δίκαιος, -aia, -αιον, (fr. δίκη right), [fr. Hom. down], prop. the Hebr. pas, observant of ἡ δίκη, righteous, observing divine and human laws; one who is such as he ought to be; (Germ. rechtbeschaffen; in the earlier laneuage, whence appropriated by Luther, gerecht in a broad sense; in Grk. writ. used even of physical things, as ἵππος, Xen. mem. 4, 4,5; γήδιον δικαιότατον, most fertile, Xen. Cyr. 8, 3, 38; [ἅρμα δίκαιον, ib. 2, 2, 26]); al in a wide sense, upright, righteous, virtuous, keeping the commands of God; a. univ.: Mt. i. 19 (the meaning is, it was not consistent with his uprightness to expose his betrothed to public reproach); Mt. x. 41; xiii. 43, 49; xxiii. 28; xxv. 37,46; Lk. i. 6,17; xiv. 145 xviii. 9; xx. 20; Ro. v. 7 [ef. W. 117 (111)]; 1 Tim.i. 9; Jas. v. 6, 16; 1 Pet. 111. 12; 1 Jn. iii. 7, [10 Lehm.]; Rev. xxii. 11; opp. to ἁμαρτωλοὶ καὶ ἀσεβεῖς, 1 Pet. iv. 18; δίκαιοι καὶ ἄδικοι, Mt. v.45; Acts xxiv. 15; used of O. 'T. characters noted for piety and probity: Mt. xiii. 17; [xxiii. 29]; Heb. xii. 23; thus of Abel, Mt. xxiii. 35; Heb. xi. 4; of Lot, 2 Pet. ii. 7 sq. (Sap. x. 4 sq.) ; of those who seem to themselves to be righteous, who pride themselves on their virtues, whether real or imaginary: Mt. ix. 13; Mk. ii.17; Lk. v. 32; xv. 7, (Eccl. vii. 17 (16)). Joined with εὐλαβής, Lk. ii. 25 (ἤθη εὐλαβῆ κ. δίκαια, τὸ δίκαιον x. εὐλαβές, Plat. polit. p. 311 a. b.); with ἅγιος, Mk. vi. 20; with ἀγαθός, Lk. xxiii. 50; with φοβούμενος τὸν θεόν, Acts x. 22; ἔργα δίκαια, opp. to πονηρά, 1 Jn. ili, 12. Neut. τὸ δίκαιον, that which regard for duty demands, what is right: 2 Pet.i. 13; plur. Phil. iv. 8; δίκαιόν ἐστι, Eph. vi. 1; Phil. i. 7; with the addition of ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ, God being judge, Actsiv. 19. b. the negative idea predominating: innocent, fauliless, guiltless, (for 50), Prov. i. 11; Job ix. 23, ete.) ; thus used of Christ in the speech of Gentiles: Mt. xxvii. 19, 24 RG Lbr. Tr br. WH mrg. ; Lk. xxiii. 47; αἷμα δίκαιον (Prov. vi. 17; Joel iii. 19 (24); Jon. i. 14), Mt. xxiii. 35; [xxvii. 4 Tr mrg. WII txt.]; ἡ ἐντολὴ ἁγία x. δικαία (having no fellowship with sin [al. al., see the Comm. ad loc.]) x. ἀγαθή, Ro. vii. 12. 6. preéminently, of him whose way of thinking, feeling, and acting is wholly conformed to the will of God, and who therefore needs no rectification in heart or life ; in this sense Christ alone can be called δίκαιος : Acts vii. 52; xxii. 14; 1 Pet. iii. 18; 1 Jn. 11. 1; ἅγιος κ- δίκαιος, Acts iii. 14; among the rest of mankind it is rightly denied that one δίκαιος can be found, Ro. iii. 10 (Keel. vii. 21 (20) ἄνθρωπος οὐκ ἔστι δίκαιος ἐν τῇ yi), ὃς ποιήσει ἀγαθὸν καὶ οὐχ ἁμαρτήσεται). of God: holy, Ro. iii. 26 (where it is to be closely rendered just or righteous, on account of the following καὶ τὸν δικαιοῦντα and the justifier or who pronounces righteous, but the substantial meaning is holy, that quality by virtue of which he hates and punishes sin); 1 Jn. ii. 29. God, acceptable to God, (Germ. gottwohlgefillig): Ro. v. 19; with the addition ἐκ πίστεως, acceptable to God by faith [W. 136 (129)]: Ro. i. 17; Gal. iii. 11; Heb. x. 38; Six. mapa τῷ θεῷ, Ro. ii. 13. 2. In 2 narrower sense, rendering to each his due; and that ina judicial sense, passing just judgment on others, whether expressed in words or shown by the manner of dealing with them: Tit. i. 8; so of God recompensing men impartially according to their deeds, Rev. xvi. 5; in the same sense also in Jn. xvii. 25 (who does not award the same fate to the loving and faithful disciples of Christ and to ‘the world’); 1 Jn. i. 9 (who executes the laws of his government, and therefore also the law concerning the pardon of sins) ; ὁ δίκαιος κριτής, of Christ, 2 Tim. iv. 8; κρίσις δικαία, Jn. v. 30; vii. 24; 2 Th. i. 5; plur., Rev. xvi. 7; xix. 2; ai ὁδοὶ τ. θεοῦ δίκαιαι x. ἀληθιναί, Rey. xv. 3; neut. τὸ δίκαιον, what is due to others, Col. iv. 1; what is agreeable to justice and law, Lk. xii. 57; δίκαιον se. ἐστίν, it is agreeable to justice, 2 Th. i. 6; accordant with deserts, Mt. xx. 4, and 7 Ree. [See reff. 5. ν. δικαιόω, fin. ; cf. ἀγαθός, fin.]

