Joshua 10:33
Joshua 10:33 in Multiple Translations
At that time Horam king of Gezer went to help Lachish, but Joshua struck him down along with his people, leaving no survivors.
¶ Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining.
Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining.
Then Horam, king of Gezer, came up to the help of Lachish; and Joshua overcame him and his people, putting all of them to death.
Then Horam, king of Gezer, came with his army to help Lachish, but Joshua and his men killed them, leaving no survivors.
Then Horam King of Gezer came vp to helpe Lachish: but Ioshua smote him and his people, vntill none of his remained.
Than hath Horam king of Gezer come up to help Lachish, and Joshua smiteth him and his people, till he hath not left to him a remnant.
Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua struck him and his people, until he had left him no one remaining.
Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining.
At that time Horam king of Gazer, came up to succour Lachis: and Josue slew him with all his people, so as to leave none alive.
King Horam from Gezer city and his army came to help the soldiers of Lachish, but Joshua’s army defeated Horam and his army, and did not allow any of them to remain alive.
Berean Amplified Bible — Joshua 10:33
BAB
Word Study
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Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.
Joshua 10:33 Interlinear (Deep Study)
BIB
HEB
אָ֣ז
עָלָ֗ה
הֹרָם֙
מֶ֣לֶךְ
גֶּ֔זֶר
לַ/עְזֹ֖ר
אֶת
לָכִ֑ישׁ
וַ/יַּכֵּ֤/הוּ
יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙
וְ/אֶת
עַמּ֔/וֹ
עַד
בִּלְתִּ֥י
הִשְׁאִֽיר
ל֖/וֹ
שָׂרִֽיד
אָ֣ז
ʼâz
H227
then
Adv
עָלָ֗ה
ʻâlâh
H5927
to ascend
V-Qal-Perf-3ms
הֹרָם֙
Hôrâm
H2036
Horam
N-proper
מֶ֣לֶךְ
melek
H4428
King's
N-ms
גֶּ֔זֶר
Gezer
H1507
Gezer
N-proper
לַ/עְזֹ֖ר
ʻâzar
H5826
to help
Prep | V-Qal-Inf-a
אֶת
ʼêth
H853
Obj.
DirObjM
לָכִ֑ישׁ
Lâkîysh
H3923
Lachish
N-proper
וַ/יַּכֵּ֤/הוּ
nâkâh
H5221
to smite
Conj | V-Hiphil-ConsecImperf-3ms | Suff
יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙
Yᵉhôwshûwaʻ
H3091
Joshua
N-proper
וְ/אֶת
ʼêth
H853
Obj.
Conj | DirObjM
עַמּ֔/וֹ
ʻam
H5971
Amaw
N-ms | Suff
עַד
ʻad
H5704
till
Prep
בִּלְתִּ֥י
biltîy
H1115
lest
Conj
הִשְׁאִֽיר
shâʼar
H7604
to remain
V-Hiphil-Perf-3ms
ל֖/וֹ
Prep | Suff
שָׂרִֽיד
sârîyd
H8300
survivor
N-ms
Hebrew Word Study
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Hebrew Word Reference — Joshua 10:33
אָ֣ז
ʼâz
H227
"then"
Adv
This Hebrew word refers to a past time or place, often used to describe something that happened earlier. It can also be used as a conjunction to show a cause-and-effect relationship. In the Bible, it appears in books like Genesis and Isaiah.
Definition: 1) then, at that time 1a) temporal expressions 1a1) then (past) 1a2) then, if...then (future) 1a3) earlier 1b) logical expressions 1b1) in that case 1b2) that (being so)
Usage: Occurs in 133 OT verses. KJV: beginning, for, from, hitherto, now, of old, once, since, then, at which time, yet. See also: Genesis 4:26; 1 Chronicles 22:13; Psalms 2:5.
עָלָ֗ה
ʻâlâh
H5927
"to ascend"
V-Qal-Perf-3ms
To ascend means to go up or rise, like the smoke from an altar going up to God, as described in many Bible passages, including Leviticus and Psalms.
