Joshua 7:18
Joshua 7:18 in Multiple Translations
And he had the family of Zabdi come forward man by man, and Achan son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was selected.
And he brought his household man by man; and Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was taken.
and he brought near his household man by man; and Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was taken.
Then the house of Zabdi came forward man by man, and Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was taken.
The family of Zabdi came forward, and Achan, son of Carmi, son of Zabdi, son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was chosen.
And he brought his houshold, man by man, and Achan ye sonne of Carmi, the sonne of Zabdi, the sonne of Zerah of the tribe of Iudah was take.
and he bringeth near his household by men, and Achan — son of Carmi, son of Zabdi, son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah — is captured.
He brought near his household man by man, and Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was selected.
And he brought his household man by man; and Achan the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was taken.
And bringing his house man by man, he found Achan the son of Charmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zare of the tribe of Juda.
Then Joshua told the men from that family to present themselves. And Yahweh indicated that Achan was guilty.
Berean Amplified Bible — Joshua 7:18
BAB
Word Study
Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.
Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.
Joshua 7:18 Interlinear (Deep Study)
BIB
HEB
וַ/יַּקְרֵ֥ב
אֶת
בֵּית֖/וֹ
לַ/גְּבָרִ֑ים
וַ/יִּלָּכֵ֗ד
עָכָ֞ן
בֶּן
כַּרְמִ֧י
בֶן
זַבְדִּ֛י
בֶּן
זֶ֖רַח
לְ/מַטֵּ֥ה
יְהוּדָֽה
וַ/יַּקְרֵ֥ב
qârab
H7126
to present
Conj | V-Hiphil-ConsecImperf-3ms
אֶת
ʼêth
H853
Obj.
DirObjM
בֵּית֖/וֹ
bayith
H1004
place
N-ms | Suff
לַ/גְּבָרִ֑ים
geber
H1397
great man
Prep | N-mp
וַ/יִּלָּכֵ֗ד
lâkad
H3920
to capture
Conj | V-Niphal-ConsecImperf-3ms
עָכָ֞ן
ʻÂkân
H5912
Achan
N-proper
בֶּן
bên
H1121
son
N-ms
כַּרְמִ֧י
Karmîy
H3756
Carmi
N-proper
בֶן
bên
H1121
son
N-ms
זַבְדִּ֛י
Zabdîy
H2067
Zabdi
N-proper
בֶּן
bên
H1121
son
N-ms
זֶ֖רַח
Zerach
H2226
Zerah
N-proper
לְ/מַטֵּ֥ה
maṭṭeh
H4294
tribe
Prep | N-ms
יְהוּדָֽה
Yᵉhûwdâh
H3063
Judah
N-proper
Hebrew Word Study
Select any word above to explore its original meaning, root, and usage across Scripture.
Use ← → arrow keys to navigate between words.
Hebrew Word Reference — Joshua 7:18
וַ/יַּקְרֵ֥ב
qârab
H7126
"to present"
Conj | V-Hiphil-ConsecImperf-3ms
To approach or come near someone or something, often with a sense of purpose or intention, like Moses approaching the burning bush in Exodus 3:5. This word can also mean to bring someone or something near, as in presenting an offering to God.
Definition: : come/approach 1) to come near, approach, enter into, draw near 1a) (Qal) to approach, draw near 1b) (Niphal) to be brought near 1c) (Piel) to cause to approach, bring near, cause to draw near 1d) (Hiphil) to bring near, bring, present
Usage: Occurs in 263 OT verses. KJV: (cause to) approach, (cause to) bring (forth, near), (cause to) come (near, nigh), (cause to) draw near (nigh), go (near), be at hand, join, be near, offer, present, produce, make ready, stand, take. See also: Genesis 12:11; Leviticus 22:22; 1 Samuel 10:21.
אֶת
ʼêth
H853
"Obj."