δίκαιος dikaios 79x

just, equitable, fair, Mt. 20:4; Lk. 12:57; Jn. 5:30; Col. 4:1; of persons, just, righteous, absolutely, Jn. 17:25; Rom. 3:10, 26; 2 Tim. 4:8; 1 Pet. 3:18; 1 Jn. 1:9; 2:1, 29; Rev. 16:5; righteous by account and acceptance, Rom. 2:13; 5:19; in ordinary usage, just, upright, innocent, pious, Mt. 5:45; 9:13, et al. freq.; ὁ δίκαιος, the Just One, one of the distinctive titles of the Messiah, Acts 3:14; 7:52; 22:14

δίκαιος, -α, -ον

(< δίκη), [in LXX chiefly for צַדִּיק (for rendering of צַדִּיק in sense of correct, v. Deiss., BS, 115 f.); sometimes for נָקִי as Pr 1:11, al. ;]

in early Gk. writers of persons, observant of δίκη, custom, rule, right, righteous in performing duties to gods and men ;

of things, righteous, in accordance with right.

In NT righteous, chiefly in the broad sense, as above, of the person or thing corresponding to the Divine standard of right of persons: of God, Ro 3:26, I Jo 2:29 3:7; of Christ, Ac 3:14 7:52 22:14, I Pe 3:18, I Jo 2:1; of men, Mt 1:19 (Abbott, Essays, 75 f.) 10:41 13:17, 43, 49, Lk 1:6, 17, Ro 5:7, I Ti 1:9, Ja 5:6, I Pe 3:12, I Jo 3:7, Re 22:11, al.; δ. καὶ εὐλαβής, Lk 2:25; ἅγιος, Mk 6:20; ἀγαθός, Lk 23:50; φοβούμενος τ. θεόν, Ac 10:22; opp. to ἀμαρτωλοὶ καὶ ἀσεβεῖς, I Pe 4:18; ἄδικοι, Mt 5:45, Ac 24:15; δ. ἐκ πίστεως, Ro 1:17, Ga 3:11, He 10:38 (LXX); δ. παρὰ τ. θεῷ, Ro 2:13

of things: ἔργα δ., opp. to πονηρὰ, I Jo 3:12; ἐντολή, Ro 7:12; metaph., αἷμα, Mt 23:35; τὸ δ., Lk 12:57; δ. ἐστιν, Ac 4:19, Eph 6:1, Phl 1:7; ὅ, Mt 20:4; ὅσα, Phl 4:8

In narrower sense of persons, as in later cl. writers, just, rendering to each his due: Tit 1:8, I Jo 1:9; δ. κριτής, II Ti 4:8

of things: τὸ δ., Col 4:1; δ., sc. ἐστιν, II Th 1:6; κρίσις δ., Jo 5:30; ὁδοί, Re 15:3

SYN.: ἀγαθός (q.v.), καλός, χρηστός (Cremer, 183, 690).

