θλίψις, or θλῖψις [so L Tr], (cf. W. § 6, 1 e.; Lipsius, Grammat. Untersuch. p. 35), -ews, ἡ, (θλίβω), prop. α pressing, pressing together, pressure (Strab. p. 52; Galen); in bibl. and eccles. Grk. metaph., oppression, affliction, tribulation, distress, straits; Vulg. tribulatio, also pressura (2 Co. i. 4°; Jn. xvi. [21], 33; [Phil. i. 16 (17); and in Col. i. 24 passio}) ; (Sept. for 7x, also for Ὃν, yoo, ete.): Mt. xxiv. 9; Acts vii. 11; xi. 19; Ro. xii. 12; 9'Co. i. 4, 8: iv. 11; vi. 4; vil. 4; vill. 2; 2 Th. 1 6; Rey. i. 9; ii. 9,22; vii. 14; joined with στενοχωρία [cef. Trench § lv.], Ro. ii. 9; viii. 35, (Deut. xxviii. 53 sq.; Is. [vili. 22]; xxx. 6); with ἀνάγκη, 1 Th. iii.7; with διωγμός, Mt. xiii. 21; Mk.iv.17; 2 Th.i.4; of the afflictions of those hard pressed by siege and the calamities of war, Mt. xxiv. 21, 29; Mk. xiii. 19, 24; of the straits of want, 2 Co. viii. 13; Phil. iv. 14 [here al. give the word a wider reference]; Jas. i. 27; of the distress of a woman in child-birth, Jn. xvi. 21. θλίψιν ἔχω (i. 4. OriBoua), In. xvi. 33; 1 Co. vii. 28; Rev. ii. 10; θλίψις ἐπί τινα ἔρχεται, Acts vii. 11; ἐν θλίψει, 1 ΤῊ. 1. 6. plur.: Acts vii. 10; xiv. 22; xx. 28; Ro. v. 3; Eph. 111. 18:1 Th. iii. 3; Heb. x. 33; rod Χριστοῦ, the afflictions which Christ had to undergo (and which, therefore, his followers must not shrink from), Col. i. 24 (see ἀνταναπληpow); θλίψις τῆς καρδίας (x. συνοχή), anxiety, burden of heart, 2 Co. ii. 4; θλίψιν ἐπιφέρειν (LT Tr WH ἐγείρειν, see ἐγείρω, 4c.) τοῖς δεσμοῖς τινος, to increase the misery of my imprisonment by causing me anxiety, Phil. i. 16 (17).

θλῖψις thlipsis 45x

pr. pressure, compression; met. affliction, distress of mind, 2 Cor. 2:4; distressing circumstances, trial, affliction, Mt. 25:9

θλίψις (LTr., θλῖψις), -εως, ἡ

(< θλίβω), [in LXX for צָרָה, etc.;] pressure (Arist.). In LXX and NT metaph., tribulation, affliction, distress: Mt 24:9, 21, 29, Mk 13:19, 24, Jo 16:21, Ac 7:11 11:19, Ro 12:12, II Co 1:4, 8 4:17 6:4 7:4 8:2, 13, Phl 4:14, II Th 1:6, Ja 1:27, Re 1:9 2:9, 22 7:14; c. ἀνάγκη (q.v.), I Th 3:7; στενοχωρία (which from the order of the words would appear to be the stronger term), Ro 2:9 8:35; διωγμός, Mt 13:21, Mk 4:17, II Th 1:4; θ. ἔχω, Jo 16:33, I Co 7:28, Re 2:10; ἔρχεσθαι ἐπί, Ac 7:11; ἐν θλίψει, I Th 1:6; pl., Ac 7:10 14:22 20:23, Ro 5:3, Eph 3:13, I Th 3:3, He 10:33; τ. Χριστοῦ, Col 1:24; θ. τῆς καρδίας, II Co 2:4; θ. ἐγείρειν, Phl 1:17.†

SYN.: ἀνάγκη, διωγμός, στενοχωρία (v. supr., and cf. Tr., Syn, § lv; Lft., Notes, 45).