DirObjM
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Definition: sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
Usage: Occurs in 6782 OT verses. KJV: (as such unrepresented in English). See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 10:8; Genesis 19:21.
בֵּית֖/וֹ
bayith
H1004
"place"
N-ms | Suff
The Hebrew word for house refers to a dwelling place, including a family home, temple, or even the human body. It appears in various contexts, such as the temple in Jerusalem or the household of a family. In the Bible, it is often used to describe a place of worship or a family's living space.
Definition: nm place, origin, between
Usage: Occurs in 1712 OT verses. KJV: court, daughter, door, [phrase] dungeon, family, [phrase] forth of, [idiom] great as would contain, hangings, home(born), (winter) house(-hold), inside(-ward), palace, place, [phrase] prison, [phrase] steward, [phrase] tablet, temple, web, [phrase] within(-out). See also: Genesis 6:14; Exodus 8:5; Numbers 1:45.
לַ/גְּבָרִ֑ים
geber
H1397
"great man"
Prep | N-mp
The Hebrew word for a great man or warrior, emphasizing strength or ability to fight, used to describe a person of valor. It is translated as 'man' or 'mighty' in the KJV. In the Bible, it appears in various contexts, including descriptions of strong leaders.
Definition: man, strong man, warrior (emphasising strength or ability to fight)
Usage: Occurs in 64 OT verses. KJV: every one, man, [idiom] mighty. See also: Exodus 10:11; Psalms 88:5; Psalms 34:9.
וַ/יִּלָּכֵ֗ד
lâkad
H3920
"to capture"
Conj | V-Niphal-ConsecImperf-3ms
This verb means to capture or seize, often using a net or trap. In the Bible, it is used to describe taking control of something or someone, and is also used figuratively to describe being caught or stuck in a situation.
Definition: 1) to capture, take, seize 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to capture, seize 1a2) to capture (of men) (fig.) 1a3) to take (by lot) 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to be captured 1b2) to be caught (of men in trap, snare) (fig.) 1c) (Hithpael) to grasp each other
Usage: Occurs in 112 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] at all, catch (self), be frozen, be holden, stick together, take. See also: Numbers 21:32; 2 Kings 18:10; Psalms 9:16.
עָכָ֞ן
ʻÂkân
H5912
"Achan"
N-proper
Achan was an Israelite from the tribe of Judah who disobeyed God's rules and was stoned to death, as recorded in Joshua 7:1.
Definition: A man of the tribe of Judah living before Israel's Monarchy, first mentioned at Jos.7.1; son of: Carmi (H3756H) Also named: a.khar (עָכָר "Achan" H5917) § Achan = "troubler" a Judaite who violated God's specific ban on taking any loot from the captured city of Jericho and was stoned to death along with his family for this violation
Usage: Occurs in 6 OT verses. KJV: Achan. Compare H5917 (עָכָר). See also: Joshua 7:1; Joshua 7:20; Joshua 22:20.
בֶּן
bên
H1121
"son"
N-ms
In the Bible, this word means a son or descendant, and can also refer to a grandson, nation, or quality. It appears in 1 Chronicles 24, describing a Levite named Beno. The word is used to show family relationships and inheritance.
Definition: : child/son
Usage: Occurs in 3653 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] afflicted, age, (Ahoh-) (Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-) ite, (anoint-) ed one, appointed to, ([phrase]) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-) ian, one born, bough, branch, breed, [phrase] (young) bullock, [phrase] (young) calf, [idiom] came up in, child, colt, [idiom] common, [idiom] corn, daughter, [idiom] of first, [phrase] firstborn, foal, [phrase] very fruitful, [phrase] postage, [idiom] in, [phrase] kid, [phrase] lamb, ([phrase]) man, meet, [phrase] mighty, [phrase] nephew, old, ([phrase]) people, [phrase] rebel, [phrase] robber, [idiom] servant born, [idiom] soldier, son, [phrase] spark, [phrase] steward, [phrase] stranger, [idiom] surely, them of, [phrase] tumultuous one, [phrase] valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth. See also: Genesis 3:16; Genesis 23:3; Genesis 34:18.
