G1065 γέ (gé)

γέ, an enclitic particle, answering exactly to no one word in Lat. or Eng.; used by the bibl. writ. much more rarely than by Grk. writ. How the Greeks use it, is shown by (among others) Hermann ad Vig. p. 822 sqq.: Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1 p. 272 sqq.; Rost in Passow’s Lex. i. p. 538 sqq.; [L. and S.s.v.; 7. S. vans in Journ. of class. and saer. Philol. for 1857, p. 187 sqq.]. It indiγέ abt eates that the meaning of the word to which it belongs has especial prominence, and therefore that that word is to be distinguished from the rest of the sentence and uttered with greater emphasis. This distinction “ can be made in two ways, by mentioning either the least important or the most; thus it happens that yé seems to have contrary significations: at least and even” (Hermann I. c. p. 822). 1. where what is least is indicated; indeed, truly, at least: διά ye τὴν ἀναίδειαν, Lk. xi. 8 (where, since the force of the statement lies in the substantive not in the preposition, the Greek should have read διὰ τήν ye avaid., cf. Klotz 1. ο. p. 327; Rost Ι. 6. p. 542; [L.and 8. 5. v. IV.]); διά ye τὸ παρέχειν μοι κόπον, at least for this reason, that she troubleth me [A. V. yet because ete.], Lk. xviii. 5 (better Greek διὰ τό ye ete.). 2. where what is most or greatest is indicated ; even: ὅς ye the very one who ete., precisely he who ete. (Germ. der es ja ist, welcher ete.), Ro. viii. 32; ef. Klotz 1. e. p. 305; Matthiae, Lex. Euripid. i. p. 613 sq. 3. joined to other particles it strengthens their force; a. ἀλλά ye [so most edd.] or ἀλλάγε [Grsb.] (cf. W. § 5, 2): Lk. xxiv. 21; 1 Co. ix. 2; see ἀλλά, 1.10. b. dpa ye or dpaye, see dpa,4. ἄρά ye, see dpa,1. c. etye[soGT, but L Tr WH εἴ γε: cf. W.u.s.; Lips. Gram. Unters. p. 123], foll. by the indie. if indeed, seeing that, “of a thing believed to be correctly assumed” (Herm. ad Vig. p. 831; ef. Fritzsche, Praeliminarien u.s.w. p. 67 sqq.; Anger, Laodicenerbrief, p. 46; [W.448 (417 sq.). Others hold that Hermann’s statement does not apply to the N. T. instances. Acc. to Meyer (see notes on 2 Co. ν. 3; Eph. iii. 2; Gal. iii. 4) the certainty of the assumption resides not in the particle but in the context; so Ellicott (on Gal. l.c., Eph. 1.c.); cf. Bp. Lghtft. on Gal. 1. ο.; Col. i. 23. Hermann’s canon, though assented to by Bornemann (Cyrop. 2, 2, 3 p. 132), Stallbaum (Meno p. 36), al., is qualified by Béumlein (Partikeln, p. 64 sq.), who holds that γέ often has no other effect than to emphasize the condition expressed by ei; οἵ. also Winer ed. Moulton p. 5011), if, that is to say; on the assumption that, (see εἴπερ s. v. εἰ, III. 13): Eph. iii. 2; iv. 21; Col. i. 23; with καί added, if that also, if it be indeed, (Germ. wenn denn auch): εἴγε [L Tr WH mre. εἴ περ] καὶ ἐνδυσάμενοι, οὐ γυμνοὶ εὑρεθ. if indeed we shall be found actually clothed (with a new body), not naked, 2 Co. v. 3 (ef. Meyer ad loc.) ; εἴγε καὶ εἰκῆ SC. τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε, if indeed, as I believe, ye have experienced such benefits in vain, and have not already received harm from your inclination to Judaism, Gal. iii. 4 [yet οἵ. Mey., Ellic., Bp. Lghtft., al. ad loc.]. ἃ. εἰ dé μῆγε Lor εἰ δὲ μή ye Lehm. Treg.] (also in Plat., Arstph., Plut., al. ; ef. Bornemann, Scholia ad Lue. p. 95; Klotz ad Devar. ii. 2 p. 527), stronger than εἰ δὲ μή [B. 393 (336 sq-); ef. W. 583 (543); 605 (563) ; Mey. on 2 Cor. xi. 16], a. after affirmative sentences, but unless perchance, but if not: Mt. vi. 1; Lk. x. 6; xiii. 9. β. after negative sentences, otherwise, else, in the contrary event: Mt. ix. 17; Lk. v. 36 sq.; xiv. 32; 2Co.xi.16. 6. καίγε [so GT, but L Tr WH καί ye; cf. reff. under εἴγε above], (cf. Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1 p. 319; [W.438 (408)]), a. and at least: Lk. xix. 42 [Tr txt. WH om. LL Trmrg. Ὀγ.1. β. and truly, yea indeed, yea and: Acts ii. 18; xvii. 27 LT Tr WH. f. καίτοιγε [so GT WH, but 1, καίτοι ye, Tr καί τοι ye; cf. reff. under c. above. Cf. Klotz ad Devar. ii. 2 p. 654; W. 444 (413)], although indeed, and yet indeed: Jn. iv. 2; also in Acts xiv. 17 [RG]; xvii. 27 Ree. 6. μενοῦνγε see in its place. h. μήτιγε; see μήτι, [and in its place].