THESE words were often joined together. Thus στενοχωρία, occurring only four times in the N. T., is on three of these associated with θλῆψις (Rom. ii. 9; vill. 353 2 Cor. vi. 4; cf. Deut. xxviii. 55; Isai. vill. 22; xxx. 6). So too the verbs θλίβειν and στενοχωρεῖν (2 Cor. iv. 8; cf. Lucian, Nigrin. 13; Artemidorus, i. 79; ii. 37). From the antithesis at 2 Cor. iv. 8, θλιβόμενοι, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ στενοχωρούμενοι, and from the fact that, wherever in the N. T. the words occur together, στενοχωρία always occurs last, we may conclude that, whatever be the difference of meaning, στενοχωρία is the stronger word. They indeed express very nearly the same thing, but not under the same image. Θλῖψιες (joined with βάσανος at Ezek. xii. 18, with ἀνάγκη, Zeph. i. 15, and for which we have the form θλιμμός, Exod. iii. 9; Deut. xxvi. 7) is properly pressure, ‘pressura,’ ‘tribulatio,—which last διν. SYNONYMS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 203 word in Church-Latin, whereto it belongs, had a metaphorical sense,—that which presses upon or burdens the spirit ; I should have said ‘ angor,’ the more that Cicero (Tuse. iv. 8) explains this ‘zgritudo premens,’ but that the connexion of ‘angor’ with ‘angst,’ ‘enge’ (see Grimm, Worterbuch, s. v. Angst; and Max Miiller, On the Science of Language, 1861, vol. i. p. 366, makes it better to reserve this for στενοχωρία. The proper meaning of στενοχωρία is narrowness of room, confined space, ‘ angustiz,’ and then the painfulness of which this is the occasion: ἀπορία στενή and στενοχωρία occurring together, Isai. viii. 22. It is used literally by Thucydides, vii. 70: being sometimes exchanged for ducχωρία: by Plutarch (Symp. v. 6) set over against dveots ; while in the Septuagint it expresses the straitness of a siege (Deut. xxvill. 53, 57). It is once employed in a secondary and metaphorical sense in the O. T. (στενοχωρία πνεύματος, Wisd. v. 3); this being the only sense which it knows in the New. The fitness of this image is attested by the frequency with which on the other hand a state of joy is expressed in the Psalms and elsewhere as a bringing into a large room (πλατυσμός, Ps. exvii. 5; 2 Sam. xxii. 20; Keclus. xlvii. 12; Clement of Rume, Cor. 3; Origen, De Orat. 30; εὐρυχωρία, Marcus Antoninus, ix. 32); so that whether Aquinas intended an etymology or not, and most probably he did, he certainly uttered a truth, when he said, ‘ letitia est quasi latitia.’ When, according tothe ancient law of England, those who wilfully refused to plead had heavy weights placed on their breasts, and were so pressed and crushed to death, this was literally θλῖψις. When Bajazet, vanquished by Tamerlane, was carried about by him in an iron cage, if indeed the story be true, this was στενοχωρία : or, as we do not know that any suffering there ensued from actual narrowness of room, we may more fitly adduce the ouwbliettes in which Louis XI. shut up his victims ; or the ‘ little204. SYNONYMS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. § v1. ease’' by which, according to Lingard, the Roman Catholics in Queen Elizabeth’s reign were tortured; ‘it was of so small dimensions and so constructed, that the prisoners could neither stand, walk, sit, nor lie at full length in it.’ For some considerations on the awful sense in which Oris and στενοχωρία shall both, according to St. Paul’s words (Rom. ii. 9), be the portion of the lost, see Gerhard, Loc. Theoll, xxxi. 6. 52.

θλῖψις. W.-Schm. Gy. p. 68) is generally thought to be confined to | Bibl. and eccles. Greek (cf. Milligan on 1 Th 18), but the | beginning of the later usage may be traced in OG/S 44415 (B.C. 125 or 77) διὰ τὰς τῶν πόλεων θλίψεις, apparently = ““because of the straits of the cities,” and perhaps in BGU IV. 1139 (B.c. 5) χάρν (7. χάριν) τῆς ἐσχηκνίας ἡμᾶς [[kowkn] By . . . ns θλεζίψ)εως, where, however, the meaning is not clear. See also the exx. which Boll (Offexsarung, p- 134 f.) quotes from Hellenistic astrology in illustration of Mt 2474, Mk 13¥, e.g. Catal. VIII. 3, 175, 5 évvovar <toovrar> καὶ θλῖψις, VII. 169, 12 λύπαι Kal πένθη καὶ κλαυθμοὶ ἔσονται ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῴ τόπῳ Kal στοναχαὶ καὶ

θλῖψις (thlipsis) — pressure. θλῖψις, εως, ἡ, pressure, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ἀντέρεισις καὶ θ. [Refs 1st c.BC+]; of the pulse, [Refs 2nd c.AD+]; ὑστερικαὶ θ. [Refs 2nd c.AD+]

2. crushing, castration, πώλων [Refs]

3. metaphorically, oppression, affliction, [LXX+1st c.BC+]