σῶμα, -τος, τό, (appar. fr. σῶς ‘entire’, [but cf. Curtius § 570; al. fr. r. ska, sko, ‘to cover’, ef. Vaniéek p. 1055; Curtius p. 696]), Sept. for “3, "3, etc.; nba3 (a corpse), also for Chald. BW2; α body; and 1. the body both of men and of animals (on the distinction between it and σάρξ see σάρξ, esp. 2 init.; (cf. Dickson, St. Paul's use of ‘ Flesh’ and ‘Spirit’, p. 247 sqq.]); a. as everywh. in Hom. (who calls the living body δέμας) and not infreq. in subseq. Grk. writ., a dead body or corpse: univ. Lk. xvii. 37; of a man, Mt. xiv. 12 RG; (Mk. xv. 45 R G];, Acts ix. 40; plur. Jn. xix. 31; τὸ σ. τινος, Mt. xxvii. 58 sq.; Mk. xv. 43; Lk. xxiii. 52,55; Jn. xix. 38, 40; xx. 12; Jude 9; οὗ the body of an animal offered in sacrifice, plur. Heb. xiii. 11 (Ex. xxix. 14; Num. xix. 3). b. as in Grk. writ. fr. Hesiod down, the living body : —of animals, Jas. iii. 3;—of man: τὸ σῶμα, absol., Lk. xi. 84; xii. 23; 1 Co. vi. 13, ete.; ἐν σώματι εἶναι, of earthly life with its troubles, Heb. xiii. 3; distinguished fr. τὸ αἷμα, 1 Co. xi. 27; τὸ σῶμα and τὰ μέλη of it, 1 Co, xii. 12, 14-20; Jas. ili.6; τὸ σῶμα the temple of τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα, 1 Co. vi. 19; the instrument of the soul, τὰ διὰ τοῦ σώμ. SC. rpaxbévta, 2 Co. v.10; itis distinguished —fr. τὸ πνεῦμα, in Ro. viii. 10; 1 Co. v. 3; vi. 20 Rec.; vii. 34; Jas. ii. 26, (4 Macc. xi. 11);—fr. ἡ ψυχή, in Mt. vi. 25; x. 28; Lk. xii. 22, (Sap. i. 4; viii. 19 sq.; 2 Mace. vii. 37; xiv. 38; 4 Macc. i. 28, etc.);—fr. ἡ ψυχή and τὸ πνεῦμα together, in 1 Th. v. 23 (ef. Song of the Three, 63); σῶμα ψυχικόν and o. πνευματικόν are distinguished, 1 Co, xv. 44 (see πνευματικός, 1 and ψυχικός. a.); τὸ σ. τινος, Mt. v. 29sq.; Lk. xi. 34; Ro. iv. 19; viii. 23 [cf. W. 187 (176)], etc.; ὁ ναὸς τοῦ σώμ. αὐτοῦ, the temple which was his body, Jn. ii. 21; plur., Ro. i. 24; 1 Co. vi. 15; Eph. v. 28; the gen. of the possessor is omitted where it is easily learned from the context, as 1Co. vy. 3; 2:Co. iv. 10; v. 8 Heb. x. 22 (23), etc.; τὸ σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως ἡμῶν, the body of our humiliation (subjective gen.), i.e. which we wear in this servile and lowly human life, opp. to τὸ σ. τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ (i.e. τοῦ Χριστοῦ), the body which Christ has in his glorified state with God in heaven, Phil. iii. 21; διὰ τοῦ σώμ. τοῦ Xpiστοῦ, through the death of Christ’s body, Ro. vii. 4; διὰ THs προσφορᾶς τοῦ σώμ. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, through the sacrificial offering of the body of Jesus Christ, Heb. x. 10; τὸ σ. τῆς σαρκός, the body consisting of flesh, i.e. the physical body (tacitly opp. to Christ’s spiritual body, the church, see 3 below), Col. i. 22 (differently in ii. 11 [see just below]); σῶμα τοῦ θανάτου, the body subject to death, given over to it [cf. W. § 30, 2 B.], Ro. vii. 24; the fact that the body includes ἡ σάρξ, and in the flesh also the incentives to sin (see σάρξ, 4), gives origin to the foll. phrases: μὴ βασιλευέτω ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐν τῷ θνητῷ ὑμῶν σώματι, Ro. vi. 12 [οἵ. W. 524 (488)]; αἱ πράξεις τοῦ σώματος, Ro. viii. 13. Since the body is the instrument of the soul (2 Co. y. 10), and its members the instruments either of righteousness or of iniquity (Ro. vi. 13, 19), the foll. expressions are easily intelligible: σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας, the body subject to, the thrall of, sin (cf. W. § 30, 2 β.1, Ro. vi. 6; τὸ σ. τῆς σαρκός, subject to the incitements of the flesh, Col. ii. 11 (where Rec. has τὸ σ. τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν τῆς σαρκός). δοξάζετε τὸν θεὸν ἐν τῷ σώματι ὑμῶν, 1 Co. vi. 20; μεγαλύνειν τὸν Χριστὸν ἐν τῷ σώματι, εἴτε διὰ ζωῆς, εἴτε διὰ θανάτου, Phil. i. 20; παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα θυσίαν ζῶσαν... τῷ θεῷ (i.e. by bodily purity [cf. Mey. ad loc. ]), Ro. xii. 1. c. Since acc. to ancient law in the case of slaves the body was the chief thing taken into account, it is a usage of later Grk. to call slaves simply σώματα ; once so in the N. T.: Rey. xviil. 13, where the Vulg. correctly translates by mancipia [A. V. slaves], (σώματα τοῦ οἴκου, Gen. Xxxvi.6; σώματα καὶ κτήνη, Tob. x. 10; ᾿Ιουδαϊκὰ σώματα, 2 Mace. viii. 11; exx. fr. Grk. writ. are given by Lob. ad Phryn. p. 378 sq. [add (fr. Soph. Lex. s.v.), Polyb. 1, 29,7; 4, 38, 4, also 3, 17, 10 bis]; the earlier and more elegant Grk. writ. said σώματα δοῦλα, οἰκετικά, etc.). 2. The name is transferred to the bodies of plants, 1 Co. xv. 37 sq., and of stars [cf. our ‘heavenly bodies’], hence Paul distinguishes between σώματα ἐπουράνια, bodies celestial, i.e. the bodies of the heavenly luminaries and of angels (see ἐπουράνιος, 1), and σ. ἐπίγεια, bodies terrestrial (i. 68. bodies of men, animals, and plants), 1 Co. xv. 40 (ἅπαν σῶμα τῆς τῶν ὅλων φύσεως... τὸ σῶμα τοῦ κόσμου, Diod. 1 11): 3. trop. σῶμα is used of a (large or small) number of men closely united into one society, or family as it were ; a social, ethical, mystical body; so in the N. T. of the church: Ro. xii.5; 1 Co. x. 17; xii. 13; Eph. ii. 16 ; iv. 16; v. 23; Col. i. 18; ii. 19; iii, 15; with rod Χριστοῦ added, 1 Co. x.16; xii.27; Eph.i.23; iv.12; v.30; Col. i. 24; of which spiritual body Christ is the head, Eph. iv. 15 sq.; v. 28; Col. i. 18; ii. 19, who by the influence of his Spirit works in the church as the soul does in the body. ἕν σῶμα x. ἕν πνεῦμα, Eph. iv. 4. 4. ἡ σκιά and τὸ σῶμα are distinguished as the shadow and the thing itself which casts the shadow: Col. ii. 17; σκιὰν αἰτησόμενος βασιλείας, ἧς ἥρπασεν ἑαυτῷ τὸ σ ὦ μα, Joseph. b. j. 2, 2,5; [(Philo de confus, ling. § 37; Lceian. Hermot. 79) ].