כַּרְמִ֧י
Karmîy
H3756
"Carmi"
N-proper
Karmi was an Israelite, a descendant of Judah, and the father of several children, including Hur and Jesher, as mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2. He had multiple wives, including Azubah and Ephrathah.
Definition: A man of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at 1Ch.2.9; son of: Hezron (H2696H); brother of: Ram (H7410), Jerahmeel (H3396), Segub (H7687H) and Ashhur (H0806); married to Azubah (H5806H), Jerioth (H3408), Ephrathah (H0672), Ephah (H5891H) and Maacah (H4601L); father of: Hur (H2354), Jesher (H3475), Shobab (H7727H), Ardon (H0715), Mareshah@1Ch.2.42 (H4337), Haran (H2771B), Moza (H4162), Gazez (H1495), Jahdai (H3056), Sheber (H7669), Tirhanah (H8647), Shaaph (H8174H), Sheva (H7724) and Achsah (H5915H); also called Carmi (NIV: Karmi) at 1Ch.4.1(?); Chelubai at 1Ch.2.9; Another name of ka.lev (כָּלֵב "Caleb" H3612H) § Carmi = "my vineyard" 1) the 4th son of Reuben and progenitor of the Carmites 2) a Judaite, father of Achan, the 'troubler of Israel' in the time of Joshua
Usage: Occurs in 8 OT verses. KJV: Carmi. See also: Genesis 46:9; Joshua 7:18; 1 Chronicles 5:3.
בֶן
bên
H1121
"son"
N-ms
In the Bible, this word means a son or descendant, and can also refer to a grandson, nation, or quality. It appears in 1 Chronicles 24, describing a Levite named Beno. The word is used to show family relationships and inheritance.
Definition: : child/son
Usage: Occurs in 3653 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] afflicted, age, (Ahoh-) (Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-) ite, (anoint-) ed one, appointed to, ([phrase]) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-) ian, one born, bough, branch, breed, [phrase] (young) bullock, [phrase] (young) calf, [idiom] came up in, child, colt, [idiom] common, [idiom] corn, daughter, [idiom] of first, [phrase] firstborn, foal, [phrase] very fruitful, [phrase] postage, [idiom] in, [phrase] kid, [phrase] lamb, ([phrase]) man, meet, [phrase] mighty, [phrase] nephew, old, ([phrase]) people, [phrase] rebel, [phrase] robber, [idiom] servant born, [idiom] soldier, son, [phrase] spark, [phrase] steward, [phrase] stranger, [idiom] surely, them of, [phrase] tumultuous one, [phrase] valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth. See also: Genesis 3:16; Genesis 23:3; Genesis 34:18.
זַבְדִּ֛י
Zabdîy
H2067
"Zabdi"
N-proper
Zabdi means endowment, the name of four Israelites, including a Levite and an officer of King David. He is mentioned in 1 Chronicles and Nehemiah. Zabdi lived during the time of Exile and Return.
Definition: A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at 1Ch.9.15; son of: Asaph (H0623I); father of: Mica (H4316); also called Zabdi at Neh.11.17; Another name of zikh.ri (זִכְרִי "Zichri" H2147K) § Zabdi = "endowment" 1) son of Zerah and grandson of Judah; grandfather of Achan 2) one of the sons of Shimhi, a Benjamite 3) an officer of David, in charge of the produce of the vineyards for the wine-cellars 4) son of Asaph the minstrel; also called 'Zaccur' and 'Zichri'
Usage: Occurs in 6 OT verses. KJV: Zabdi. See also: Joshua 7:1; 1 Chronicles 8:19; Nehemiah 11:17.
בֶּן
bên
H1121
"son"
N-ms
In the Bible, this word means a son or descendant, and can also refer to a grandson, nation, or quality. It appears in 1 Chronicles 24, describing a Levite named Beno. The word is used to show family relationships and inheritance.
