By: Emil G. Hirsch, Immanuel Benzinger
The berry-like fruit of the black or common mulberry (Morus nigra). It is not mentioned in the Hebrew Old Testament, although in II Sam. v. 23-24 "beka'im" is erroneously explained as "mulberry-trees" by the Rabbis and some commentators (Luther and others; Löw, "Aramäische Pflanzennamen," pp. 71, 209, 236). But the "blood" of the mulberry, its blood-red juice, is mentioned in I Macc. vi. 34. This of course does not prove that the tree was not cultivated much earlier in Palestine. Its name in post-Biblical Hebrew is "tut" (Ma'as. i. 2), which has been preserved in the modern Arabic "tut shami." The tree is cultivated on account of its black, juicy berry, which greatlyresembles the blackberry and is very refreshing. The juice is made into a popular wine (comp. Post, "Flora of Western Palestine," p. 729; Anderlind, in "Z. D. P. V." xi. 81 et seq.). The white mulberry (Morus alba) was introduced into Palestine long after the commencement of the common era.
Mulberry. A tree which grew to a height of about eight to ten meters (25-30 feet) and produced red berries. A refreshing drink was prepared from the fruit. Jesus used the mulberry tree as an illustration when teaching about faith ( Luk 17:6). It is called sycamine in the KJV and RSV, and aspen in the NEB. The mulberry trees mentioned in ( 2Sa 5:23-24) and ( 1Ch 14:14-15) are believed to be a species of poplar.
A tree that produces dark, blue-purple berries that people can eat. This tree family includes some trees with dark-purple fruit and others with white fruit. The leaves of these trees are used as food for silkworms.
The mulberry tree mentioned in Luke 17:6 is likely the black mulberry (Morus nigra). It is a low-growing tree with a thick crown and stiff branches. It usually grows between 7.3 to 10.7 meters (24 to 35 feet) tall, though rarely more than 9.1 meters (30 feet).
The black mulberry originally came from northern Persia (modern Iran). Today, people grow this tree throughout the Middle East for its fruit.
The Chinese or Indian mulberry species (Morus alba) was widely grown in Syria and Israel and the surrounding areas until recent times, but it is not native to those areas.
Aquifer Open Bible Dictionary © 2026 Mission Mutual, an adaptation of the Tyndale Open Bible Dictionary © 2023 Tyndale House Publishers. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
References:
Discussion:
The references to mulberry in the Scriptures are all controversial. However, Zohary, on the basis of cognate words in Sumerian (messikanu, sukannu) confidently associates the Hebrew word mesukan in ISA 40:20 with the mulberry tree, as did Thompson before him. Further, they take the Greek word sucaminos in LUK 17:6 as also cognate with Sumerian sukannu. Like the apple, the pomegranate, the fig and the pistachio, the Black Mulberry Morus nigra may have been introduced into the Holy Land from one of the neighboring countries like Persia (now Iran).
Description:
The black mulberry is a large, broad tree (6 meters [20 feet] high) that produces flowers and leaves in spring and loses its leaves every year in winter. The crown is broad and low. The trunk gets twisted as it grows old and may rot away, only to be replaced by another one from the same root. People pile stones up in order to support the low branches of old trees. The leaves are stiff, rough, and hairy. The flowers are pollinated by the wind, and the fruit is a rather tart, black berry about the size of a large cashew nut. In Europe and North America, people use mulberries mostly to make pies and wine. A different species, the white mulberry, has a whitish fruit.
The black mulberry tree is similar in size and shape to the sycomore fig (see 2.12 Vine). In fact, the translators of the Septuagint introduced considerable confusion by translating the Hebrew word shiqmah as sucaminos (1KI 10:27; 1CH 27:28; 2CH 1:15; 2CH 9:27; PSA 78:47; ISA 9:9; AMO 7:14). The confusion has been perpetuated in languages like German that refer to the sycomore fig as the “mulberry fig.”
Special significance:
The New Testament reference to the mulberry in LUK 17:6 occurs in Jesus’ parable about faith. “If you had faith like a mustard seed,” he said, “you could say to this mulberry tree (sucaminos), ‘Get up and throw yourself into the sea,’ and it would do so.”
1MA 6:34 tells us that soldiers showed the bright red juice of the mulberry to their elephants in order to provoke them to fight.
In China the main use of the mulberry tree (a white subspecies) is to feed the leaves to a certain type of caterpillar that produces silk threads. These threads are woven into cloth. There is evidence that in the early centuries of the Christian era the Mediterranean island of Cos and the Phoenician city of Sidon had industries that used a local type of silk moth, which fed on black mulberry leaves. Hepper (page 169) surmises that the silk referred to in EZK 16:10; EZK 16:13 may have come from the precursors of these local industries.
Translation:
There are at least eighteen subspecies of mulberry in the world, distributed from China to North America. In the Middle East area two have been cultivated, the black mulberry and the white mulberry. The black mulberry grows well in what is now Iran, and it may have been introduced into Canaan from there.
In areas where the mulberry tree is found, the local name should be used in LUK 17:6. Where it is not found (for example, most of Africa), transliteration from a major language is advised, for example, muluberi or sikamayin. (French mûrier, Spanish mora, Portuguese amoreira, Arabic tut). KJV uses “mulberry” in 2SA 5:23; 2SA 5:24 and 1CH 14:14; 1CH 14:15, where we advocate “poplar” (see 1.20 Poplar).
Plants and Trees in the Bible © United Bible Societies. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.