Definition: : rise/go 1) to go up, ascend, climb 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to go up, ascend 1a2) to meet, visit, follow, depart, withdraw, retreat 1a3) to go up, come up (of animals) 1a4) to spring up, grow, shoot forth (of vegetation) 1a5) to go up, go up over, rise (of natural phenomenon) 1a6) to come up (before God) 1a7) to go up, go up over, extend (of boundary) 1a8) to excel, be superior to 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to be taken up, be brought up, be taken away 1b2) to take oneself away 1b3) to be exalted 1c) (Hiphil) 1c1) to bring up, cause to ascend or climb, cause to go up 1c2) to bring up, bring against, take away 1c3) to bring up, draw up, train 1c4) to cause to ascend 1c5) to rouse, stir up (mentally) 1c6) to offer, bring up (of gifts) 1c7) to exalt 1c8) to cause to ascend, offer 1d) (Hophal) 1d1) to be carried away, be led up 1d2) to be taken up into, be inserted in 1d3) to be offered 1e) (Hithpael) to lift oneself
Usage: Occurs in 817 OT verses. KJV: arise (up), (cause to) ascend up, at once, break (the day) (up), bring (up), (cause to) burn, carry up, cast up, [phrase] shew, climb (up), (cause to, make to) come (up), cut off, dawn, depart, exalt, excel, fall, fetch up, get up, (make to) go (away, up); grow (over) increase, lay, leap, levy, lift (self) up, light, (make) up, [idiom] mention, mount up, offer, make to pay, [phrase] perfect, prefer, put (on), raise, recover, restore, (make to) rise (up), scale, set (up), shoot forth (up), (begin to) spring (up), stir up, take away (up), work. See also: Genesis 2:6; Exodus 34:4; Joshua 7:6.
הֹרָם֙
Hôrâm
H2036
"Horam"
N-proper
Horam was a king of the Canaanites who lived before Israel became a monarchy. He is mentioned in the book of Joshua as the king of Gezer. His name means exalted.
Definition: A man living before Israel's Monarchy, only mentioned at Jos.10.33 § Horam = "exalted" the Canaanite king of Gezer at the time of the conquest
Usage: Occurs in 1 OT verses. KJV: Horam. See also: Joshua 10:33.
מֶ֣לֶךְ
melek
H4428
"King's"
N-ms
This word refers to a king or royal person, like King David or King Saul. It can also describe something related to a king, like the King's Valley in Genesis. The Bible often uses this word to talk about the rulers of Israel.
Definition: King's (Valley) (Gen.14.17)
Usage: Occurs in 1919 OT verses. KJV: king, royal. See also: Genesis 14:1; Joshua 10:39; 1 Samuel 16:1.
גֶּ֔זֶר
Gezer
H1507
"Gezer"
N-proper
Gezer is a place in the Bible, a city in Palestine near Ephraim. The name Gezer means portion, and it was a special city for the Levites. It is mentioned in the books of Joshua and Kings.
Definition: Gazer or Gezer = "portion" a Levitical city on the border of Ephraim Also named: gov (גֹּב "Gob" H1359)
Usage: Occurs in 14 OT verses. KJV: Gazer, Gezer. See also: Joshua 10:33; 1 Kings 9:15; 1 Chronicles 20:4.
לַ/עְזֹ֖ר
ʻâzar
H5826
"to help"
Prep | V-Qal-Inf-a
To help or aid is the meaning of this Hebrew word, used to describe God's protection or assistance. It is used in the Psalms to express trust in God's help and in the book of Exodus to describe God's aid to the Israelites.
Definition: 1) to help, succour, support 1a) (Qal) to help 1b) (Niphal) to be helped 1c) (Hiphil) to help
Usage: Occurs in 77 OT verses. KJV: help, succour. See also: Genesis 49:25; Job 26:2; Psalms 10:14.
אֶת
ʼêth
H853
"Obj."
