While the discovery of a meteorite that scientists say could indicate that there once was life on Mars could have important implications for theology, don't expect any talk of a Christian mission to the galaxy at least for a while.
The scientific evidence is sketchy and the theological questions are fuzzy, but religious thinkers are pondering the implications that there could be life on other planets.
"The wonders of the universe are more fantastic than we thought," former Harvard Divinity School dean Krister Stendahl told Knight-Tribune News Service. "This challenges our understanding of God in a positive way" and suggests that God "has other timetables in other parts of the universe," he said.
Scientists say the meteorite is 4.5 billion years old and was likely knocked into space by an asteroid collision on Mars 16 million years ago, crashing onto Antarctica a relatively recent 13,000 years ago. The 4-pound rock was found in 1984 and named Allan Hills 84001.
Using instruments that didn't exist five years ago, scientists said they discovered molecular material consistent with life and what may be actual fossils of microscopic organisms. Skeptics were quick to point out that the markings could have been caused by inorganic chemical reactions.
The NASA scientists admitted the evidence is highly speculative and as yet there is no "smoking gun" to indicate that life once existed on Mars. They invited other scientists worldwide to challenge their research.
Still, the news tantalized even skeptics, who said it could turn out to be the most important scientific find of the 20th century.
"If the results are verified, it is a turning point in human history," scientist Carl Sagan told USA Today.
And while he is still skeptical, Stanley Miller of the University of California at San Diego told the New York Times, the implications of the discovery could be astounding.
"If it turns out that there really was life on Mars, then we have to believe that if reasonably good conditions exist on any planet, life probably forms rather easily," he said. "The galaxy may indeed be full of habited places."
President Clinton pledged that the American space program will "put its full intellectual power and technological prowess" into searching for more evidence of life on Mars and directed Vice President Al Gore to convene a "bipartisan space summit" in November to pursue questions raised by the meteorite.
The find could have implications not only for science, but also for philosophy and religion, others said.
A New York Times editorial reasoned that the discovery could raise new doubts for Christians. "Creationists who find it difficult to accept the evolution of life on Earth might face even greater difficulties in coping with life evolving elsewhere," the paper editorialized.
But Bill Williams, president of Grand Canyon University in Phoenix, said faith and science can coexist.
"Faith and science are complementary forces and, when engaged in dialogue, create a deeper faith and a more complete understanding of the universe," said Williams, who teaches a Bible study on "Christ in Contemporary Society" at North Phoenix Baptist Church.
The possibility of other life forms in the universe is "certainly within my understanding of the Christian world view," Williams said.
Fundamentalist Baptist leader Jerry Falwell said he does not believe in life on other planets. "They can spend a trillion dollars looking for it but they'll never find it," Falwell said. "The Bible makes clear that Jesus Christ is the only mediator between God and Man" and his work on Earth was entirely for the descendants of Adam and Eve, Falwell told USA Today.
However, Bert Dominy, a theology professor at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, said the Bible describes only God's relationship to humanity and does not address the issue of extra-terrestrial life. "It's a non-issue, biblically," Dominy said.
Dominy said he is personally not excited about theological implications of the Mars finding. "A lot of this is speculative," he said. "We don't know enough and they don't know enough to really talk intelligently yet. I just kind of take this stuff in stride until you have more to go on."
One theologian who declined to be interviewed on the record noted that one reason some Christians find such discoveries troubling is their world view is shaped more by science than by their experience with Jesus Christ.
Christians need not feel threatened by scientific discoveries unless they have based their views on the origin of life or salvation on science, he said, "because science can change and will change."
Bob Murphy, a NASA scientist and Baptist layman from Maryland, said he did not find the report "particularly alarming or astonishing, either from a theological or scientific point of view."
"It's interesting, but my perception, like many others, is that life probably is widespread," explained Murphy, a project scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., and member of Woodbrook Baptist Church in Baltimore.
"The laws of physics work the same throughout the universe. God created them, and I don't expect he would change them arbitrarily for one planet."
"I think the real exciting news will be when we find higher forms of life," he said.
Bob Newman, a seminary professor who holds a doctorate in astrophysics, said he is "kind of open to the question" of life on other planets.
The Bible states that life is created by God, and "presumably then it's wherever God chose to put it," said Newman, a New Testament professor at Biblical Theological Seminary, an independent evangelical school in Hatfield, Pa.
"The Bible doesn't really say anything about life in the universe other than us," Newman said, but that silence does not necessarily mean that extraterrestrial life cannot exist.
"The Bible does tell us that God has created other life than humans and animals" such as angels and demons, he said.
Those are life forms "much different than ours" and probably the result of "some sort of earlier creation" not described in Scripture, he added. "There's no evidence of their creation in Genesis 1 or 2 but we're told they're created in Nehemiah 9."
Whether any beings on other planets would need salvation or missionaries is also an open question.
In his 1976 recording "UFO," contemporary Christian singer Larry Norman reasoned of Christ: "If there's life on other planets, and I'm sure that he must know, and he's been there once already and has died to save their soul."
But Newman said it is unclear that extraterrestrials would even need redemption. "If you found beings on other planets and had no evidence they were descended from Adam, you'd first have to find out if they're fallen," Newman said.
Both Murphy and Newman cited "Out of the Silent Planet" from the late Christian apologist C.S. Lewis' science fiction trilogy as a leading source of thinking about the possibility and implications of life in space.
Murphy recalled a Bible study he attended years ago where scientists discussed questions like whether the missionary mandate to proclaim the Christian message to all creatures would include extraterrestrials.
One view was that if other civilizations were discovered, Christians would have the duty to evangelize them. Another, advocated by Lewis, was that there could be other creatures in the universe, but because man is so fallen and corrupt, they are isolated from Earth for their own protection.
"If there are other creatures, it's the same God," Murphy said. "I would expect they would be in need of salvation, but I don't want to restrict God's ability to do something different."
"I would also presume if they are in need of salvation, God has other ways of doing that and not waiting for us to get there," Murphy said.
Newman said speculation about the eternal destiny of such creatures ultimately must fall back on the goodness of God. "If God chose to create beings elsewhere, he'll figure out how to redeem them," he said.
A Baptist theologian and pastor in Texas suggested that salvation obtained for humanity by Jesus Christ on Earth could also be effective in other places.
The apostle Paul wrote in Romans of the creation itself longing for redemption and in Colossians that all things "hold together" in Christ, noted George Mason, pastor of Wilshire Baptist Church in Dallas.
"It seems to me that the implications of Jesus' earthly human existence are not only for humankind," said Mason, who holds a doctorate in systematic theology.
"The fact that Jesus has ascended to the Father and is no longer confined to the limitations of space/time in a human body makes him through the Spirit able to be present throughout the universe in his lordship," Mason said.
"What the implications are for other life forms beyond our knowledge in the universe, we could only speculate," Mason said. "But if we are to think cosmically about the relationship of God to creation, we should work that out from our understanding of the universal lordship of Christ."
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