σῶμα sōma 142x

the body of an animal; a living body, Mt. 5:29, 30; 6:22, 23, 25; Jas. 3:3; a person, individual, 1 Cor. 6:16; a dead body; corpse, carcass, Mt. 14:12; 27:52, 58; Heb. 13:11; the human body considered as the seat and occasion of moral imperfection, as inducing to sin through its appetites and passions, Rom. 7:24; 8:13; genr. a body, a material substance, 1 Cor. 15:37, 38, 40; the substance, reality, as opposed to ἡ σκιά, Col. 2:17; in NT met., the aggregate body of believers, the body of the Church, Rom. 12:5; Col. 1:18

σῶμα, -τος, τό,

[in LXX for גְּוִיָּה ,בָּשָׂר, etc., and for Aram. נְבֵלָה ;]

a body. Prop., of the human body, as always in Hom. (opp. to δέμας), of the dead body: Mt 27:58, 59 Mk 15:43, al.;

of the living body: Lk 11:34, I Co 6:13, al.; ἐν σ. εἶναι, He 13:3; as the instrument of the soul, τὰ διὰ τοῦ σ., II Co 5:10; opp. to πνεῦμα, Ro 8:10, I Co 5:3 7:4, Ja 2:26; to ψυχή, Mt 6:25 10:28, Lk 12:22 (cf. Wi 1:4, al.); to τὸ π. καὶ ἡ ψ., I Th 5:23; σ. ψυχικόν, opp. to σ. πνευματικόν, I Co 15:44; ὁ ναὸς τοῦ σ. αὐτοῦ (gen. epexeg.), Jo 2:21; τὸ σ. τ. ταπεινώσεως ἡμῶν (Hebraistic "gen. of definition"; M, Pr., 73 f.; Bl., §35, 5), opp. to τὸ σ. τ. δοξῆς αὐτοῦ, Phl 3:21; similarly, τὸ σ. τ. σαρκός, Col 1:22; σ. τοῦ θανάτου (subject to death), Ro 7:24; σ. τ. ἁμαρτίας, Ro 6:6;

periphr., ἀνθρώπου, then absol., σῶμα (Soph., Xen., al.), a person, and in later writers (Polyb., al.), a slave: Re 18:13 (cf. MM, i, ii, xxiv; Deiss., BS, 160).

Of the bodies of animals: living, Ja 3:3; dead, He 13:11 ( Ex 29:14, al.).

Of inanimate objects (cf. Eng. "heavenly bodies"): I Co 15:37, 38, 40 (Diod., al.).

Of any corporeal substance (Plat., al.): opp. to σκιά, Col 2:17. Metaph., of a number of persons united by a common bond; in NT, of the Church as the spiritual body of Christ: Ro 12:5, I Co 10:16, 17 12:13, 27, Eph 1:23 2:16 4:4, 12, 16 5:23, 30, Col 1:18, 24 2:19 3:15; ἓν σ. κ. ἓν πνεῦμα, Eph 4:4.