DirObjM
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Definition: sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
Usage: Occurs in 6782 OT verses. KJV: (as such unrepresented in English). See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 10:8; Genesis 19:21.
לָכִ֑ישׁ
Lâkîysh
H3923
"Lachish"
N-proper
Lachish is a city in Palestine, south of Jerusalem, which was conquered by Joshua and given to the tribe of Judah. Its name means invincible. Lachish was an Amorite city before Joshua's conquest.
Definition: § Lachish = "invincible" a city lying south of Jerusalem on the borders of Simeon and which belonged to the Amorites until conquered by Joshua and allotted to Judah
Usage: Occurs in 22 OT verses. KJV: Lachish. See also: Joshua 10:3; 2 Kings 18:14; Isaiah 36:2.
וַ/יַּכֵּ֤/הוּ
nâkâh
H5221
"to smite"
Conj | V-Hiphil-ConsecImperf-3ms | Suff
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to strike or hit something, and it's used in many different ways, like in Exodus when God strikes down the Egyptians. It can also mean to punish or destroy, as seen in Isaiah. The word is used to describe God's judgment.
Definition: 1) to strike, smite, hit, beat, slay, kill 1a)(Niphal) to be stricken or smitten 1b) (Pual) to be stricken or smitten 1c) (Hiphil) 1c1) to smite, strike, beat, scourge, clap, applaud, give a thrust 1c2) to smite, kill, slay (man or beast) 1c3) to smite, attack, attack and destroy, conquer, subjugate, ravage 1c4) to smite, chastise, send judgment upon, punish, destroy 1d) (Hophal) to be smitten 1d1) to receive a blow 1d2) to be wounded 1d3) to be beaten 1d4) to be (fatally) smitten, be killed, be slain 1d5) to be attacked and captured 1d6) to be smitten (with disease) 1d7) to be blighted (of plants)
Usage: Occurs in 461 OT verses. KJV: beat, cast forth, clap, give (wounds), [idiom] go forward, [idiom] indeed, kill, make (slaughter), murderer, punish, slaughter, slay(-er, -ing), smite(-r, -ing), strike, be stricken, (give) stripes, [idiom] surely, wound. See also: Genesis 4:15; Joshua 10:20; 1 Samuel 29:5.
יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙
Yᵉhôwshûwaʻ
H3091
"Joshua"
N-proper
Joshua was a leader in the Bible, first mentioned in Ezra 2:2, who helped the Israelites return from exile. His name means Jehovah is salvation, and he is also known as Jeshua in some parts of the Bible. He was a key figure in the conquest of Canaan.
Definition: A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Ezr.2.2; son of: Jehozadak (H3087); father of: Joiakim (H3113); also called Jeshua at Ezr.2.2; 3.2,8; 4.3; 5.2; 1x12.1,7,10,26; § Joshua or Jehoshua = "Jehovah is salvation" 1) son of Nun of the tribe of Ephraim and successor to Moses as the leader of the children of Israel; led the conquest of Canaan 2) a resident of Beth-shemesh on whose land the Ark of the Covenant came to a stop after the Philistines returned it 3) son of Jehozadak and high priest after the restoration 4) governor of Jerusalem under king Josiah who gave his name to a gate of the city of Jerusalem
Usage: Occurs in 199 OT verses. KJV: Jehoshua, Jehoshuah, Joshua. Compare H1954 (הוֹשֵׁעַ), H3442 (יֵשׁוּעַ). See also: Exodus 17:9; Joshua 9:15; Zechariah 6:11.
וְ/אֶת
ʼêth
H853
"Obj."
Conj | DirObjM
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Definition: sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
Usage: Occurs in 6782 OT verses. KJV: (as such unrepresented in English). See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 10:8; Genesis 19:21.
עַמּ֔/וֹ
ʻam
H5971
"Amaw"
N-ms | Suff
A people or nation is what this Hebrew word represents, like the nation of Israel in Exodus 33:13. It can also mean a tribe, troops, or attendants, and is used to describe a group of people gathered together. The word is often used to refer to the people of God.
