διά ("written δἰ before a vowel, except in proper names and 2Co_5:7; Rom_8:10" Tdf. Proleg., p. 94), akin to δίς and Latindis in composition, properly, denoting a division into two or more parts; a preposition taking the genitive and the accusative. In its use the biblical writers differ in no respect from the Greek; cf. Winer's Grammar, 377ff (353ff); 398 (372)f A. with the genitive: through; I. of place; 1. properly, after verbs denoting an extension, or a motion, or an act, that occurs through any place: δἰ ἄλλης ὁδοῦ ἀναχωρεῖν, Mat_2:12; δἰ ἀνύδρων τόπων, Mat_12:43; διά τῆς Σαμαρείας, Joh_4:4; διά τῆς θύρας, Joh_10:1 f; add, Mat_19:24; Mar_2:23; Mar_10:25; Mar_11:16; Luk_4:30; Luk_5:19; Luk_18:25; 2Co_11:33; Heb_9:11; Heb_11:29, etc.; δἰ ὑμῶν, through your city, Rom_15:28; (on διά πάντων, Act_9:32, see πᾶς, II. 1); ὁ διά πάντων, diffusing his saving influence through all, Eph_4:6; σῴζεσθαι διά πυρός, 1Co_3:15; διασῴζεσθαι δἰ ὕδατος, 1Pe_3:20 (Ev. Nicod. c. 9, p. 568f, Thilo edition (p. 228, Tdf. edition) διά θαλάσσης ὡς διά ξηρᾶς); βλέλπειν δἰ ἐσόπτρου, 1Co_13:12 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 380 (356)). Add the adverbial phrase δἰ ὅλου from top to bottom, throughout, Joh_19:23 (metaphorically, in every way, 1Ma_6:18). From this use of the preposition has come 2. its tropical use of state or condition in which (properly, passing through which as through a space) one does or suffers something, where we, with a different conception, employ with, in, etc. (German bei, unter, mit): ὁ διά γράμματος καί περιτομῆς παραβάτης νόμου, Rom_2:27 (Winers Grammar, 380 (355)); οἱ πιστεύοντες :2di) ἀκροβυστίας who believe, though uncircumcised (see ἀκροβυστία, a.), Rom_4:11; διά προσκόμματος ἐσθίειν, with offence, or so as to be an offence (cf. Winers Grammar, 380 (356), and see πρόσκομμα), Rom_14:20; διά πίστεως περιπατεῖν, οὐ διά εἴδους (see εἶδος, 1), 2Co_5:7; τά διά (Lachmann marginal reading (cf. Tr marginal reading) τά ἰδίᾳ (see Meyer at the passage)) τοῦ σώματος;, done in the body (i. e. while we were clothed with our earthly body (others take διά here instrumentally; see III. 2 below)), 2Co_5:10; διά πολλῶν δακρύων, 2Co_2:4; διά δόξης, clothed with glory, 2Co_3:11; ἔρχεσθαι, ἐισέρχεσθαι διά τίνος with a thing, Heb_9:12; 1Jn_5:6 (but cf. Winer's Grammar, 380 (355)); δἰ ὑπομονῆς, Rom_8:25 (διά πένθους τό γῆρας διάγειν, Xenophon, Cyril 4, 6, 6; cf. Mattiae ii., p. 1353). II. of Time (cf. Winer's Grammar, 380 (356); Ellicott or Meyer on Gal_2:1; Fritzsche as below); 1. of continued time; hence, a. of the time throughout (during) which anything is done: Mat_26:61; Mar_14:58; δἰ ὅλης (τῆς R G) νυκτός, Luk_5:5; διά παντός τοῦ ζῆν, Heb_2:15; διά παντός (so L WH Tr (except Mar_5:5; Luk_24:53)), or written together διαπαντός (so G T (except in Matt.); cf. Winers Grammar, 46 (45); Lipsius, Gram. Unters., p. 125), continually, always: Mat_18:10; Mar_5:5; Luk_24:53; Act_2:25 (from Psalm 15:8 ()); ; Rom_11:10 (from Psa_68:24 ()); 2Th_3:16; Heb_9:6; Heb_13:15 (often in Greek writings). b. of the time within which a thing is done: διά τῆς νυκτός (L T Tr WH διά νυκτός), by night, Act_5:19; Act_16:9; Act_17:10; Act_23:31, (Palaeph. 1, 10); δἰ ἡμερῶν τεσσαράκοντα, repeatedly within the space of forty days, Act_1:3; (denying this use of the preposition, C. F. A. Fritzsche in Fritzschiorum Opuscc., p. 164f would refer these instances to the use noted under a. (see Winer's, Ellicott, Meyer as above)). 2. of time elapsed, and which has, so to say, been passed through: Gal_2:1 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 380 (356)); δἰ ἡμερῶν (some) days having intervened, after (some) days, Mar_2:1; δἰ ἐτῶν πλειόνων, Act_24:17; examples from Greek authors in Fritzsche on Mark, p. 50; (Winers Grammar, 380 (356); Liddell and Scott, under the word, A. II. 2; Sophocles' Lexicon, under the word, 2; Field, Otium Norv. iii, p. 14). III. of the Means or Instrument by which anything is effected; because what is done by means of person or thing seems to pass as it were through the same (cf. Winer's Grammar, 378 (354)). 