Now, however, he came forward openly as a disciple of the Crucified One, and besought Pilate that he might take away the Body of Jesus.

⁵ Nicodemus. “Who at the first came to Jesus by night” (see chapter XV). Nicodemus helped Joseph both to take down our Lord’s Body from the Cross, and to bury it. It stands to reason that our Lord’s holy Mother, as also St. John and Mary Magdalen were there.

⁶ Took down. And laid Him in the arms and on the knee of His Mother. His Head rested on her breast as it used to do in the days of His infancy, no longer, however, in sleep, but in death. Mary contemplated the countless wounds of her beloved Son with unspeakable and silent grief. Magdalen fell on her knees, and for the second time (see chapter XXV) clung to, kissed, and wept over the Feet of her Lord. Then Joseph and Nicodemus took the Body from the Mother’s arms, wrapped it in a new clean linen cloth, inside which they laid about a hundred pounds’ weight of sweet smelling spices, myrrh and aloes. They postponed the real embalming of the Body to another day, for time tailed them now, as the Sabbath began with the setting of the sun.

— LXXVII. JESUS IS LAID IN THE SEPULCHRE.

this they laid the Body of Jesus, and rolled a great stone to the door of the sepulchre (Fig. 92 ¹.

¹ The sepulchre, or cave in the rock, was about fifty paces from the spot of the Crucifixion. It was hewn out of the solid rock, and consisted of an outer cave.

KNIGHT, Commentary. 3 ed. — LXXVII. JESUS IS LAID IN THE SEPULCHRE.

On the following day, the chief priests¹ and the Pharisees went to Pilate and said: “Sir, we have remembered that that seducer said, while He was yet alive: ‘After three days I will rise again.’ Command, therefore, the sepulchre to be guarded until the third day, lest His disciples come and steal Him away, and say to the people: ‘He is risen from the dead’.” Pilate gave them guards² to watch the sepulchre, and they moreover sealed³ the stone.

COMMENTARY.

The Soul of Jesus Christ, immediately after His Death, went to Limbo, to announce to the spirits of the just the glad tidings that the work of Redemption was accomplished, and that they would soon ascend with Him to heaven. It was for this reason that our Lord said to the penitent thief: “This day shalt thou be with Me in paradise.” Our Lord’s Divinity was inseparably joined to His Soul.

Our Paschal Lamb. Our Divine Saviour, crucified on the Jewish paschal feast, is the true Paschal Lamb; and therefore St. Paul says: “Christ, our Pasch, is sacrificed” (1 Cor. 5, 7). No bone of the typical lamb might be broken (Old Test. XXXIII), and this law was meant to typify that no bone would be broken of the true Paschal Lamb, our Redeemer. This, as you have read, came to pass.

The Sacred Heart of Jesus. God did not suffer the bones of His crucified Son to be broken; and in order that no one might attribute this fact to chance, He announced, fifteen hundred years before, by

through which a low opening led to the sepulchre itself, which was destined for the burial of only one person. Joseph and Nicodemus carried the Sacred Body to this sepulchre, Mary, John and Magdalen following. It was indeed a striking funeral procession, at which the tears that were shed were most holy. Only the Mother followed the bearers into the outer cave, and remained until the two disciples had laid her Son’s Body in the grave. “The setting sun threw feeble, tremulous, blood-red rays on the silent group of men and women who sat on the ground outside the cave, and whose grief was unfathomable as the ocean” (Schegg). After the Sacred Body had been deposited in the grave, they rose and took the sorrowful Mother away from the terrible place.

¹ The chief priests. When they learnt how honourably Jesus had been buried, their suspicions were aroused. They did not believe that Jesus could really rise from the dead, but the badness of their own hearts made them suspect that the disciples would steal His Body.

² Guards. Of Roman soldiers. A guard usually consisted of sixteen men, divided into watches of four, each watch having to keep guard for three hours.