Definition: This name means nation, people
Usage: Occurs in 1655 OT verses. KJV: folk, men, nation, people. See also: Genesis 11:6; Exodus 16:4; Leviticus 17:9.
עַד
ʻad
H5704
"till"
Prep
This Hebrew word means until or as far as, describing a point in time or space. It's used in the Bible to set boundaries or limits, like in Exodus when describing the Israelites' journey.
Definition: prep 1) as far as, even to, until, up to, while, as far as 1a) of space 1a1) as far as, up to, even to 1b) in combination 1b1) from...as far as, both...and (with 'min' -from) 1c) of time 1c1) even to, until, unto, till, during, end 1d) of degree 1d1) even to, to the degree of, even like conj 2) until, while, to the point that, so that even Aramaic equivalent: ad (עַד "till" H5705)
Usage: Occurs in 1128 OT verses. KJV: against, and, as, at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as), (hither-) to, [phrase] how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that, till, toward, until, when, while, ([phrase] as) yet. See also: Genesis 3:19; Exodus 32:20; Numbers 23:24.
בִּלְתִּ֥י
biltîy
H1115
"lest"
Conj
This Hebrew word means not or except, and is often used with a prepositional prefix. It appears in various forms, such as not, except, or unless, and is used in many biblical passages.
Definition: subst 1) not, except adv 2) not 3) except (after preceding negation) conj 4) except (after an implied or expressed negation) with prep 5) so as not, in order not 6) an account of not, because...not 7) until not
Usage: Occurs in 107 OT verses. KJV: because un(satiable), beside, but, [phrase] continual, except, from, lest, neither, no more, none, not, nothing, save, that no, without. See also: Genesis 3:11; 2 Kings 12:9; Isaiah 10:4.
הִשְׁאִֽיר
shâʼar
H7604
"to remain"
V-Hiphil-Perf-3ms
To remain or be left over, as in Joshua 10:20. It can also mean to spare or reserve something, like God sparing Noah in Genesis 7:23. This word is used to describe the remnant of Israel.
Definition: 1) to remain, be left over, be left behind 1a) (Qal) to remain 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to be left over, be left alive, survive 1b1a) remainder, remnant (participle) 1b2) to be left behind 1c) (Hiphil) 1c1) to leave over, spare 1c2) to leave or keep over 1c3) to have left 1c4) to leave (as a gift)
Usage: Occurs in 123 OT verses. KJV: leave, (be) left, let, remain, remnant, reserve, the rest. See also: Genesis 7:23; 1 Kings 22:47; Isaiah 4:3.
ל֖/וֹ
""
Prep | Suff
שָׂרִֽיד
sârîyd
H8300
"survivor"
N-ms
A survivor is someone who remains alive after a difficult event, and this word is used to describe those who are left after a disaster or war. It can also refer to a remnant of people who continue to exist despite challenges. The Bible often uses this term to describe the remaining Israelites.
Definition: 1) survivor, remnant, that which is left 1a) survivor
Usage: Occurs in 28 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] alive, left, remain(-ing), remnant, rest. See also: Numbers 21:35; 2 Kings 10:11; Isaiah 1:9.
Study Notes — Joshua 10:33
Show Verse Quote Highlights
- Context
- Cross References
- Joshua 10:33 Summary
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Reflection Questions
- Gill's Exposition on Joshua 10:33
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Joshua 10:33
- Matthew Poole's Commentary on Joshua 10:33
- Trapp's Commentary on Joshua 10:33
- Ellicott's Commentary on Joshua 10:33
- Adam Clarke's Commentary on Joshua 10:33
- Cambridge Bible on Joshua 10:33
- Barnes' Notes on Joshua 10:33
- Whedon's Commentary on Joshua 10:33
Context — Conquest of the Southern Cities
31And Joshua and all Israel with him moved on from Libnah to Lachish. They laid siege to it and fought against it.