δίκαιος. Our sources have naturally little light to throw upon the deeper Christian significance of this important word, but we may give a few examples showing its general usage. The adjective is applied to a ‘‘just measure” (μετρήσει δ.) ΒΡ. Denn Si(p: cheno) atose4n (BiG 108) Εἴδι, anda “ust rule” (σκυτάλη δ.) P Rein 20% (p.c. 108). Then it would seem to have become a vox propria in connexion with the rise of the Nile, e.g. OG/S 666" (i/A.p.) viv μᾶλλον ἀπέλαυσε (sc. ἡ Αἴγυπτος) τῆς δικαίας ἀναβάσεως τοῦ θεοῦ : see Dittenberger’s note and cf. Deissmann BS, p. 116. In P Petr IL. 28 011. 6 (taxing account—iii/B.c.) we hear of a δικαίου νήσου. The neuter is very largely used substantially, for ‘‘ duty,” Thus in P Petr II. 1027 the royal gooseherds make petition that certain grievances be set right, ἵνα δυνώμεθα τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν τῶι βασιλεῖ, ‘in order that we may be able to do our duty to the king”: cf. the neuter plural of the ‘‘duties” of marriage, e.g. P Oxy VI. 905% (marriage contract— A.D. 170) συμβιούτωσαν [οὖν ἀλλήλοις οἱ γ)])αμοῦντες φυλάσσοντες τὰ τοῦ γάμου δίκαια, 20. X. 127323 (A.p. 260), BGU IV. 1098" (c. B.c. 18) τηρεῖν τὰ πρὸς τὰν ἄνδρα καὶ τὸν κοινὸν βίον δίκαια. The meaning of ‘‘ right,” ‘‘ justice,” to which this leads, figures in the concluding formula of numerous petitions: cf. also Col 44. Thus P Magd 2° (iii/B.c.) where a widow petitions Ptolemy III—tva ἐπὶ] σὲ καταφυγοῦσα, βασιλεῦ, τοῦ δικαίου τύχω, and P Oxy III. 486% (ΧΡ. 131) ἵνα τὰ ἐϊμα]υτῆς δίκ[αια λάβω. Cf. P Oxy IV. 746° (a letter of recommendation—Aa.D. 16) τοῦτο οὖν ἐάν σοι φα[(]νηται σπουδάσεις κατὰ τὸ δίκαιον, ‘ please therefore further him in this matter, as is just”? (Edd.). So with the negative in a complaint, as BGU IV. 1187?° (c. B.c. 1) μη[δ]ενὸς δικα[ίο]υ ἀντεχόμενοι. Claim” or the like will render it in P Ryl II. 657? (B.c. 80) tv’. . . ἐὰν δὲ περιγένωμαι, λάβω παρ᾽ αὐτῆς τὸ δίκαιον ὡς καθήκει, “if 1 survive, I may obtain satisfaction from her as is right” (Edd.), P Tor (B.C. 116) καὶ ταύτην μηδ᾽ ὁλοσχερῶς πᾶσιν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἔχουσίν τι δίκαιον, P Vebt II. 320! (a.p. 181) ὑπετάξαμ(εν) [ἡἹμῶν τὰ δίκαια, ‘we append our claims” (Edd.). A. often answers to the Latin zws,as P Lond 1164(e)®(a D. 212) (= IIL. p. 160) τὰ ὑπάρχοντα αὐτῷ μέρη οἰκιῶν δύο οὐσῶν ἐν τῇ ᾿Αντινοουπόλει ἐλθόντα εἰς αὐτὸν ἀπὸ [δι]καίου [πΊαρα χωρήσεως γενομένης KTA, and often for the zs diderorum, which qualified a woman to appear in legal transactions without a guardian. Thus so in the same formula P Thead 15 (A.D. 306), P Oxy IX. 1199! (iii/A.b.), 76. X. 1276° (a.D. 249) ἢ δὲ Μεϊθοῦς χωρὶς κυρίου χρηματίζουσα κατὰ τὰ Ῥωμ[αίω]ν ἔθη τέκνων δικαίῳ, so *4, and 74. 12773 (A.D. 255), and cf. Archiv i. p. 310 f. The dificult phrase ὑπέχειν καὶ “rights” or ‘‘ claims.” yvii. 27 λαμβάνειν τὸ δίκαιον ἐπὶ τῶν χρηματιστῶν, P Vebt 1. 5314 (B.c. 118), is translated ‘‘ they shall give and receive satisfaction before the chrematistae” by the editors, who note that it is ‘‘apparently another way of saying διδόναι καὶ δέχεσθαι δίκην, according as the verdict was against or for them”; but see Wenger in 47chzz il. p. 493, who renders