1. of one who is the author of the action as well as its instrument, or of the efficient cause: δἰ αὐτοῦ (i. e. τοῦ Θεοῦ) τά πάντα namely, ἐστιν or ἐγένετο, Rom_11:36; also δἰ οὗ, Heb_2:10; δἰ οὗ ἐκλήθητε, 1Co_1:9; add (Gal_4:7 L T Tr WH, see below); Heb_7:21 (ἡ ἰατρικη πᾶσα διά τοῦ Θεοῦ τούτου, i. e. Aesculapius, κυβερναται, Plato, symp., p. 186 e.; cf. Fritzsche on Romans, vol. i., p. 15 (and for examples Sophocles Lexicon, under the word, 1)); of him to whom that is due which anyone has or has done; hence equivalent to by the fault of anyone: δἰ οὗ τό σκάνδαλον ἔρχεται, Mat_18:7; δἰ ἑνός ἀνθρώπου ἡ ἁμαρτία ... εἰσῆλθε, Rom_5:12, cf. Rom_5:16-19; ἠσθένει διά τῆς σαρκός, Rom_8:3; by the merit, aid, favor of anyone: ἐν ζωή βασιλεύσουσι διά, etc. Rom_5:17, cf. Rom_5:18; 1Co_15:21; διά τοῦ Χριστοῦ, and the like: Rom_5:1 f Rom_5:11; Act_10:43; Gal_4:7 (Rec., but see above); δοκάζειν τόν Θεόν διά Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, 1Pe_4:11, and εὐχαριστεῖν τῷ Θεῷ διά Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, Rom_1:8; Rom_7:25 (where L T Tr WH text χάρις τῷ Θεῷ); Col_3:17 because the possibility both of glorifying God and of giving thanks to him is due to the kindness of Christ: καυχᾶσθαι ἐν τῷ Θεῷ διά Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, Rom_5:11; ἀναπαύεσθαι διά τίνος, Phm_1:7; οἱ πεπιστευκότες διά τῆς χαριστος, Act_18:27; πολλῆς εἰρήνης τυγχάνοντες διά σου ... διά τῆς σής προνοίας, Act_24:2 (3); ὑπερνικαν διά τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντος ἡμᾶς, Rom_8:37; περισσεύειν διά τίνος, by the increase which comes from one, Php_1:26; 2Co_1:5; 2Co_9:12; διά τῆς ὑμῶν δεήσεως, Php_1:19; add, Phm_1:22 Rom_1:12; 2Co_1:4; Gal_4:23; 1Pe_1:5. 2. of the instrument used to accomplish a thing, or of the instrumental cause in the stricter sense: with the genitive of person by the service, the intervention of, anyone; with the genitive of thing, "by means of with the help of, anything; a. in passages where a subject expressly mentioned is said to do or to have done a thing by some person or by some thing: Mar_16:20 (τοῦ κυρίου τόν λόγον βεβαιοῦντος διά τῶν σημείων); Luk_1:70; Act_1:16; Act_2:22 (τέρασι καί σημείοις, οἷς ἐποίησε δἰ αὐτοῦ ὁ Θεός); Act_8:20; Act_10:36; Act_15:28 (γράψαντες διά χειρός αὐτῶν); Act_20:28; Act_21:19; Act_28:25; Rom_2:16; Rom_3:31; Rom_7:13; ( Rec.bez elz L edition min. T WH text); Rom_15:18; Rom_16:18; 1Co_1:21 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 381 (357)); 1Co_2:10; 1Co_4:15; 1Co_6:14; 1Co_14:9; 1Co_14:19 (R G); ; 2Co_1:4; 2Co_4:14 R G; (cf. Winer's Grammar, 381 (357)); ; Eph_1:5; Eph_2:16; Col_1:20; Col_1:22; Col_2:8; 1Th_4:14; 2Th_2:14; Tit_3:5; Heb_1:2-3 (R G); ; Rev_1:1; γῆ ἐξ ὕδατος (material cause) καί δἰ ὕδατος συνεστῶσα τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ λόγῳ, 2Pe_3:5 (Winers Grammar, 419 (390) cf. 217 (204)). b. in passages in which the author or principal cause is not mentioned, but is easily understood from the nature of the case, or from the context: Rom_1:12; 1Co_11:12 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 381 (357)); Php_1:20; 1Th_3:7; 2Th_2:2; 2Th_2:15; Heb_11:39 (cf. Winer's Grammar, as above, also § 50, 3); ; 1Pe_1:7; διά πολλῶν μαρτύρων, by the mediation (intervention) of many witnesses, they being summoned for that purpose (cf. Winers Grammar, 378 (354); A. V. among), 2Ti_2:2. Where it is evident from the religious conceptions of the Bible that God is the author or first cause: Joh_11:4; Act_5:12; Eph_3:10; Eph_4:16; Col_2:19; 2Ti_1:6; Heb_10:10; 2Pe_3:6; σῴζεσθαι διά πίστεως, Eph_2:8; συνεγείρεσθαι διά τῆς πίστεως, Col_2:12; δικαιοῦσθαι διά τῆς πίστεως, Gal_2:16, cf. Rom_3:30; in the phrases διά τοῦ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, and the like: Joh_1:17; Joh_3:17; Act_13:38; Rom_1:5; Rom_5:9; 1Co_15:57; 1Jn_4:9; Php_1:11; διά τοῦ εὐαγγελίου, 1Co_15:2; Eph_3:6; διά λόγου Θεοῦ, 1Pe_1:23, cf. 1Pe_1:3; διά νόμου, Rom_3:27; Rom_4:13; δἰ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, Gal_1:12, cf. Gal_1:15 f; διά τοῦ (ἁγίου) πνεύματος, Rom_5:5; 1Co_7:8; Eph_3:16; πιστεύειν διά τίνος (see πιστεύω, 1 b. γ), Joh_1:7; 1Co_3:5; σημεῖον γέγονε δἰ αὐτῶν, Act_4:16; ὁ λόγος δἰ ἀγγέλων λαληθείς, Heb_2:2, cf. Gal_3:19; ὁ νόμος διά