³ Sealed. Our Lord’s enemies could not content themselves with an ordinary guard. They could not trust the soldiers implicitly, and feared that they might be suborned by the disciples of Jesus, and allow these latter to steal the Body. To guard against this they sealed the stone which closed the entrance to the sepulchre, by stretching a cord across it, the two ends of which were secured by seals.

— LXXVII. JESUS IS LAID IN THE SEPULCHRE.

the type of the paschal lamb, that it would be so. Why, then, did God permit the Sacred Body of His Only-Begotten Son to be pierced with a lance, and His Sacred Heart to be laid open? The Crucifixion being such an all-important event to the whole world, each circumstance of it, however small, must have a meaning, and have been provided for in the plan of Redemption; so that the lance-thrust which transfixed the Sacred Heart must in the wisdom of God have been meant to serve some special end. The end was this: a) to confirm our faith; b) to kindle our love.

a) The wound inflicted by the lance was, by its nature, absolutely mortal, and left no possible room for doubt that our Lord really did die on the Cross, and that, consequently, His Resurrection was really and truly an awakening from death to life.

b) When the lance pierced the Heart of Jesus, Blood and Water flowed out. Our Blessed Saviour, therefore, shed His Heart’s Blood for us, thereby giving us the greatest proof of His love. It was the love of the Sacred Heart of Jesus which impelled Him to suffer all the pain and shame that He endured, and to die for us on the Cross; so now, after His Body was completely covered with wounds, and had been tortured to death, He willed further to give His very Heart’s Blood for us, and permitted it to be pierced, so that it might pour out its last drops of Blood for us. The Church speaks thus in her Office for the Feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus: “For this was His Heart pierced, that we by means of this visible wound might perceive the invisible wound of His love. How could this love be better proved than by allowing His Heart to be wounded by the lance? Who could help loving this Heart thus wounded?” “Sacred Heart of Jesus, I implore grace to love Thee more and more.”

The Blood and the Water which flowed from the opened Side of Jesus are figures of the holiest and the most indispensable of the Sacraments, namely the Most Holy Sacrament of the Altar, and of Baptism. These two Sacraments (and with these two greatest, the other five also) proceeded from the Sacred Heart of Jesus, for it was the love of His Sacred Heart which moved Him to institute these Sacraments for our salvation. In this sense, therefore, the Sacred Heart of Jesus is the source of all sacramental grace.

The sorrowful Mother of God. The grief of Mary at the Crucifixion of her Son was immeasurably great. She felt in her own heart all the torments which He suffered, without being able either to help or relieve Him. And now He was dead! Her beloved Son was taken from her, and even His Body belonged to His enemies. She could not tear herself away from the scene of His Death, but remained by the Cross to keep guard over His Body, and, if possible, to assist at its Burial. Full of anxious suspense as to what would be done with that Sacred Body, she implored the help of the heavenly Father. The executioners were already making their preparations to take it down from the Cross and

45* — LXXVII. JESUS IS LAID IN THE SEPULCHRE.

cast It into the pit with the bodies of the two thieves, when Joseph of Arimathea came up, and showed to her Pilate’s order that the Sacred Body should be given to him. And when he had taken down the beloved Body from the Cross, he gave It to the holy Mother, and laid It in her arms where It had so often rested in childhood. The faithful friends helped her with loving hands to wash the Body of the Most Holy, so disfigured, torn, and blood-stained; and now for the first time the sorrowful Mother was able to examine the number of His wounds and bruises, and to picture to herself the extent of the horrible torments which Jesus had endured. His wounds bled afresh in her own heart, and her grief was deep as the sea. But while we contemplate this sorrowful picture, let us not forget that sin alone is responsible for the torments of Jesus, and the sorrow of His Mother. Let us awaken within us a deep sense of contrition, and a heartfelt horror of our own sins; and let us make a firm resolution never again to commit a wilful sin!