32And the LORD delivered Lachish into the hand of Israel, and Joshua captured it on the second day. He put all the people to the sword, just as he had done to Libnah.
33At that time Horam king of Gezer went to help Lachish, but Joshua struck him down along with his people, leaving no survivors.
34So Joshua moved on from Lachish to Eglon, and all Israel with him. They laid siege to it and fought against it. 35That day they captured Eglon and put it to the sword, and Joshua devoted to destruction everyone in the city, just as he had done to Lachish.Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Joshua 16:10 | But they did not drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer. So the Canaanites dwell among the Ephraimites to this day, but they are forced laborers. |
| 2 | Judges 1:29 | Ephraim also failed to drive out the Canaanites living in Gezer; so the Canaanites continued to dwell among them in Gezer. |
| 3 | Joshua 16:3 | Then it descended westward to the border of the Japhletites as far as the border of Lower Beth-horon and on to Gezer, and it ended at the Sea. |
| 4 | 1 Kings 9:15–17 | This is the account of the forced labor that King Solomon imposed to build the house of the LORD, his own palace, the supporting terraces, and the wall of Jerusalem, as well as Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer. Pharaoh king of Egypt had attacked and captured Gezer. He had set it on fire, killed the Canaanites who lived in the city, and given it as a dowry to his daughter, Solomon’s wife. So Solomon rebuilt Gezer, Lower Beth-horon, |
| 5 | Joshua 12:12 | the king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one; |
| 6 | 1 Chronicles 6:67 | They were given Shechem (a city of refuge) with its pasturelands in the hill country of Ephraim, and Gezer, |
| 7 | 1 Chronicles 20:4 | Some time later, war broke out with the Philistines at Gezer. At that time Sibbecai the Hushathite killed Sippai, a descendant of the Rephaim, and the Philistines were subdued. |
| 8 | Joshua 21:21 | they were given Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim (a city of refuge for the manslayer), Gezer, |
Joshua 10:33 Summary
This verse shows us that God is a God of justice and sovereignty, who will execute judgment on those who rebel against Him, as seen in Joshua 10:33. When Horam king of Gezer tried to help Lachish, a city that was already under God's judgment, he was essentially opposing God, and therefore, subject to God's judgment. This teaches us to trust in God's plan and purposes, even when we don't fully understand them, and to seek to align ourselves with His will, as stated in Jeremiah 29:11. By doing so, we can avoid making the same mistake as Horam and instead, experience God's blessing and protection, as promised in Psalm 37:3-7.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why did God allow Joshua to strike down Horam king of Gezer and his people, leaving no survivors?
This act of judgment was a result of the people's sin and rebellion against God, as seen in Deuteronomy 20:16-18, where God instructed the Israelites to destroy the nations that did not surrender to them.
Was it just for Joshua to attack Horam king of Gezer, who was only trying to help Lachish?
According to Joshua 10:33, Horam's decision to help Lachish, a city that was already under God's judgment, made him an enemy of God's people, and therefore, subject to God's judgment, as stated in Exodus 23:32-33, where God warns the Israelites not to make covenants with the nations He is driving out.
How does this verse relate to the concept of God's sovereignty and justice?
This verse demonstrates God's sovereignty and justice, as He uses Joshua and the Israelites to execute judgment on the nations that have rebelled against Him, as seen in Psalm 135:6, where it says that God does whatever pleases Him in heaven and on earth.
What can we learn from Horam's decision to help Lachish, despite God's clear judgment on the city?
Horam's decision serves as a warning against siding with those who are opposed to God, as seen in 2 Chronicles 19:2, where God condemns those who help the wicked, and instead, we should seek to align ourselves with God's will and purposes, as stated in Romans 8:31, where it says that if God is for us, who can be against us.
Reflection Questions
- How do I respond when I see God's judgment being executed in the world around me, and what can I learn from His sovereignty and justice?
- In what ways can I be tempted to 'help' or side with those who are opposed to God, and how can I avoid making the same mistake as Horam?