Definition: : child/son
Usage: Occurs in 3653 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] afflicted, age, (Ahoh-) (Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-) ite, (anoint-) ed one, appointed to, ([phrase]) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-) ian, one born, bough, branch, breed, [phrase] (young) bullock, [phrase] (young) calf, [idiom] came up in, child, colt, [idiom] common, [idiom] corn, daughter, [idiom] of first, [phrase] firstborn, foal, [phrase] very fruitful, [phrase] postage, [idiom] in, [phrase] kid, [phrase] lamb, ([phrase]) man, meet, [phrase] mighty, [phrase] nephew, old, ([phrase]) people, [phrase] rebel, [phrase] robber, [idiom] servant born, [idiom] soldier, son, [phrase] spark, [phrase] steward, [phrase] stranger, [idiom] surely, them of, [phrase] tumultuous one, [phrase] valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth. See also: Genesis 3:16; Genesis 23:3; Genesis 34:18.
זֶ֖רַח
Zerach
H2226
"Zerah"
N-proper
Zerach was a man in the Bible, mentioned in Genesis and Numbers. He was a son of Simeon and had several brothers. The name Zerach means 'rising' and is also used for other people in the Bible.
Definition: A man of the tribe of Simeon living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, first mentioned at Gen.46.10; son of: Simeon (H8095); brother of: Jemuel (H3223), Jamin (H3226), Ohad (H0161), Jachin (H3199) and Shaul (H7586H); also called Zerah at Num.26.13,20; 2x27.11,13; § Zerah or Zarah = "rising" 1) a son of Reuel and grandson of Esau, one of the dukes of the Edomites 2) twin brother of Pharez, sons of Judah and Tamar; descendants are called Zarhites, Ezrahites, and Izrahites 3) son of Simeon; also called 'Zohar' 4) a Gershonite Levite, son of Iddo of Adaiah 5) the Ethiopian or Cushite, invader of Judah in the reign of Asa who defeated the invaders; probably the same as the Egyptian king Usarken I, second king of the Egyptian 22nd dynasty or perhaps more probably Usarken II, his 2nd successor 6) another Edomite leader; possibly same as 1
Usage: Occurs in 21 OT verses. KJV: Zarah, Zerah. See also: Genesis 36:13; Joshua 22:20; Nehemiah 11:24.
לְ/מַטֵּ֥ה
maṭṭeh
H4294
"tribe"
Prep | N-ms
In the Bible, this word can mean a tribe, like the 12 tribes of Israel, or a staff, like the one Moses used to lead his people in Exodus 4:2.
Definition: : tribe 1) staff, branch, tribe 1a) staff, rod, shaft 1b) branch (of vine) 1c) tribe 1c1) company led by chief with staff (originally)
Usage: Occurs in 205 OT verses. KJV: rod, staff, tribe. See also: Genesis 38:18; Numbers 34:19; Psalms 105:16.
יְהוּדָֽה
Yᵉhûwdâh
H3063
"Judah"
N-proper
Judah is the name of the tribe descended from Judah, the son of Jacob. It is also the name of the region where the tribe lived. The name means 'praised' and is first mentioned in Genesis.
Definition: § Judah = "praised" the tribe descended from Judah the son of Jacob
Usage: Occurs in 754 OT verses. KJV: Judah. See also: Genesis 29:35; 1 Samuel 23:3; 2 Kings 14:13.
Study Notes — Joshua 7:18
Show Verse Quote Highlights
- Context
- Cross References
- Joshua 7:18 Summary
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Reflection Questions
- Gill's Exposition on Joshua 7:18
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Joshua 7:18
- Matthew Poole's Commentary on Joshua 7:18
- Trapp's Commentary on Joshua 7:18
- Ellicott's Commentary on Joshua 7:18
- Cambridge Bible on Joshua 7:18
- Whedon's Commentary on Joshua 7:18
- Sermons on Joshua 7:18
Context — The Sin of Achan
16So Joshua arose early the next morning and had Israel come forward tribe by tribe, and the tribe of Judah was selected.