Μωϋσέως ἐδόθη, Joh_1:17; in passages in which something is said to have been spoken through the O. T. prophets, or some one of them (cf. Lightfoot Fresh Revision etc., p. 121f): Mat_2:5; Mat_2:17 L T Tr WH, Mat_2:23; (Mat_3:3 L T Tr WH); Mat_4:14; Mat_8:17; Mat_12:17; Mat_21:4; Mat_24:15; Mat_27:9; Act_2:16; or to have been so written: Luk_18:31; with the added mention of the first cause: ὑπό τοῦ κυρίου διά τοῦ προφήτου, Mat_1:22; Mat_2:15, cf. Luk_1:70; Act_1:16; Act_28:25; Rom_1:2; in passages relating to the Logos: πάντα δἰ αὐτοῦ (i. e., through the Divine Logos (cf. Winer's Grammar, 379 (355))) ἐγένετο or ἐκτίσθη: Joh_1:3; 1Co_8:6 (where he is expressly distinguished from the first cause: ἐξ αὐτοῦ (Winer's Grammar, 419 (391))); Col_1:16 (Winer's Grammar, the passage cited), cf. Heb_1:2 (Philo de cherub. § 35). The instrumental cause and the principal are distinguished in 1Co_11:12 (διά τῆς γυναικός ... ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ); Gal_1:1 (ἀπ' ἀνθρώπων ... δἰ ἀνθρώπου (cf. Winer's Grammar, 418 (390))). 3. with the genitive of a thing διά is used to denote the manner in which a thing is done, or the formal cause: εἶπε διά παραβολῆς, Luk_8:4; εἶπε δἰ ὁρματος, Act_18:9; ἀπαγγέλλειν διά λόγου, by word of mouth, Act_15:27; τῷ λόγῳ δἰ ἐπιστολῶν, 2Co_10:11, cf. 2Th_2:15; πίστις ἐνεργουμένη δἰ ἀγάπης, Gal_5:6; κεχάρισται δἰ ἐπαγγελίας, Gal_3:18; δουλεύειν διά τῆς ἀγάπης, Gal_5:13; ἐπιστέλλειν διά βραχέων, Heb_13:22; γράφειν δἰ ὀλίγων, 1Pe_5:12 (Plato, Gorgias, p. 449 b. διά μακρῶν λόγους ποιεῖσθαι (see ὀλίγος, at the end; cf. Winer's Grammar, § 51, 1 b.)); διά χάρτου καί μέλανος, 2Jn_1:12; διά μέλανος καί καλάμου, 3Jn_1:13 (Plutarch, Sol. 17, 3). To this head I should refer also the use of διά τίνος in exhortations etc. where one seeks to strengthen his exhortation by the mention of a thing or a person held sacred by those whom he is admonishing (διά equivalent to by an allusion to, by reminding you of (cf. Winer's Grammar, 381 (357))): Romans 12:1 15 :30; 1Co_1:10; 2Co_10:1; 1Th_4:2 (yet cf. Winer's Grammar, 379 (355) note); 2Th_3:12 R G. B. with the accusative (Winer's Grammar, 398f (372f)). I. of place; through; often so in the Greek poets, once in the N. T. according to L T Tr WH viz. Luk_17:11 διά μέσον Σαμαρείας, for R G διά μέσου Σαμαρείας (but see μέσος, 2). II. of the Ground or Reason on account of which anything is or is not done; by reason of because of (German aus Grund). 1. of the reason for which a thing is done, or of the efficient reason, when for greater perspicuity it may be rendered by (cf. Kühner, § 434 Anm.); a. with the accusative of the thing: δἰ ἥν, viz. τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμέραν (properly, by reason of which day, i. e. because it will come (cf. Winer's Grammar, 400 (373))), 2Pe_3:12; διά τόν λόγον (properly, by reason of the word, i. e. because the word has cleansing power), Joh_15:3; διά τό θέλημα σου (Vulg.proptar voluntatem tuam, i. e. because thou didst will it), Rev_4:11; add, Rev_12:11; Rev_13:14 (ἀναβιώσκεται διά τήν τοῦ πατρός φύσιν, Plato, symp., p. 203 e.); cf. Grimm on 2Ma_3:1. b. with the accusative of the person, by whose will, agency, favor, fault, anything is or is done: διά τόν πατέρα ... δἰ ἐμέ (properly, because the father lives ... because I live (cf. Winer's Grammar, 399 (373))), Joh_6:57; διά τόν ὑπταξαντα, by the will of him who subjected it, opposed to οὐχ ἑκοῦσα, Rom_8:20 (cf. Winer's 399 (373) note); μή εἴπῃς ὅτι διά κύριον ἀπέστην, Sir_15:11; so too in the Greek writings of every age; cf. Krüger, § 68, 23; Grimm on 2Ma_6:25. Much more often 2. of the reason or cause on account of which anything is or is done, or ought to be done; on account of, because of; a. in the phrases διά τοῦτο, for this cause; for this reason; therefore; on this account; since this is so: Mat_6:25; Mat_12:27; Mat_12:31; Mat_13:13, etc.; Mar_6:14; Mar_11:24; Luk_11:49; Luk_14:20; Joh_6:65; Joh_9:23; Act_2:26; Rom_1:26; Rom_4:16; Rom_5:12; Rom_13:6; Rom_15:9; 1Co_4:17; 1Co_11:10; 1Co_11:30; 2Co_4:1; Eph_1:15; Eph_5:17; Eph_6:13; Col_1:9; 1Th_2:13; 1Th_3:5; 1Th_3:7; 2Th_2:11; 2Ti_2:10; Heb_1:9; Heb_2:1; 1Jn_4:5; 