γε ge 24x

an enclitic particle imparting emphasis; indicating that a particular regard is to be had to the term to which it is attached. Its force is to be conveyed, when this is possible, by various expression; at least, indeed, even

γε, enclitic postpositive particle, rarer in κοινή than in cl., giving special prominence to the word to which it is attached, distinguishing it as the least or the most important (Thayer, s.v.), indeed, at least, even (but not always translatable into English); used alone: Lk 11:8 18:5 Ro 8:32.

More freq. with other particles: αλλά γε, Lk 24:21, I Co 9:2; ἄρα γε, Mt 7:20 17:26, Ac 17:27; ἆρά γε, Ac 8:30; εἴ γε (Rec. εἴγε), II Co 5:3, Ga 3:4, Eph 3:2 4:21, Col 1:23 (v. Meyer, Ellic., on Ga, Eph, ll. c.; Lft., on Ga, Col, ll. c.); εἰ δὲ μήγε, following an affirmation, Mt 6:1, Lk 10:6 13:9; a negation, Mt 9:17, Lk 5:36, 37 14:32, II Co 11:16; καί γε (Rec. καίγε, cl. καὶ . . . γε), Lk 19:42 (WH om.), Ac 2:18 17:27; καίτοιγε (L καίτοι γε, Tr. καί τοι γε), Jo 4:2; μενοῦνγε (v. s.v.); μήτι γε, v.s. μήτι; ὄφελόν, I Co 4:8.†

γέ (ge) — indeed. γε, Doric dialect and Boeotian dialect γα, enclitic Particle, giving emphasis to the word or words which it follows.

I. with single words, at least, at any rate, but often only to be rendered by italics in writing, or emphasis in pronunciation: τὸ γὰρ.. σιδήρου γε κράτος ἐστίν such is the power of iron, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; εἴ που πτωχῶν γε θεοὶ.. εἰσίν if the poor have any gods to care for them,[Refs]; ὅ γ᾽ ἐνθάδε λεώς at any rate the people here, [Refs 5th c.BC+] not even two, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; οὔκουν φθόγγος γε not the least sound, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

I.2. with Pronouns: with pronoun of 1st pers. [Refs 8th c.BC+]; τουτογί, ταυταγί, etc., [Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὅσον γε χρῄζεις even as much as..,[Refs 5th c.BC+]: rarely with interrogative Pronouns, τίνα γε.. εἶπας ;[Refs 5th c.BC+]; ποίου γε τούτου πλήν γ᾽ Ὀδυσσέως ἐρεῖς ; [Refs 5th c.BC+]

I.3. after Conjunctions, to emphasize the modification or condition introduced by the subjoined clause, πρίν γε, before at least, sometimes repeated, οὐ μὲν.. ὀΐω πρίν γ᾽ ἀποπαύσεσθαι, πρίν γε.. αἵματος ἆσαι Ἀρῆα [Refs 8th c.BC+]; πρὶν ἄν γε or πρίν γ᾽ ἄν, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; εἴ γε, ἐάν γε, if that is to say, if really, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; also simply to lay stress on the condition, κἄν γε μὴ λέγω and if I do not.., [Refs 5th c.BC+]; εἴπερ γε if at any rate, [Refs 5th c.BC+], etc.; ὥστε γε (variant{ὥς γε}), with infinitive, so far at least as to.., [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὥς γε or ὥσπερ γε as at least, [Refs 5th c.BC+]:—γε may follow τε, when τε is closely attached to the preceding word, ὡς οἷόν τέ γε μάλιστα [Refs 5th c.BC+]

I.4. after other Particles, καὶ μὴν.. γε, οὐ μὴν.. γε, with words intervening, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; after ἄν in apodosi, when preceded by οὐ or καί, [Refs]; ἄταρ.. γε but yet, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; καίτοι γε, see at {καί το; ἀλλά γε} (without intervening words) is falsa lectio in [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἀλλά γε δή uncertain in [Refs 1st c.AD+]

I.5. when preceding other Particles, γε commonly refers to the preceding word, while the Particle retains its own force: but sometimes modifies the sense of the following Particle, γε μήν nevertheless, πάντως γε μήν [Refs 5th c.BC+]; Epic dialect and Ionic dialect γε μέν [Refs 8th c.BC+] frequently strengthens an assertion, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; γέ τοι, implying that the assertion is the least that one can say, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; γέ που at all events, any how, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; for γε οὖν, see at {γοῦν}.