δίκαιος (dikaios) — just. δίκαιος [ῐ], α, ον, also ος, ον [Refs 5th c.BC+]: (δίκη): __A in [Refs 8th c.BC+] and all writers, of persons, observant of custom or rule, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; especially of social rule, well-ordered, civilized, ὑβρισταί τε καὶ ἄγριοι οὐδὲ δ. [Refs 8th c.BC+]; δ. πολίτης a good citizen, [Refs 4th c.BC+]: metaphorically of the sea, [Refs 6th c.BC+]; δικαίη ζόη a civilized way of living, [Refs 5th c.BC+] adverb δικαίως, μνᾶσθαι woo in due form, decently, [Refs 8th c.BC+]loyally, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.2 observant of duty to gods and men, righteous, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; opposed to δυσσεβής, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; also of actions, etc., righteous, ἐπὶ ῥηθέντι δικαίῳ a thing rightly said, [Refs 8th c.BC+] __A.3 ὁ δίκαιος, euphemistic of a sacred snake, [Refs] __B later: __B.I equal, even, well-balanced, ἅρμα δίκαιον evengoing chariot, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; δικαιότατα μοχλεύειν [Refs]fair, impartial, βάσανος [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.I.b legally exact, precise, τῷ δικαιοτάτῳ τῶν λόγων to speak quite exactly, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; of Numbers, αἱ ἑκατὸν ὀργυιαὶ δίκαιαι [Refs 5th c.BC+]. adverb -αίως, πάντα δ. ὑμῖν τετήρηται [Refs 4th c.BC+] __B.I.2 lawful, just, especially τὸ δ. right, opposed to τὸ ἄδικον, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ πολιτικὸν δ.[Refs 5th c.BC+]; τοὐμὸν δ. my own right, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τοῦτο τὸ δ. bring the case to this issue, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὐδὲν τῶν δ. ποιεῖν τινί not to do what is just and right by a man, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ δ. ἔχειν, λαμβάνειν, receive one's due, [Refs]; τὰ δ. πράττεσθαι πόλιν give a city its deserts, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ἐκ τοῦ δικαίου, ={δικαίως}, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; so ἀπὸ τοῦ δικαίου, τῶν δικαίων, [Refs 2nd c.BC+]; μετὰ τοῦ δ. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ δίκαιον lawful claim, ἃ ἔχομεν δίκαια πρός.. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους δ. mutual obligations or contracts, [Refs 2nd c.BC+]; ἐπὶ συγκειμένοις τισὶ δικαίοις on certain agreed terms, [Refs 1st c.BC+]. adverb -αίως rightly, justly, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.II of persons and things, meet and right, fitting, δ. τοῦδε τοῦ φόνου ῥαφεύς [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ἵππον δ. ποιεῖσθαί τινι make a horse fit for another's use, [Refs 5th c.BC+] having a good mouth, [Refs 2nd c.AD+] __B.II.b normal, σχήματα [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.II.2 real, genuine, γόνος [Refs 5th c.BC+] adverb, εἴπερ δικαίως ἐστ᾽ ἐμός really and truly mine, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.II.3 ὁ δ. λόγος the plea of equity, [Refs 5th c.BC+]. adverb -αίως with reason, [Refs 5th c.BC+]: comparative -ότερον[Refs 5th c.BC+] also -οτέρως [Refs 5th c.BC+]: superlative -ότατα[Refs 5th c.BC+]; Aeolic dialect δικαίτατα [Refs] __B.III ψυχὴ ἐς τὸ δ. ἔβη 'the land of the leal', [Refs] __C in Prose, δίκαιός εἰμι, with infinitive, δίκαιοί ἐστε ἰέναι you are bound to come, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; δ. εἰμι κολάζειν I have a right to punish, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; δ. εἰσι ἀπιστότατοι εἶναι they have most reason to distrust, [Refs 5th c.BC+]dignus est qui pereat, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὁ σπουδαῖος ἄρχειν δ. has a right to.., [Refs 4th c.BC+]; with a non-personal subject, ἔλεος δ. ἀντιδίδοσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+]: less frequently in comparative and superlative, δικαιότεροι χαρίσασθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+]; but δίκαιόν ἐστι is also found, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; δικαίως ἄν, with optative, [Refs 5th c.BC+] with penultimate short in [Refs 5th c.AD+]; compare οὐ δίκαον· οὐ δίκαιον, [Refs 5th c.AD+]