3Jn_1:10; Rev_7:15; Rev_12:12; Rev_18:8. followed by ὅτι, for this cause ... because, therefore ... because: Joh_5:16; Joh_5:18; Joh_8:47; Joh_10:17; Joh_12:18; Joh_12:39; 1Jn_3:1; cf. Tholuck edition 7 on Joh_10:17 (he questions, at least for Joh_10:17 and Joh_12:39, the canon of Meyer (on 12:39), Luthardt (on Joh_10:17), others, that in this phrase in John the τοῦτο always looks backward) in the opposite order (when the words that precede with ὅτι are to be emphasized): Joh_15:19. It indicates the end and purpose, being followed either by ἵνα, 2Co_13:10; 1Ti_1:16; Phm_1:15, (in the opposite order, Joh_1:31); or by ὅπως, Heb_9:15. διά τί (so L Tr WH) and written together διατί (so G T; cf. Winers Grammar, 45; (Lipsius, Gram. Unters., p. 126), why? wherefore? Mat_9:11; Mat_9:14; Mat_13:10; Mat_17:19; Mar_2:18; Luk_5:30; Joh_7:45; Act_5:3; Rom_9:32; 1Co_6:7; Rev_17:7. δἰ ἥν αἰτίαν, see αἰτία, 1. τίς ἡ αἰτία, δἰ ἥν, Act_10:21; Act_23:28; διά ταύτην τήν αἰτίαν, Act_28:20; διά ταῦτα, Eph_5:6, etc. b. used, with the accusative of any noun, of the mental affection by which one is impelled to some act (English for; cf. Winer's Grammar, 399 (372) διά φθόνον, because prompted by envy, for envy, Mat_27:18; Mar_15:10; διά τόν φόβον τίνος, Joh_7:13; Joh_19:38; Joh_20:19; Rev_18:10; Rev_18:15; διά τήν πολλήν ἀγάπην, Eph_2:4. of any other cause on account of which one is said to do or to have done something as in Mat_14:3; Mat_14:9; Mat_15:3; Mat_15:6; Joh_4:39; Joh_4:41; Joh_12:11; Joh_14:11; Act_28:2; Rom_3:25 (διά τήν πάρεσιν τῶν προγεγονότων ἁμαρτημάτων because of the pretermission etc., i. e. because he had left the sins unpunished); Rom_6:19; Rom_15:15; 2Co_9:14; Gal_4:13 (δἰ ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκός, on account of an infirmity of the flesh, i. e. detained among you by sickness; cf. Wieseler (or Lightfoot) at the passage); or to suffer or have suffered something, Mat_24:9; Mat_27:19; Luk_23:19; Luk_23:25; Act_21:35; 2Co_4:11; Col_3:6; 1Pe_3:14; Rev_1:9; Rev_6:9; or to have obtained something, Heb_2:9; Heb_5:14; 1Jn_2:12; or to be or to become something, Romans 8:10 11 :28; Eph_4:18; Heb_5:12 (Winer's Grammar, 399 (373)); Heb_7:18. of the impeding cause, where by reason of some person or thing something is said to have been impossible: Mat_13:58; Mat_17:20; Mar_2:4; Luk_5:19; Luk_8:19; Act_21:34; Heb_3:19; Heb_4:6. διά with the accusative of a person is often equivalent to for the benefit of (English for the sake of): Mar_2:27; Joh_11:42; Joh_12:30; 1Co_11:9; Heb_1:14; Heb_6:7 διά τούς ἐκλεκτούς, Mat_24:22; Mar_13:20; 2Ti_2:10; διά Χριστόν for Christ's sake, to promote his cause, 1Co_4:10; δἰ ὑμᾶς, Joh_12:30; 2Co_4:15; 2Co_8:9; Php_1:24; 1Th_1:5. διά τινα, because of the example set by one: 2Co_2:10; Rom_2:24; 2Pe_2:2; διά τόν Χριστόν, for Christ, to become a partner of Christ, Php_3:7 (equivalent to ἵνα Χριστόν κερδήσω, Php_3:8). c. διά τό, because that, for that, is placed before the infinitive either standing alone, as Luk_9:7; Heb_7:23; or having a subject accusative expressed, as Mat_24:12; Mar_5:4; Luk_2:4; Luk_19:11; Act_4:2; Act_12:20; Act_18:2; Act_27:4; Act_27:9; Act_28:18; Php_1:7; Heb_7:24; Heb_10:2; Jas_4:2; or with its subject accusative evident from the context, as Mat_13:6; Mar_4:6; Luk_11:8; Luk_18:5; Luk_23:8; Act_8:11; Act_18:3. C. In Composition διά indicates: 1. a passing through space or time, through, (διαβαίνω, διέρχομαι, διϋλίζω, etc.); hence, 2. continuity of time (διαμένω, διατελέω, διατηρέω), and completeness of action (διακαθαρίζω, διαζώννυμι). 3. distribution (διαδίδωμι, διαγγέλλω, διαφημίζω). 4. separation (διαλύω, διαιρέω). 5. rivalry and endeavor (διαπίνω, διακατελέγχομαι; cf. Herm. ad Vig., p. 854; (Winer. as below, p. 6)). 6. transition from one state to another (διαλλάσσω, διορθόω). (Cf. Winer, De verb. comp. etc. Part v.; Valckenaer on Herodotus 5, 18; Cattier. Gazophyl. edition Abresch, Cant. 1810, p. 39; A. Rieder, Ueb. d. mit mehr als ein. prap. zusammeng. verba im N. T., p. 17f) No one of the N. T. writers makes more frequent use of verbs compounded with διά than Luke, (see the list in Winer, as above, p. 3 note; on their construction Winers Grammar, § 52, 4, 8).