II. exercising an influence over the whole clause:

II.1. epexegetic, namely, that is, Διός γε διδόντος that is if God grant it, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; κλῦθι, Ποσείδαον.., εἰ ἐτεόν γε σός εἰμι if indeed I am really thine, [Refs] any man—at least any wise man, [Refs]; frequently preceded by καί, usually with words intervening, ἦ μὴν κελεύσω κἀπιθωΰξω γε πρός ay and besides that.., [Refs 4th c.BC+]; παρῆσάν τινες καὶ πολλοί γε some, ay and a great many, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; frequently with the last term in an enumeration, ταύτῃ ἄρα.. πρακτέον καὶ γυμναστέον καὶ ἐδεστέον γε καὶ ποτέον [LXX]; rarely without intervening words, καί γε ὁ θάνατος διὰ τὴν μοίρην ἔλαχεν [NT+5th c.BC+]

II.2. in dialogue, in answers where something is added to the statement of the previous speaker, as ἔπεμψέ τίς σοι.. κρέα; Answ. καλῶς γε ποιῶν yes and quite right too, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; κενὸν τόδ᾽ ἄγγος, ἢ στέγει τι; Answ. σά γ᾽ ἔνδυτα.. yes indeed, your clothes, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὕτω γὰρ ἂν μάλιστα δηχθείη πόσις. Answ. σὺ δ᾽ ἂν γένοιο γ᾽ ἀθλιωτάτη γυνή yes truly, and you.., [Refs 5th c.BC+]; πάνυ γε yes certainly, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὕτω γέ πως yes somehowso, [Refs]; sometimes preceded by καί, καὶ οὐδέν γ᾽ ἄτοπον yes and no wonder, [Refs]; sometimes ironically, εὖ γε κηδεύεις πόλιν [Refs 5th c.BC+]

II.3. to heighten a contrast or opposition,

II.3. a after conditional clauses, εἰ μὲν δὴ σύ γ᾽.., τῷ κε Ποσειδάων γε.. if you do so, then at all events Poseidon will.., [Refs 8th c.BC+] {γέα}; ἐπεὶ πρὸς τοῦτο σιωπᾶν ἥδιόν σοι.. τόδε γε εἰπέ at any rate tell me this, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

II.3. b in disjunctive sentences to emphasize an alternative, ἤτοι κεῖνόν γε.. δεῖ ἀπόλλυσθαι ἢ σέ.. [Refs 8th c.BC+]: also in the second clause, εἰπέ μοι, ἠὲ ἑκὼν ὑποδάμνασαι ἤ σέ γε λαοὶ ἐχθαίρουσι [Refs 8th c.BC+]

II.4. in exclamations, etc., ὥς γε μή ποτ᾽ ὤφελον λαβεῖν uncertain in [Refs 5th c.BC+]; in oaths, οὔτοι μὰ τὴν Δήμητρά γ᾽ variant in [Refs 5th c.BC+]; merely in strong assertions, τίς ἂν φιλέοντι μάχοιτ; ἄφρων δὴ κεῖνός γέ.. [Refs 8th c.BC+]

II.5. implying concession, εἶμί γε well then I will go (in apodosi), [Refs 5th c.BC+]

III. γε frequently repeated in protasis and apodosis, as πρίν γε.., πρίν γε, see[Refs 5th c.BC+]; even in the same clause, οὐδέν γ᾽ ἄλλο πλήν γε καρκίνους [Refs 5th c.BC+]

IV. POSITION: γε normally follows the word which it limits; but is frequently placed immediately after the Article, as ὅ γε πόλεμος [Refs 5th c.BC+]; or the preposition, κατά γε τὸν σὸν λόγον [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ δέ γε[Refs]; frequently in retorts, ἁμές ποκ᾽ ἦμες ἄλκιμοι νεανίαι. Answ. ἁμὲς δέ γ᾽ εἰμές [Refs]; οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅτι λέγεις. Answ. ἡ γραῦς δέ γε οἶδ᾽, ὡς ἐγῷμαι [Refs 4th c.BC+]