σῶμα, “ἐᾷ body” (1) properly of the human body (a) cf. P Cairo Zen I. 5903429 (B.c. 257) peta τῆς τοῦ σώματος ὑγιείας, and the common salutation, as in 24. 590369 (B.c. 257), εἰ τῶι τε σώματι Eppwoat καὶ τἄλλα σοι κατὰ γνώμη[ν] ἐστίν, εἴη ἂν ὡς ἡμεῖς θέλομεν. See also BGU IV. 120848 (B.c. 27-26) τὰ δὲ] ἄλλα χαριεῖ τοῦ σώμαί( τος) [ἐπι μείλόμενος) ty’ ὑγιένῃς, ὃ δὴ μέγιστον ἡγοῦμίαι, PSI VII. 8ογ33 (a.p. 280) where a prisoner petitions ἔχειν τὸ σῶμα ἐλεύθερον καὶ ἀνύβριστον, and the magic P Lond 121°89 (jji/A.D.) (=I. p. 103) διαφύλασσέ pov τὸ σῶμα τὴν ψυχὴν ὁλόκληρον. Cf. Aristeas 139 ἁγνοὶ καθεστῶτες κατὰ σῶμα καὶ κατὰ ψυχήν. The tripartite division of I Thess 559 is found in P Oxy VIII. 1161° (iv/a.p.), where the writer (a Christian) prays to our God and the gracious Saviour and His beloved Son, ὅπως οὗτοι πάντες β[ο]ηθήσωσιν ἡμῶν τῷ σώματι, τῇ ψυχῇ, τῴ... πν(εύματι). For the corresponding dim. σωμάτιον see the Christian letter P Oxy VI. 9397! (iv/a.p.) (= Chrest. I. p. 156, Selections, p. 129) εἰ μὴ ἐπινόσως ἐσχήκει τὸ σωμάτιον τότε ὃ υἱὸς ᾿Αθανάσιος, αὐτὸν ἂν ἀπέστειλα πρός σε, ‘Sunless my son Athanasius had been then in ἃ sickly state of body, I would have sent him to you,’’ and 20." νοσηλότερον δὲ ὅμως TO σωμάτιον ἔχει, ‘she is still in a somewhat sickly state of body.” (Ὁ) ‘‘dead,’’ ‘‘a corpse,” as in Mk 15% δὲ saepfe: cf. P Leid M#-2 (ii/b.c.) (=I. p. 60) τὴν προστασίαν τῶν ἐπιβαλλόντων αὐτῴ σωμάτων, τῶν μεταγομένων εἰς τοὺς τάφους, and 20. Wii ας (ii/iii ap.) a spell—’Eyepois σώματος νεκροῦ. In P Oxy I. 517 (A.D. 173) a public physician reports that he had been instructed ἐφιδεῖν σῶμα νεκρὸν ἀπηρτημένον, ““ἴο inspect the dead body of a man who had been found hanged,”’ and in P Grenf II. 77° (ili/iv A.D.) the writer states that he has dispatched through the gravedigger τὸ σῶμα τοῦ [ἀδελφοῦ] Φιβίωνος, and has paid [το]ὺς μισθοὺς τῆς παρακομιδῆς τοῦ σώματος. Similarly σωμάτιον in the illiterate P Oxy VII. 10688 (iii/A.p.), where the writer asks for a ship, elva δυνηθῶ τὸ σωμάτιν κατενενκῖν ἐν ᾿Αλεξάνδριαν, ‘so that I might be able to carry the corpse down to Alexandria.” “alive”: , σωματικος (2) For σώματα = ‘slaves,’ as in Rev 18!and frequently in the LXX, we can now produce many exx. The word stands alone in such passages as P Cairo Zen I. 590272 (B.C. 258) ὀψώνιον τοῖς σώμασιν, ‘ wages for the slaves,”’ P Hib 1. 54°° (c. B.C. 245) τὸ σῶμα δὲ εἰ συνείληφας, “but if you have arrested the slave” (Edd.), P Oxy III. 4937 (a Will—early ii/A.p.) τὰ ἄπρατα τῶν σωμάτων, “unsold slaves,” and BGU I. 187!% (a.p. 159) MeAavas © προκίμενος [πέπ]ραχα τὸ σῶμα, where the context shows that a ‘‘slave ” is intended. For σῶμα in this sense but with a defining epithet cf. P Lond 4019 (B.c. 116-111) (=II. p. 14) τῶν οἰκετικῶν σωμάτίων, P Oxy I. 94° (Ap. 83) πατρικὰ δοῦλα σώματα, BGU 1. 168% (A.D. 169) δουλι[κ]ῶν σωμάτων, and P Lond 251*8 (A.D. 337-350) (=II. p. 317) τῶν δούλων σωμάτων. The dim. σωμάτιον is correspondingly used in P Oxy I. 37. 7 (A.D. 49) ἀρρενικὸν σωμάτιον, “a male foundling,” whom the next document in the vol. shows to have been a ‘“‘slave’’; and similarly the agreement for the nursing of a ‘‘slave-child” for two years, P Ryl II. 1781 (early 1/A.D.) μηδὲ ἕτερον σωμάτιον παρᾳ[θηλάζειν παρ]ὰ τόδε, “Δα not to nurse another than this one ”; and 26. 24410 (Wi/A.D.) τὰ δὲ σωμάτια πολλοῦ ἐστὶν ἐνθά[δ]ε καὶ οὐ συμφέρει ἀγοράσαι, ‘slaves are very dear here, and it is inexpedient to buy ’’ (Edd.). (3) Σῶμα has also the general sense of “*person,”’ as when in the iii/B.c. census-paper, P Petr III. 59 (b)%, σώματα ἐρσενικά are simply = ‘‘ males,” or in 76, 107, an account of fares and freights, where the word is applied repeatedly to ‘“ passengers.’’ In P Petr II. 13 (3) (8.6. 258-3) a warning is uttered that a prison wall may fall, and some of the prisoners perish—Siadavacal τι τῶν σωμάτων. So in PSI IV. 3505 (B.c. 252-1) a certain μισθωτός is referred to as τὸ σῶμα: cf. 20. 3667 (B.C. 25049), and the editor’s introd. to ib. 423. (4) Reference may also be made to the metaph. use of σῶμα to denote the ‘‘ body ” of a document, as in P Fay 34°° (A.D. 101) Ἥρων 6 mpoyeypa(ppévos) ἔγραψα τὸ σῶμα καὶ συνεθέμην πᾶσι τοῖς προκειμένοις καθὼς πρόκειται, ““1, Heron, the above-mentioned, have written the body of the contract and agreed to all the aforesaid terms as is aforesaid” (Edd.): cf. P Lond 1132 0.4 (a.p. 142) (=III. p. 142) ἔγραψα τὸ σῶμα [αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄ]νομα ὑπογράφοντος ἔτους πέμπτίου] ᾿Αντωνίνον Καίσαρος.