The courage of Joseph of Arimathea is expressly mentioned in Scripture. “He went in boldly to Pilate and begged the Body of Jesus” (Mark 15, 43). He feared neither the hatred of the Scribes and Pharisees, nor the scorn and ridicule which, as a member of the Sanhedrim, he would draw on himself by taking down One Crucified from the Cross with his own hands, and by laying Him in his own sepulchre. Moreover he shewed Pilate, by his very petition, that he considered Jesus to have been unjustly put to death; and he openly confessed himself to be an adherent and disciple of the Crucified One.

The generosity of Nicodemus also deserves praise. He brought with him a hundred pounds’ weight of very precious spices, to lay on the Body of our Lord. He considered nothing too precious for Jesus. Love made him generous.

The sins of our Lord’s enemies. The chief priests and Pharisees sinned by falsely suspecting the disciples of intending to steal the Body of their Master. They also committed the sin of calumny by imparting their unfounded suspicions to Pilate, representing to him the disciples of Jesus as deceivers and thieves. They also sinned by blasphemy, in calling our Lord a seducer.

The devices to which the enemies of Jesus resorted to keep His Body in the grave, and to destroy all belief in Him, tended against their will to His glory, and manifested to the whole world that it was by His own power alone that Jesus came forth from the sealed and guarded grave. Thus, by God’s wisdom, good can be made to come out of evil.

The poverty of Jesus was extreme. Neither in life nor in death had Jesus a place where to lay His Head; and after He died, His Body did not belong to those who loved Him, but to His executioners and tormentors; and was given away by them to the first asker as a thing of no value. Jesus renounced everything in the world, even His Body,

— LXXVII. JESUS IS LAID IN THE SEPULCHRE.

made of the earth; He only kept for Himself the sins of the world, to make satisfaction for them. He had no grave of His own in which His Body might lie: it was buried in the grave of a stranger, by the charity of him who owned it.

Patience in suffering. Our Divine Saviour remained hanging on the Cross till men came to take Him down. Ought we, then, to consider it too much to remain hanging on the cross (of suffering) till it pleases God to take us down?

The opening of the Side of Jesus, sleeping the sleep of death on the Cross, was, according to the Fathers of the Church, a fulfilment of the type presented by the creation of the first woman from the side of the sleeping Adam. From the Side of Jesus Christ, the second Adam and our spiritual Father, there proceeded the Church, which is the second Eve, the true mother of the living.

Preparation for Holy Communion. Even as Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus wrapped the Sacred Body of Jesus in clean linen, and laid it in a tomb fragrant with sweet spices, so ought we to receive the Body of our Lord in Holy Communion with hearts cleansed from sin, and fragrant with devotion and the perfume of virtues.

The Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem was visited by many pilgrims even in the first centuries of the Christian era. In the year 325, St. Helen, the mother of the Emperor Constantine the Great, discovered the True Cross, together with the Nails and Title. But as the crosses of the two thieves were found together with and in the same place as the Cross of Jesus, it was a matter of uncertainty which of the three crosses was that of our Lord. St. Macarius, Bishop of Jerusalem, caused a poor woman, afflicted with a mortal complaint, to touch the three crosses in turn. The touch of the first two had no effect on her; but as soon as she had touched the third, she arose perfectly cured. This miracle made it plain which was the true Cross of Jesus. Fragments of the Holy Cross have been distributed among the faithful in almost every Catholic country. Constantine built a large church on Calvary over the Holy Sepulchre.

APPLICATION. Would you not consider yourself very happy, if you could go to Jerusalem and visit the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and pray on the two spots where your Saviour was crucified and buried? Your heart would glow with devotion and grateful love, and tears of emotion would flow from your eyes. But in the tabernacle on the altar your Divine Saviour is present with His divine and human natures, under the appearances of bread; and every morning at the holy Mass the Sacrifice on the Cross is renewed in an unbloody manner; and yet you behave so thoughtlessly and indevoutly in church, and are so unwilling to hear Mass!

— LXXVIII. JESUS RISES FROM THE DEAD.