διά dia 667x (1) gen., through, used of place or medium, Mat_7:13 ; Luk_6:1 ; 2Co_11:33 ; through, of time, during, in the course of, Heb_2:15 ; Act_5:19 ; through, of immediate agency, causation, instrumentality, by means of, by, Joh_1:3 ; Act_3:18 ; of means or manner, through, by, with, Luk_8:4 ; 2Co_5:7 ; 2Co_8:8 ; of state or condition, in a state of, Rom_4:11 ; (2) acc., used of causation which is not direct and immediate in the production of a result, on account of, because of, for the sake of, with a view to, Mar_2:27 ; Joh_1:31 ; rarely, through, while subject to a state of untoward circumstances, Gal_4:13

διά (before a vowel δι᾽ , exc . Rom_8:10 , 2Co_5:7 , and in pr. names; Tdf., Pr. , 94), prep . c . gen ., acc , as in cl .; 1. c . gen ., through ; (i) of Place, after verbs of motion or action: Mat_2:12 ; Mat_12:43 , Mar_2:23 , Luk_4:30 , Joh_4:4 , 2Co_11:33 , al. ; σώζεσθαι (διασ -) δ . πυρός , ὕδατος , 1Co_3:15 , 1Pe_3:20 ; βλέπειν δ . ἐσόπτρου , 1Co_13:12 ; metaph ., of a state or condition: Rom_14:20 , 2Co_2:4 ; 2Co_5:7 ; 2Co_5:10 ; δ . γράμμος , ἀκροβυστίας ( Lft., Notes , 263, 279), Rev_2:27 ; Rev_4:11 ; δι᾽ ὑπομονῆς , Rom_8:25 . (ii) Of Time; (a) during which: Mat_26:61 , Mar_14:58 , Luk_5:5 ; δ . παντὸς τοῦ ζῆν , Heb_2:15 ; δ . παντόν (διαπαντός in Mar_5:5 , Luk_24:53 ), always, continually, Mat_18:10 , Act_2:25 ( LXX ) Act_10:2 ; Act_24:16 , Rom_11:10 ( LXX ), 2Th_3:16 , Heb_9:6 ; Heb_13:15 ; (b) within which: Act_1:3 ; δ . νυκτός , Act_5:19 ; Act_16:9 ; Act_17:10 ; Act_23:31 ; ( c ) after which ( Field, Notes , 20; Abbott, JG , 255 f .): Mar_2:1 , Act_24:17 , Gal_2:1 . (iii) Of the Means or Instrument; (1) of the efficient cause (regarded also as the instrument): of God, Rom_11:30 , 1Co_1:9 , Gal_4:7 , Heb_2:10 ; Heb_7:21 ; of Christ, Rom_1:8 ; Rom_5:1 ; Rom_5:17 , 1Co_15:21 , 1Pe_4:11 , al. ; δ . τ . ὑμῶν δεήσ -εως , Rom_1:12 , 2Co_1:4 , Gal_4:23 , al. ; (2) of the agent, instrument or means; (a) c . gen . pers ., Mat_11:2 , Luk_1:70 , Joh_1:17 , Act_1:16 , Rom_2:16 , 1Co_1:21 , Eph_1:5 , Heb_2:14 , Rev_1:1 , al ; ὑπὸ τ . κυρίου δ . τ . προφήτου (δ . τ . κυρίου , 1Th_4:2 ( M , Th ., in l ); Lft ., Rev . , 121 f .), Mat_1:22 ; Mat_2:15 , Rom_1:2 ; δ . ἐπιστολῆς ὡς δ . ἡμῶν ( Field, Notes , 202), 2Th_2:2 ; δ . . ( NTD , 22), 1Pe_5:12 ; (b) c . gen . rei (where often the simple dat . is used in cl .; Jannaris , Gr ., 375), Joh_11:4 , Act_5:12 ; δ . τ . πίστεως , Rom_3:30 ; δ . λόγου θεοῦ , 1Pe_1:23 ; δ . παραβολῆς , Luk_8:4 ; δουλεύειν δ . τ . ἀγάπης , Gal_5:13 ; δ . ἐπαγγελίας , Gal_3:18 . 2. C . acc ; (i) rarely, as c . gen ., through ( Hom ), δ . μέσον Σαμαρίας ( ICC , in l ; Bl., § 42, 1; Robertson, Gr ., 581), Luk_17:11 . (ii) by reason of, because of, for the sake of; (a) c . acc pers . ( M , Pr., 105), Mar_2:27 , Joh_6:57 ; Joh_11:42 , Rom_8:20 ; (b) c . acc rei , δ . φθόνον , Mat_27:18 , Mar_15:10 ; δ . φόβον , Joh_7:13 ; Joh_20:19 ; δ . ἀγάπην , Eph_2:4 ; δ . τοῦτο , freq ., for this cause, therefore, Mat_6:25 , Mar_6:14 , Luk_11:49 , Joh_6:65 , al. ; id . seq . ὅτι , Joh_5:16 ; Joh_10:17 , al. ; δ . τί , why, Mat_9:11 ; Mat_9:14 , Mar_2:18 , Joh_7:45 , al. ; δ . τό , c . inf ., Mar_5:4 , Luk_9:7 , Jas_4:2 3. In composition, (1) through , as in διαβαίνω ; (2) of separation, asunder , as in διασπάω ; (3) of distri\-bution, abroad , as in διαγγέλλω ; (4) of transition, as διαλλάσσω ; (5) of "perfective" action ( M , Pr., 112 f ., 115 f .), as διαφύγω , διακαθαρίζω . Δία , acc of Ζεύς , q.v.

