πόλεμος, -ov, 6, (fr. ΠΕΛΩ, πολέω, to turn, to range about, whence Lat. pello, bellum; [but cf. Fick i. 671; Vaniéek 513]), [fr. Hom. down], Sept.for 7290; 1. prop. a. war: Mt. xxiv. 6; Mk. xiii. 7; Lk. xiv. 31; xxi.9; Heb. xi. 34; in imitation of the Hebr. nwy 72n29 foll. by n& or DY (Gen. xiv. 2; Deut. xx. 12, 20), πόλ. ποιεῖν μετάτινος, Rey. xi. 7; xii. 17; xiii. 7 [here Lom. WH Trmrg. br. the cl.]; xix. 19, [ef. μετά, 1. 2d.]. b. a fight, a battle, [more precisely μάχη ; “in Hom. (where Il. 7, 174 it is used even of single combat) and Hes. the sense of battle prevails; in Attic that of war” (L. and 5. s. v.): ef. Trench $]xxxvi. and (in partial modification) Schmidt ch. 138, 5 and 6]: 1Co. xiv. 8; Heb. xi. 34; Rev. be 7. δ χῖν ΤΣ ΧῪΣ 14. παι 8: 2. a dispute, strife, quarrel: πόλεμοι καὶ μάχαι, Jas. iv. 1 (Soph. El. 219; Plat. Phaedo p. 66 c.).

πόλεμος polemos 18x

war, Mt. 24:6; Mk. 13:7; battle, engagement, combat, 1 Cor. 14:8; Heb. 11:34; battling, strife, Jas. 4:1

πόλεμος, -ον, ὁ,

[in LXX chiefly for מִלְחָמָה;]

war: Mt 24:6, Mk 13:7, Lk 14:31 21:9, He 11:34; π. ποιεῖν, seq. μετά, c. gen. (cf. πολεμέω), Re 11:7 12:17 13:7 19:19.

= μάχη, a fight, battle: I Co 14:8, Re 9:7, 9 12:7 16:14 20:8; hyperb., of private quarrels (cf. πολεμέω), Ja 4:1.†

Πόλεμος and μάχη occur often together (Homer, 10. 1. 177; y. 891; Plato, Tim. 19 6; Job xxxviii. 23; Jam. iv. 1); and in like manner πολεμεῖν and μάχεσθαι. There is the same difference between them as between our own ‘war’ and ‘battle’ ; 6 πόλεμος Πελοποννησιακός, the Peloponnesian War ; ἡ ἐν Μαραθῶνι μάχη, the battle of Marathon. Dealing with the words in this antithesis, namely that πόλεμος embraces the whole course of hostilities, μάχη the actual shock in arms of hostile armies, Pericles, dissuading the Athenians from yielding to the demands of the Spartans, admits that these with their allies were a match for all the other Greeks together in a single battle, but denies that they would retain the same superiority in a war, that is, against such as had their preparations of another kind (μάχῃ μὲν γὰρ μιᾷ πρὸς ἅπαντας Ἕλληνας δυνατοὶ Πελοποννήσιοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι ἀντισχεῖν, πολεμεῖν δὲ μὴ πρὸς ὁμοίαν ἀντιπαρασκευὴν ἀδύνατοι, Thucydides, i. 141). We may compare Tacitus, Germ. 80 : ‘Alios ad prelium ire videas, Chattos ad bellum.’ But besides this, while πόλεμος and πολεμεῖν remain true to their primary meaning, and are not transferred to any secondary, it is altogether otherwise with μάχη and μάχεσθαι. Contentions which fall very short of the shock of arms are continually designated by these words. There are μάχαι of every kind: ἐρωτικαί (Xenophon, Hiero, i. 35); νομικαί (Tit. iii. 9; cf. 2 Tim. ii. 23) ; λογομαχίαι (1 Tim. vi. 4) ; σκιαμαχίαι : and compare John vi. 52; 2 Tim. ii. 24; Prov. xxvi. 20, 21. Eustathius (on Homer, Jl. i. 177) expresses these differences well: τὸ πόλεμοί τε μάχαι τε, ἢ ἐκ παραλλήλου δηλοῖ τὸ αὐτό, ἢ καὶ διαφορά τις ἔστι ταῖς λέξεσιν, εἴγε μάχεται μέν τις καὶ λόγοις, ὡς καὶ ἡ λογομαχία δηλοῖ. καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ ποιητὴς μετ᾽ λίγα 302 SYNONYMS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT § Lxxxvu φησί, μαχεσσαμένω ἐπέεσσι (ver. 304). Kai ἄλλως δὲ μάχη μέν, αὐτὴ ἡ τῶν ἀνδρῶν συνεισβολή 6 δὲ πόλεμος καὶ ἐπὶ παρατάξεων καὶ μαχίμου καιροῦ λέγεται. Tittmann (De Synon. in Ν. T. p. 66) : ‘Conveniunt igitur in eo quod dimicationem, contentionem, pugnam denotant, sed πόλεμος et πολεμεῖν de pugna que manibus fit proprie dicuntur, μάχη autem et μάχεσθαι de qudcunque contentione, etiam animorum, etiamsi non ad verbera et ceedes pervenerit. In illis igitur ipsa pugna cogitatur, in his sufficit cogitare de contentione, quam pugna plerumque sequitur.’ I may observe before quitting this subject that στάσις (Mark xv. 7; Luke xxiii. 19; Acts xxiv. 5; cf. Sophocles, Gidip. Col. 1228), insurrection or sedition, is by Plato distinguished from πόλεμος, in that the one is a civil and the other a foreign strife (Rep. v. 470 δ); ἐπὶ yap τῇ τοῦ οἰκείου ἐχθρᾷ στάσις κέκληται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων πόλεμος.