- What does this verse teach me about the importance of trusting in God's plan and purposes, even when I don't fully understand them, as seen in Proverbs 3:5-6?
- How can I apply the principle of not making covenants with the 'nations' that God is driving out of my life, and instead, seek to align myself with God's will and purposes, as stated in 2 Corinthians 6:14-18?
Gill's Exposition on Joshua 10:33
Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish,.... Perhaps the rather induced to it, because it had no king to defend it.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Joshua 10:33
Then Joshua passed from Makkedah, and all Israel with him, unto Libnah, and fought against Libnah: No JFB commentary on these verses.
Matthew Poole's Commentary on Joshua 10:33
Gezer; either that in Ephraim, of which ; but that seems too remote from the other places; or rather, that in Judah, which was near Lachish, , whose king therefore was more capable, and more obliged to help them for his own sake.
Trapp's Commentary on Joshua 10:33
Joshua 10:33 Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining.Ver. 33. Then Horam king of Gezer.] Whereof read 1 Chronicles 14:16. It lay near to Lachish, and sped the worse for its neighbourhood: as did Hamath for Damascus.
Ellicott's Commentary on Joshua 10:33
(33) Gezer is identified as Tell-Jezer or Tel-el-Jezar, about four miles from Amwâs or Emmaus.
Adam Clarke's Commentary on Joshua 10:33
Verse 33. Horam king of Gezer] It is likely that Horam was in a state of alliance with the king of Lachish, and therefore came to his assistance as soon as it appeared that he was likely to be attacked. Joshua probably sent a detachment against him, before he was able to form a junction with the forces of Lachish; and utterly destroyed him and his army. Gezer is supposed to have been situated near Azotus. See 1Mac 16:34. It fell to the tribe of Ephraim, Joshua 16:3, but was probably taken afterwards by some of the remnant of the Canaanitish nations; for we find it was given by Pharaoh to his son-in-law Solomon, 1Kg 9:16, which proves that it had got out of the possession of the Israelites previously to the days of Solomon.
Cambridge Bible on Joshua 10:33
33. Then Horam] His city lay at no great distance from Lachish. Gezer] or, as it is called later, Gazara (2Ma 10:32), Gadara (Jos. Ant. 5:1:22), was an ancient city of Canaan. It was afterwards allotted with its suburbs to the Kohathite Levites (Joshua 21:21; 1 Chronicles 6:67); but the original inhabitants were not dispossessed (Judges 1:29), and even down to the reign of Solomon the Canaanites were still dwelling there, and paying tribute to Israel (1 Kings 9:16). Its site has lately been identified with Tel el Jezar, about four miles from Amwâs, on the road to Ramlah and Lydd. “The position of the Levitical city of Gezer (Joshua 12:12; 1 Chronicles 6:67; Judges 1:29), which Pharaoh gave to his daughter—Solomon’s queen—as a dowry, has been a subject of prolonged controversy. M. Clermont Ganneau discovered the ancient site, with the very name itself still lingering on the spot. Not only that, but he found the Levitical boundaries. In no other case have these been found.
They were cut in the rock itself—not on movable stones—in two separate places, in Greek and square Hebrew characters, signifying the ‘boundary of Gezer.’ The date seems to be Maccabean.” (Quarterly Statement of the “Palestine Exploration Fund,” 1874.) and Joshua smote him] Joshua seems to have been content with repulsing his attack, slaying the king, and inflicting a severe defeat upon his people. Gezer itself lay too far northward of his present line of operations to justify its capture.
Barnes' Notes on Joshua 10:33
Gezer lies on the southern border of the tribe of Ephraim Joshua 16:3. It was considerably to the northward of Joshua’s present line of operations, and does not appear to have been captured at this time.
Whedon's Commentary on Joshua 10:33
33. Horam, like the other ill-fated kings mentioned in this chapter, has left no other record. Gezer must have been between the Lower Beth-horon and the sea. It does not seem to have been destroyed by Joshua.