σῶμα (sōma) — body. σῶμα, ατος, τό [Refs 4th c.AD+] dative plural σωμάτεσι [Refs 3rd c.BC+], body of man or beast, but in [Refs 8th c.BC+], always dead body, corpse (whereas the living body is δέμας), ὥς τε λέων ἐχάρη μεγάλῳ ἐπὶ σώματι κύρσας [Refs 8th c.BC+]; ς. δὲ οἴκαδ᾽ ἐμὸν δόμεναι πάλιν [Refs 8th c.BC+]; so also in [NT+8th c.BC+]; νεκρὸν σ. [Refs 2nd c.AD+]; μέγιστον σ... σποδου, ={σ. μέγιστον ὃ νῦν σποδός ἐστι}, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

2. the living body, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; γενναῖος τῷ σ. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; εὔρωστος τὸ σ. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ σ. σῴζειν or -εσθαι save one's life, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; διασῴζειν or -εσθαι[Refs 5th c.BC+]; περὶ τοῦ σ. ἀγωνίζεσθαι for one's life, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἔχειν τὸ σ. κακῶς, ὡς βέλτιστα, etc., to be in a bad, a good state of bodily health, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

3. body, opposed to spirit (εἴδωλον), [Refs 5th c.BC+]; opposed to soul (ψυχή), [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ τοῦ σ. ἔργα bodily labours, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; αἱ τοῦ σ. ἡδοναί, αἱ κατὰ τὸ σ. ἡδ.,[Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ εἰς τὸ σ. τιμήματα bodily punishments, [Refs 4th c.BC+]

4. animal body, opposed to plants, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; but of plants, [NT]

5. civic rights (like Latin caput), [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἄτιμοι τὰ σ. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; μέρος ἠτιμῶσθαι τοῦ σ. [Refs 4th c.BC+]

6. in “NT”, of the sacramental body of Christ, τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ σ. μου [NT]

6. b of the body of Christ's church, οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν σ. ἐσμεν ἐν Χριστῷ [NT]; ἡ ἐκκλησία ἥτις ἐστὶ τὸ σ. [τοῦ Χριστοῦ] [NT]

II. periphrastic, ἀνθρώπου σ. ἓν οὐδέν, ={ἄνθρωπος οὐδὲ εἷς}, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; especially in Trag., σῶμα θηρός, ={θήρ}, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τεκέων σώματα, ={τέκνα}, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ σὸν σ., ={σύ}, [Refs]; rarely in singular of many persons, σῶμα τέκνων [Refs]

II.2. a person, human being, τὰ πολλὰ σ., ={οἱ πολλοί}, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; λευκὰ γήρᾳ σ. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἑκάστου τοῦ σώματος, [Refs]per person, [Refs 3rd c.BC+]; καταστήσαντες τὸ σ. ἀφείσθωσαν τῆς ἐγγύης [Refs 3rd c.BC+]; ἐργαζομένη αὑτῇ τῷ ἰδίῳ σ. working for herself, earning her own living, [Refs 3rd c.BC+]; τὰ φίλτατα σ., of children, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; frequently of slaves, αἰχμάλωτα σ. [Refs 4th c.BC+]; οἰκετικὰ σ. Legal cited in [Refs 4th c.BC+]; δοῦλα [Refs 2nd c.AD+]; ἐλεύθερα σ. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; later, σῶμα is used absolutely for a slave, [NT+3rd c.BC+]; a usage censured by Poll. [prev. cited] and [Refs 2nd c.AD+]; also of troops, τὴν τῶν σ. σύνταξιν [Refs 4th c.BC+]

III. generally, a body, i.e. any corporeal substance, δεῖ αὐτὸ (i.e. τὸ ὄν) σ. μὴ ἔχειν [Refs 5th c.BC+]; σ. ἄψυχον, ἔμψυχον, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; κυκλικὸν σ., of one of the spheres, [Refs 4th c.AD+]; τὸ πέμπτον σ. the fifth element, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; metallic substance, [Refs 5th c.BC+]

III.2. in Mathematics texts, figure of three dimensions, solid, opposed to a surface, etc., [Refs 4th c.BC+]

IV. the body or whole of a thing, especially of complete parts of the body, τὸ σ. τῶν νεφρῶν [Refs]; τὸ σ. τῆς γαστρός, τῆς κοιλίας, [Refs 2nd c.AD+]: generally, the whole body or frame of a thing, ὑπὸ σώματι γᾶς [Refs 4th c.BC+]; τὸ σ. τοῦ παντός, τοῦ κόσμου, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὕδωρ, ποταμοῦ σ. [Refs 4th c.BC+]; τὸ σ. τῆς πίστεως the body of the proof, i.e. arguments, [Refs 4th c.BC+] H.; of a body of writings, [Refs 1st c.BC+]; text of a document, opposed to ὑπογραφή, [Refs 2nd c.AD+]; of a will, [Refs 2nd c.AD+]

IV.2. ξύλα σώματα logs, opposed to κλάδοι, [Refs 3rd c.AD+]; σ. μέγα περσέας [Refs 3rd c.AD+]