πόλεμος in the general sense of ‘‘ war” may be illustrated from P Amh II. 3057 (ii/B.c.) where in an inquiry regarding the ownership of a house proof is adduced Mappfy . . κατεσΧηκέναι τὴν οἰκίαν mpd τοῦ πολέμου, “that Marres had become owner of the house before the war,’ and from P Oxy IV. 705%* (a.D. 200-2) where the Emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla are reminded of the loyalty of the Oxyrhynchites in helping them in the war against the Jews— κατὰ τὸν πρὸς Εἰϊουδαίους πόλεμον συμμαχήσαντες. An interesting ex. of the word is found in the letter of the Emperor Claudius to the Alexandrines P Lond 191274 (A.D. 41) τῆς δὲ πρὸς ᾿Ιουδαίους ταραχῆς kal στάσεως, μᾶλλον δ᾽ εἰ χρὴ τὸ ἀληθὲς εἰπεῖν τοῦ πολέμου, πότεροι μὲν αἴτιοι κατέστησαν .. οὐκ ἐβουλήθην ἀκριβῶς ἐξελένξαι, ‘as to the question which of you were responsible for the riot and feud (or rather, if the truth must be told, the war) against the Jews, I was unwilling to commit myself to a decided judgment ” (Bell). It may be noted that in the calendar inscr. Przene 105%° (c. B.C. 9) the Emperor Augustus is signalized as σωτῆρα τὸν παύσαντα τὸν πόλεμον, κοσμήσαντα [δὲ πάντα. For the meaning ‘‘ battle,” as in Lk 1451,.3 Kingd 2234 al. see Field Votes, p. 67f., and add the striking phrase 2 Kingd 117 ἐπερωτᾶν . . εἰς εἰρήνην τοῦ πολέμου, “to ask how the battle progressed.

πόλεμος (polemos) — war. πόλεμος, and Epic dialect πτόλεμος, ὁ, war, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; also, battle, fight, [Refs], etc.; even of single combat,[Refs]; π. καὶ δηϊοτῆτος [Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὁ τῶν βαρβάρων π. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὁ μέλλων καὶ ὅσον οὐ παρὼν π.[Refs 5th c.BC+]; Δωριακὸς π. Oracle texts cited in [Refs 5th c.BC+]; πόλεμον ἄρασθαι levy war, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. κινεῖν, ἐγεῖραι, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. ποιεῖν make war, [Refs]; π. ποιεῖσθαι carry it on, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; π. καταλύεσθαι put an end to it, [Refs 5th c.BC+] i.e. that is good news, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

II. personified, War, Battle, Ἀλαλὰ Πολέμου θύγατερ [Refs 5th c.BC+]; Π. πάντων μὲν πατήρ ἐστι, πάντων δὲ βασιλεύς [Refs 1st c.AD+]

II.2. metaphorically of womankind, πολυτελὴς π. [Refs 2nd c.AD+]