G4089: πικρός (pikrós)

G4089 πικρός (pikrós)

Greek

Quick Definition

πικρός, ά, όν Adj bitter, acrid, malignant

Strong's Definition

perhaps from 4078 (through the idea of piercing); sharp (pungent), i.e. acrid (literally or figuratively)

KJV Usage: bitter

UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament

πικρός (G4089)

adjc. | -ά, -όν | πικραίνω

79.41 · Features of Objects · Sweet, Bitter, Tasteless

bitter, pungent pertaining to being bitter or pungent

JAS 3:11

88.170 · Moral and Ethical Qualities and Related Behavior · Resentful, Hold a Grudge Against

resentful (a figurative extension of meaning of πικρός[a] ‘bitter,’ 79.41) pertaining to feeling resentful

JAS 3:14

UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament © United Bible Societies, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0.

Thayer's Greek Lexicon

πικρός, -d, -dv, [ ἔτ. τ. meaning ‘to cut,” ‘prick’; Vaniéek 534; Curtius §100; Fick i. 145], fr. Hom. down, Sept. for 13; bitter: prop. Jas. iii. 11 (opp. to τὸ γλυκύ); metaph. harsh, virulent, Jas. iii. 14.

Mounce Concise Greek Dictionary

πικρός pikros 2x

bitter, Jas. 3:11; met. bitter, harsh, Jas. 3:14*

Abbott-Smith Greek Lexicon

πικρός, -ά, -όν

(poët. in cl.), [in LXX chiefly for מַר;]

sharp, pointed.

sharp to the senses; of taste, bitter: opp. to γλυκύ, Ja 3:11; metaph., harsh, bitter: Ja 3:14.

Moulton & Milligan — Vocabulary of the Greek NT

πικρός, “bitter,” (1) literally: P Oxy VIII. 1088° (medical receipt—early i/A.D.) καρύων πικρῶ(ν), (2) metaphorically : P Par 63121 (B.c. 164) (=P Petr III. p. 28) τὸ... δοκοῦν εἶναι πικρόν, ‘what appears to be harsh’’ (Mahaffy) (cf. Jas 312, PSI I. 284 (magic tablet—iii/iv A.D.) πικραῖς μάστιξιν, and Kazbe/ 640°! (c, ii/a.D.)— ἑξηκοστὸν ἔτος πανελεύθερον ἐξεβίωσα καὶ καλὸν τὸ τύχης καὶ πικρὸν οἶδα βίου. For a contrast with ὀξύς see Plut. AYam. xvii, 2 πικρὸς μὲν οὖν οὐδενί, πολλοῖς δὲ ὀξὺς ἐδόκει Kal κοῦφος εἶναι τὴν φύσιν.

Liddell-Scott-Jones — Greek-English Lexicon

πικρός (pikros) — bitter. πικρός, ά, όν, poetry also ός, όν [Refs 8th c.BC+]:—properly pointed, sharp, keen, ὀϊστός [Refs 8th c.BC+]

II. generally, sharp to the sense:

II.1. of taste, pungent, ῥίζα [Refs 8th c.BC+]; of salt water, opposed to γλυκύς, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἁλμυρὸς καὶ π. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; πριγλία π. [Refs 3rd c.BC+]; ἀπ᾽ ὄμφακος πικρᾶς [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὑγρότης π., opposed to ὀξεῖα, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; also of smell, pungent, [Refs 8th c.BC+]

II.2. of feeling, sharp, keen, ὠδῖνες [Refs 8th c.BC+]

II.3. of sound, piercing, shrill, οἰμωγά [Refs]; γόοι, ὄδυρμα, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

III. metaphorically,

III.1. of things, bitter, especially of what yields pain instead of expected pleasure, frequently in threats, μὴ τάχα πικρὴν Αἴγυπτον καὶ Κύπρον ἵκηαι (variant{ἴδηαι}) [Refs 8th c.BC+]; τιμωρία, ἀγῶνες, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; δύαι, χεῖμα, [Refs 5th c.BC+]: with infinitive, μὴ λίαν πικρὸν εἰπεῖν ᾖ [Refs 4th c.BC+]

III.2. so of persons, probably in [Refs 7th c.BC+]; γλυκὺν ὧδε φίλοις ἐχθροῖσι δὲ π. [Refs 6th c.BC+]; π. θεοῖς hateful to them, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐμοὶ π. τέθνηκεν ἢ κείνοις γλυκύς his death is matter of sorrow to me, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; δαίμων π., of untimely death (Latin acerbus), [Refs]

III.3. embittered, angry, πικρὰ ὄρνις [Refs 5th c.BC+]

III.4. relentless, οὐδὲν πικρότερον τῆς ἀνάγκης [Refs 5th c.BC+]; spiteful, mean, vindictive, βάσκανον καὶ πικρὸν καὶ κακόηθες οὐδέν ἐστι πολίτευμα ἐμόν [Refs 4th c.BC+]: in Comedy texts of old men, σκυθρός, π., φειδωλός [Refs 4th c.BC+] adverb -ρῶς pedantically, [Refs 1st c.BC+]; with rigid accuracy, [Refs 1st c.BC+]

IV. adverb -ρῶς harshly, bitterly, vindictively, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. ἔχειν τισί, πρός τινας, [NT+5th c.BC+]: comparative -ότερον[Refs 4th c.BC+]: superlative -ότατα[Refs 8th c.BC+] and Epic dialect; ῐ frequently in Trag., as [Refs 5th c.BC+]: ι therefore is not long by nature as in μικρός.]