Joshua 12

1 Now these [specific, particular] are the kings [rulers, monarchs] of the land [territory, region] whom the Israelites [descendants of Jacob] struck down [defeated, overcame] and whose lands [territories, possessions] they took [possessed, occupied] beyond [across, on the other side of] the Jordan [river, boundary] to the east [direction of the sunrise], from the Arnon Valley [brook, riverbed] to Mount Hermon [sanctuary, high point], including [comprising, encompassing] all [every, the whole] the Arabah [plain, desert] eastward [toward the rising sun]: word study 2 Sihon [king of the Amorite people-group] king of the Amorites [a Canaanite tribe], who lived [dwelt, resided] in Heshbon [a city east of the Jordan River]. He ruled [had dominion, was sovereign] from Aroer [a place of ruins] on the rim [edge, border] of the Arnon Valley [a region near the river], along the middle [midst, center] of the valley, up to the Jabbok River [a river east of the Jordan, meaning’emptying’] (the border [boundary] of the Ammonites [descendants of Lot]), that is, half [a portion, a division] of Gilead [a mountainous region,‘rocky region’], word study 3 as well as the Arabah [a desert plain, wilderness] east of the Sea of Chinnereth to the Sea of the Arabah [a body of water] (the Salt Sea), eastward [toward the sunrise] through Beth-jeshimoth [house of desolation], and southward [in the southern direction] below the slopes [ravines, natural formations] of Pisgah [a mountain in Moab]. word study 4 And Og [a powerful king, last of the giants] king of Bashan, one of the remnant [surviving descendants, excess] of the Rephaim [giants, Raphaite], who lived [to dwell, remain] in Ashtaroth [a place east of the Jordan, associated with a Sidonian deity] and Edrei [a chief city in Bashan, meaning ‘goodly pasture’]. word study 5 He ruled [as king, with authority] over Mount Hermon [a sanctuary, a high point], Salecah [east of the Jordan River], all [everything, the whole region] of Bashan [a fertile area, a land of abundance] up to the border [a boundary, a limit] of the Geshurites [people from Geshur, a neighboring tribe] and Maacathites [people from Maacah, a nearby city], and half [a part, a portion] of Gilead [a mountainous region, a rocky area] to the border [a dividing line, a territory] of Sihon [an Amorite king, a ruler] king of Heshbon [the capital city, a place of rule]. word study 6 Moses [the man of God, servant of Yahweh], the servant [faithful steward, bondservant] of the LORD [Yehovah, the covenant God], and the Israelites [descendants of Jacob, God’s chosen people] had struck them down [smitten, defeated] and given their land [a possession] as an inheritance [a gift, a legacy] to the Reubenites [descendants of Reuben], the Gadites [tribe of Gad], and the half-tribe [a divided tribe, a partial inheritance] of Manasseh [son of Joseph, a blessed tribe]. word study 7 And these [specific, notable] are the kings [rulers, monarchs] of the land [territory, region] that Joshua [leader, commander] and the Israelites [descendants of Jacob, God’s chosen people] conquered [defeated, overcame] beyond [on the other side of, across] the Jordan [a major river, a border] to the west [toward the setting sun], from Baal-gad [lord of fortune, a place of worship] in the Valley [lowland, plain] of Lebanon [a mountain range] to Mount Halak [a southern mountain, a landmark], which rises [goes up, ascends] toward Seir [a mountain, a region] (according to the allotments [divisions, portions] to the tribes [family groups, clans] of Israel, Joshua gave them as an inheritance [a possession, a gift] word study 8 the hill country [mountainous region], the foothills [lowlands, Shephelah], the Arabah [desert plain, wilderness], the slopes [ravines], the wilderness [open field, desert], and the Negev [South, southern district]—the lands of the Hittites [descendants of Heth], Amorites [Canaanite tribe], Canaanites [merchants, traders], Perizzites [southern Canaanite tribe], Hivites [ancient tribe in Palestine], and Jebusites [inhabitants of Jebus, early Jerusalem]): word study 9 the king [royal ruler, monarch] of Jericho [a city in Palestine, its moon], one; the king [sovereign, leader] of Ai [a heap of ruins, a city near Bethel], which [being located, situated] is near [beside, close to] Bethel [house of God, a significant location], one; word study 10 the king [ruler, sovereign] of Jerusalem [city of peace], one [unique, single]; the king [royal person, monarch] of Hebron [place of alliance, friendship], one [united, alone]; word study 11 the king [ruler, sovereign] of Jarmuth [heights, a city in Palestine], one [a single, unique monarch]; the king [royal person, monarch] of Lachish [a city in Palestine, south of Jerusalem], one [a single, unified ruler]; word study 12 the king [ruler, monarch] of Eglon [a city in Palestine, a place of strength], one [a single, unique ruler]; the king [sovereign, royal person] of Gezer [a city in Palestine, a portion or division], one [a single, unified leader]; word study 13 the king [ruler, monarch] of Debir [an Amoritish king, a town in Manasseh], one [a single, unique ruler]; the king [sovereign, royal person] of Geder [a captured town, a place of enclosure], one [a solitary, individual monarch]; word study 14 the king [ruler, sovereign] of Hormah [a town in southern Judah, meaning devotion], one [a single, unique monarch]; the king [royal person, leader] of Arad [a place near ancient Palestine, a Benjamite], one [united, solo ruler]; word study 15 the king [ruler, sovereign] of Libnah [a Canaanite royal city], one [a single, unique monarch]; the king [royal person, monarch] of Adullam [a town in Palestine], one [a single, unified leader]; word study 16 the king [ruler, monarch] of Makkedah [place of shepherds], one [a single, unique]; the king [sovereign, royal person] of Bethel [house of God, sacred place], one [united, solitary]; word study 17 the king [ruler, sovereign] of Tappuah [the apple city], one [a single ruler]; the king [royal person, monarch] of Hepher [a well, a place of refreshment], one [a unique leader]; word study 18 the king [ruler, monarch] of Aphek [a city, enclosure], one [single, united]; the king [sovereign, royal person] of Lasharon [Sharon, a plain], one [unique, solitary]; word study 19 the king [ruler, monarch] of Madon [a city in ancient Palestine], one [a single, unique]; the king [sovereign, royal person] of Hazor [a major Canaanite stronghold], one [united, single entity]; word study 20 the king [ruler, monarch] of Shimron-meron [watch-height of Meron, a Canaanite royal city], one [a single ruler]; the king [sovereign, royal person] of Achshaph [a city in northern Canaan, meaning I shall be bewitched], one [unique, solitary]; word study 21 the king [ruler, monarch] of Taanach [an ancient city in Palestine], one [a single, unique]; the king [sovereign, royal person] of Megiddo [a strategic city in Israel], one [united, solitary]; word study 22 the king [ruler, monarch] of Kedesh [a holy city], one [a single, unique ruler]; the king [sovereign, royal person] of Jokneam [a city of lament] in Carmel [a fruitful mountain], one [a solitary, individual king]; word study 23 the king [ruler, sovereign] of Dor [a city in Manasseh] in Naphath-dor [the height, a lofty place], one; the king [royal person, monarch] of Goiim [Gentiles, non-Hebrews] in Gilgal [a region, a wheel or rolling], one; word study 24 and the king [ruler, sovereign] of Tirzah [a city in ancient Palestine], one [a single, unique monarch]. So there were thirty-one [a multiple of ten, an additional, united] kings [monarchs, rulers] in all [everything, the total sum]. word study