διά [page 145] See Thumb s account of the MGr γιά (pron. ya δ has fallen out before y , as is normal), Handbook p. 104 f. He shows that the old preposition survives unchanged as far as its use c. acc. is concerned. The local meaning of διὰ with gen. has entirely disappeared. But γιὰ τοῦτο therefore, γιὰ ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ for God s sake, are entirely in the succession of old use. Γιά also = for in other senses which had not emerged in our period Thumb notes it has acquired the function partly of the old dative and partly those of ἐπί , περί , ὑπέρ , ἀντί . Αὐτὸ εἶναι καλὸ γιὰ σένα , that is good for you, recalls Php_1:24 , Heb_1:14 ; and ὅτι γιὰ μένα δὲν ζητῶ , what I do not seek for myself, has many parallels in NT. The disappearance of διά c. gen. in MGr is not prepared for in the time of the papyri. According to Rossberg s calculation, out of 714 occurrences of διά in papyri 508 are with genitive, which is a more marked predominance than the NT 382 : 279 ( Proleg. p. 105). Διά c. gen. in the papyri is freely illustrated by Rossberg, p. 37 f. : his citations need not be repeated. Deissmann s reference in BS , p. 289, brings up the Hebraising periphrases of which διά takes its share. Wόnsch AF 5 .24 (iii/A.D. = BS , p. 276) ὁρκίζω σε τὸν φωστῆρα καὶ ἄστρα ἐν οὐρανῷ ποιήσαντα διὰ φωνῆς προστάγ [μ ]ατος , by the voice of his command, is based on LXX language, and admitted by Deissmann to be a phrase which a Greek might feel to be a pleonasm, but which is not altogether un-Greek. The commonest of these locutions is διὰ χειρός c. gen., with meaning indistinguishable from διά c. gen. alone. This is of course based on αΜΐιΗγ , but it is not a literal translation like ἐν χειρί . It is obviously modelled upon the vernacular phrase διὰ χειρός , of money paid by hand, directly, ubiquitous in commercial documents : e.g. P Oxy II. 268 .7 (A.D. 58) ἀπεσχηκυῖαι [παρὰ τοῦ Ἀντ ]ιφάνους διὰ χειρὸς [ἐ ]ξ οἴκου ὃ καὶ ἐπε [ίσθη ]σαν κεφάλαιον , have received from Antiphanes from hand to hand in cash the sum which they severally consented to accept (Edd.). Among other stereotyped phrases may be mentioned διὰ παντός , common in papyri as in Bibl. Greek in place of the obsolescent ἀεί : thus P Lond 42 .6 (B.C. 168) (= I. p. 30, Selections p. 9) σοῦ διὰ παντὸς μνείαν ποιούμενοι , BGU IV. 1078 .2 (A.D. 39) Σαραπίων Σαραπιάδι τῇ ἀδελφῇ πλεῖστα χαίρειν καὶ διὰ παντὸς ὑγιαίνειν . A rather different temporal use appears in διὰ νυκτός , by night ( Act_5:19 etc.), as P Ryl II. 138 .15 (A.D. 34) κατέλαβα τοῦτον διὰ νυκτὸς ἡλμένον ἐξ ὑπερβατῶν εἰς τὼιὸ τῆς οὐσίας ἐποίκιον Δρομη̣ως λεγώμενου ( i.e. -όμενον ), I detected him when under cover of night he had sprung into the farmstead (Edd.) : it is hard to imagine Fritzsche (see Grimm) arguing that here διὰ νυκτός must mean all night long ! Equally unmistakeable is the spell in P Lond 121 .407 (iii/A.D.) (= I. p. 97) ἐάν τινι ἐθελήσῃς φανῆναι διὰ νυκτὸς ἐν ὀνείροις . Διὰ βίου however = for life, as P Lond 1178 .50 (A.D. 194) (= III. p. 217) ξυστάρχων διὰ βίου , Preisigke 1269 .8 (B.C. 104) ἱερεὺς διὰ βίου , and δι᾽ ἐνιαυτοῦ = for a year P Strass I. 22 .32 (iii/A.D. init. ) παρ᾽ ἡμεῖν δ [ὲ ἰ ]δοὺ ἡ̣ [δ ]ἱ̣ς̣ ἐνιαυτοῦ νομὴ αὐτάρκης ἐστίν̣, der einjδhrige Besitz (Ed.). For διά as in Mar_2:1 , Act_24:17 , cf. OGIS 56 .38 (B.C. 239 8) ἐὰν δὲ καὶ συμβαίνηι τὴν ἐπιτολὴν τοῦ ἄστρου μεταβαίνειν εἰς ἑτέραν ἡμέραν διὰ τεσσάρων ἐτῶν , after four years (see note). Instrumental διά appears in διὰ γένους , as Cagnat IV. 293 .46 (Pergamum, c. B.C. 127) τὸν ἀρχιερέα καὶ διὰ γένους ἱερέα τοῦ [Διός hereditary priest, JHS xxxiv. p. 5 (no. 10 .3 of Lycian inscrr.) λαβὼν τὸ χωρίον διὰ γένους . So διὰ προγόνων , Cagnat IV. 293 .47 (see above) καὶ δι ]ὰ προγόνων ὑπάρχοντα τῆς πατρίδος εὐεργέ [την . P Ryl II. 135 .11 (A.D. 34) ἦραν διὰ ὄνον χόρτου δύσμας τριάκοαν , carried off on donkeys thirty bundles of hay (Edd.). The common use of Act_15:27 , 2Co_10:11 , may be freely illustrated : thus P Oxy VII. 1066 .9 (iii/A.D.) ἔγραψάς μοι διὰ τῆς [ἐ ]πιστολῆς , you write to me in the letter (Ed.), ib. 1070 .15 (iii/A.D.) πολλάκις σοι γράψας διὰ ἐπιστολῶν πολλῶν , P Grenf I. 30 .5 (B.C. 103) (= Witkowski .2 , p. 107) διὰ γραμμάτων ἐκρίναμεν σημῆναι . It can hardly be said that there is always insistence on mediate authorship when διά has a personal gen. attached. Thus P Grenf II. 41 .17 (A.D. 46) (= Chrest. II. p. 197) πάντος ( l. -ας ) τοὺ ( l. τοὺς ) δἰ ἐμοῦ οἰκονομηθησομένους χρηματισμούς : the writer is a principal. P Lond 276 .7 (A.D. 15) (= II. p. 149) ἵν᾽ [εἰδ ]ὼς κατακλουθησας ( l. κατακολουθῇς ) τοῖς δι᾽ αὐτοῦ σημαινο [μέν ]οις , P Amh II. 68 .6 (late i/A.D.) τὰς δηλουμένας δι᾽ αὐτοῦ (ἀρούρας ) ῑ . But this distinction between διά and ὑπό is normally observed. Thus P Amh II. 111 .17 (A.D. 132) καθ᾽ ὁμολογείαν τελιωθῖσαν διὰ τοῦ ἐν κώμῃ Σοκνοπαίου Νήσου γραφείου , executed through the record-office of S.N. (Edd.). BGU I. 136 .4 (A.D. 135) Ταποντὼς δι᾽ ἐκδίκου , his counsel. Note δι᾽ ἑαυτοῦ = ipse , as P Oxy II. 273 .21 (A.D. 95) ἀπὸ τῆσδε [τῆς ὁμο ]λογίας δι᾽ ἑαυτῆς μετεπιγράφεσθαι , to transfer by herself to another (Edd.). See other instances in Kuhring p. 39 f., also of other uses c. gen. The elliptical locution διὰ κενῆς , P Hib I. 66 .5 (B.C. 228 7) ὥστε σε μὴ διὰ κενῆς εὐχαριαστῆσαι ἡμ [ῖν , so that you shall not oblige me to no purpose (Edd.), presumably arises from the local meaning of διά . With acc. διά has a recognized use in petitions where the subtle but important difference from gen. may be overlooked see Proleg. p. 105. P Magd 16 .7 (B.C. 222) ἵνα διὰ σέ , βασιλεῦ , τοῦ δικαίου τύ [χω , grβce ΰ toi (Ed.), is a good example : διὰ σοῦ would be avoided in addressing a king, and διὰ σέ is more delicate than παρὰ σοῦ . Other instances in Kuhring p. 41, and Rossberg p. 39, whose heading quo auctore quid fiat is fairly established. The acc. rei sometimes brings the meaning rather near that of διά c. gen. P Fay 119 .34 ( c. A.D. 100), ἐπὶ κράζει Πᾶσις εἵνα μὴ εἰς ψωμὶν γένηται διὰ τὼ ὕδωρ , for Pasis is crying out that we must not allow it [the manure] to be dissolved by the water (Edd.), BGU I. 350 .4 (ii/A.D.) πεπρακέ [ναι τὸν ὁμολογοῦντα διὰ τήνδε τὴν ] ὁμολογίαν , P Par 17 .11 (A.D. 154) πριαμένης διὰ χειρόγραφον (Kuhring p. 41). Late and illiterate documents were only anticipating the general development of Greek syntax. Rossberg p. 39 f. has instances of διά c. acc. classified. With Heb_2:10 , Rev_4:11 , cf. P Leid W xiii. 33 (ii/iii A.D.), addressing a deity, σοῦ γαρ φανέντος κ (αὶ ) κόσμος ἐγένετο , κ (αὶ ) φῶς ἐφάνη· κ (αὶ ) διοικονομήθη τὰ πάντα διὰ σέ . P Oxy I. 41 .8 ( c. A.D. 300), where a crowd acclaims a magistrate, πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀπολαύομεν διὰ σαί , πρύτανι : the date makes it reasonable to compare this directly with διὰ σοῦ in Act_24:2 , rather than putting it into the category described above. For διά in composition it will suffice to refer to Moulton Gr. II. § 116.

διά "through c. gen. through, by means of c. acc." "through". WITH GEN.: of Place or Space: of motion "in a line, through, right through", διὰ μὲν ἀσπίδος ἦλθε ἔγχος Il. ; δι᾽ ἠέρος αἰθέρ᾽ ἵκανεν "quite through" the lower air even to the ether, id=Il. ; διὰ πάντων ἐλθεῖν to go "through" all "in succession", Xen. of motion "through" a space, but "not in a line, all through, over", διὰ πεδίοιο Il. ; δι᾽ ἄστεος Od. of Intervals of Space, διὰ δέκα ἐπάλξεων "at every" 10th battlement, Thuc. ; διὰ πέντε σταδίων "at a distance of" 5 stades, Hdt. of Time: "throughout, during", διὰ παντὸς τοῦ χρόνου Hdt. ; δι᾽ ἡμέρης "all" day "long", id=Hdt. ; διὰ παντός "continually", Aesch. ; δι᾽ ὀλίγου "for" a short time, Thuc. of the interval "between" two points of Time, διὰ χρόνου πολλοῦ or διὰ πολλοῦ χρ. "after" a long time, Hdt. ; διὰ χρόνου "after" a time, Soph. ; χρόνος διὰ χρόνου time "after" time, id=Soph. of successive Intervals, διὰ τρίτης ἡμέρης every other day, Hdt. ; δι᾽ ἐνιαυτοῦ "every" year, Xen. Causal, "through, by" of the Agent, δι᾽ ἀγγέλων "by the mouth of" messengers, Hdt. ; δι᾽ ἑρμηνέως λέγειν Xen. of the Instrument or Means, διὰ χειρῶν Soph. ; διὰ χειρὸς ἔχειν "in" hand, id=Soph. of the Manner or Way, παίω δι᾽ ὀργῆς "through" passion, "in" passion, Soph. ; διὰ σπουδῆς "in" haste, hastily, Eur. to express conditions or states, δι᾽ ἡσυχίης εἶναι to be "in a state of" quiet, to be tranquil, Hdt. ; διὰ πολέμου ἰέναι τινί to be "at" war with one, Xen. ; δι᾽ ἀπεχθείας ἐλθεῖν τινι to be "hated" by him, Aesch. ; δι᾽ οἴκτου ἔχειν τινά to feel pity for one, Eur. , etc. WITH ACC.: of Place, in same sense as διά c. gen.: "through", ἓξ διὰ πτύχας ἦλθε χαλκός Il. "throughout, over", ὤικεον δι᾽ ἄκριας Od. ; δι᾽ αἰθέρα Soph. of Time, διὰ νύκτα Il. ; διὰ ὕπνον "during" sleep, Mosch. Causal: of Persons, "through, by aid of, by means of", νικῆσαι διὰ Ἀθήνην Od. ; διά σε "by" thy fault or service, Soph. : "through, by reason of", αὐτὸς δι᾽ αὑτόν "for" his own "sake", Plat. ; διὰ τὴν ἐκείνου μέλλησιν Thuc. of things, which express the Cause, Reason, or Purpose, δι᾽ ἐμὴν ἰότητα "because of" my will, Il. ; δι᾽ ἀχθηδόνα "for the sake of" vexing, Thuc. ; διὰ τοῦτο, διὰ ταῦτα "therefore"; etc. WITHOUT CASE as Adv. "throughout", Hom. IN COMPOS.: "through, right through", as in διαβαίνω. "in different directions", as in διαπέμπω:— of separation, "asunder", as in Lat. dis-, as in διασκεδάννυμι:— "at variance", as in διαφωνέω; or of mutual relation, "one with another", as in διαγωνίζομαι, διᾴδω. of preeminence, as in διαπρέπω, διαφέρω. completion, "to the end, utterly", as in διαμάχομαι (cf. Lat. decertare). to add strength, "throughly, out and out", as in διαγαληνίζω. of mixture, "between, partly", as in διάλευκος.

διά (before a vowel δ᾽, exc. Rom.8:10, 2Co.5:7, and in (Proper name)s; Tdf., Pr., 94), prep. with genitive, accusative, as in cl.; __1. with genitive, through; __(i) of Place, after verbs of motion or action: Mat.2:12 12:43, Mrk.2:23, Luk.4:30, Jhn.4:4, 2Co.11:33, al.; σώζεσθαι (διας-) δ. πυρός, ὕδατος, 1Co.3:15, 1Pe.3:20; βλέπειν δ. ἐσόπτρου, 1Co.13:12; metaphorically, of a state or condition: Rom.14:20, 2Co.2:4 5:7, 10; δ. γράμματος, ἀκροβυστίας (Lft., Notes, 263, 279), Rom.2:27 4:11; δι ̓ὑπομενῆς, Rom.8:25. __(ii) Of Time; __(a) during which: Mat.26:61, Mrk.14:58, Luk.5:5; δ. παντὸς τοῦ ζῆν, Heb.2:15; δ. παντός (διαπαντός in Mrk.5:5, Luk.24:53), always, continually, Mat.18:10, Act.2:25" (LXX) 10:2 24:16, Rom.11:10" (LXX), 2Th.3:16, Heb.9:6 13:15. __(b) within which: Act.1:3; δ. νυκτός, Act.5:19 16:9 17:10 23:31; __(with) after which (Field, Notes, 20; Abbott, JG, 255f.): Mrk.2:1, Act.24:17, Gal.2:1. __(iii) Of the Means or Instrument; __(1) of the efficient cause (regarded also as the instrument): of God, Rom.11:36, 1Co.1:9, Gal.4:7, Heb.2:10 7:21; of Christ, Rom.1:8 5:1, 17, 1Co.15:21, 1Pe.4:11, al.; δ. τ. ὑμῶν δεήσεως, Rom.1:12, 2Co.1:4, Gal.4:23, al.; __(2) of the agent, instrument or means; __(a) with genitive of person(s), Mat.11:2, Luk.1:70, Jhn.1:17, Act.1:16, Rom.2:16, 1Co.1:21, Eph.1:5, Heb.2:14, Rev.1:1, al.; ὑπὸ τ. κυρίου δ. τ. προφήτου (δ. τ. κυρίου, 1Th.4:2 (M, Th., in l.); Lft., Rev., 121f.), Mat.1:22 2:15, Rom.1:2; δ. ἐπιστολῆς ὡς δ. ἡμῶν (Field, Notes, 202), 2Th.2:2; δ. Σ. (NTD, 22), 1Pe.5:12; __(b) with genitive of thing(s) (where often the simple dative is used in cl.; Jannaris, Gr., 375), Jhn.11:4, Act.5:12; δ. τ. πίστεως, Rom.3:30; δ. λόγου θεοῦ, 1Pe.1:23; δ. παραβολῆς, Luk.8:4; δουλεύειν δ. τ. ἀγάπης, Gal.5:13; δ. ἐπαγγελίας, Gal.3:18, __2. C. accusative; __(i) rarely, as with genitive, through (Hom), δ. μέσον Σαμαρίας (ICC, in l.; Bl., §42, 1; Robertson, Gr., 581), Luk.17:11. __(ii) by reason of, because of, for the sake of; __(a) with accusative of person(s) (M, Pr., 105), Mrk.2:27, Jhn.6:57 11:42, Rom.8:20; __(b) with accusative of thing(s), δ. φθόνον, Mat.27:18, Mrk.15:10; δ. φόβον, Jhn.7:13 20:19; δ. ἀγάπην, Eph.2:4; δ. τοῦτο, freq., for this cause, therefore, Mat.6:25, Mrk.6:14, Luk.11:49, Jhn.6:65, al.; id. before ὅτι, Jhn.5:16 10:17, al.; δ. τί, why, Mat.9:11, 14 Mrk.2:18, Jhn.7:45, al.; δ. τό, with inf., Mrk.5:4, Luk.9:7, Jas.4:2. __3. In composition, __(1) through, as in διαβαίνω; __(2) of separation, asunder, as in διασπάω; __(3) of distribution, abroad, as in διαγγέλλω; __(4) of transition, as διαλλάσσω; __(5) of "perfective" action (M, Pr., 112f., 115f.), as διαφύγω, διακαθαρίζω. (AS)