17He had the clans of Judah come forward, and the clan of the Zerahites was selected. He had the clan of the Zerahites come forward, and the family of Zabdi was selected.
18And he had the family of Zabdi come forward man by man, and Achan son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was selected.
19So Joshua said to Achan, “My son, give glory to the LORD, the God of Israel, and make a confession to Him. I urge you to tell me what you have done; do not hide it from me.” 20“It is true,” Achan replied, “I have sinned against the LORD, the God of Israel. This is what I did:Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Numbers 32:23 | But if you do not do this, you will certainly sin against the LORD—and be assured that your sin will find you out. |
| 2 | Acts 5:1–10 | Now a man named Ananias, together with his wife Sapphira, also sold a piece of property. With his wife’s full knowledge, he kept back some of the proceeds for himself, but brought a portion and laid it at the apostles’ feet. Then Peter said, “Ananias, how is it that Satan has filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and withhold some of the proceeds from the land? Did it not belong to you before it was sold? And after it was sold, was it not at your disposal? How could you conceive such a deed in your heart? You have not lied to men, but to God!” On hearing these words, Ananias fell down and died. And great fear came over all who heard what had happened. Then the young men stepped forward, wrapped up his body, and carried him out and buried him. About three hours later his wife also came in, unaware of what had happened. “Tell me,” said Peter, “is this the price you and your husband got for the land?” “Yes,” she answered, “that is the price.” “How could you agree to test the Spirit of the Lord?” Peter replied. “Look, the feet of the men who buried your husband are at the door, and they will carry you out also.” At that instant she fell down at his feet and died. Then the young men came in and, finding her dead, carried her out and buried her beside her husband. |
| 3 | 1 Samuel 14:42 | Then Saul said, “Cast the lot between me and my son Jonathan.” And Jonathan was selected. |
| 4 | Jeremiah 2:26 | As the thief is ashamed when he is caught, so the house of Israel is disgraced. They, their kings, their officials, their priests, and their prophets |
| 5 | Proverbs 13:21 | Disaster pursues sinners, but prosperity is the reward of the righteous. |
Joshua 7:18 Summary
[This verse tells us that Joshua had the family of Zabdi come forward man by man to find out who had sinned against the Lord. It's like when we have to own up to something we did wrong, and we have to be honest about it, as seen in Joshua 7:19-20. The Bible says that we must confess our sins to God in order to be forgiven, as seen in 1 John 1:9. By being honest and taking responsibility for our actions, we can receive forgiveness and start fresh, just like Achan had the opportunity to do in Joshua 7:19-20.]
Frequently Asked Questions
Why did Joshua have the family of Zabdi come forward man by man?
Joshua had the family of Zabdi come forward man by man to identify the individual who had sinned against the Lord, as instructed in Joshua 7:16-17, and to bring the sin to light, as seen in Proverbs 28:13.
Who was Achan and what was his significance in this story?
Achan was the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, and he was selected as the one who had sinned against the Lord, as stated in Joshua 7:18, which led to the defeat of the Israelites at Ai, as seen in Joshua 7:1-5.
What can we learn from the selection process used by Joshua?
The selection process used by Joshua teaches us that God is a God of justice and righteousness, and He will bring sin to light, as seen in Numbers 32:23, and that we must be willing to confront and confess our sins in order to receive forgiveness, as seen in 1 John 1:9.
How does this verse relate to the concept of corporate guilt and individual responsibility?
This verse shows that while the entire nation of Israel was affected by Achan's sin, as seen in Joshua 7:1-5, individual responsibility is still emphasized, as Achan was held accountable for his actions, illustrating the principle seen in Ezekiel 18:20 that the soul who sins will die.
Reflection Questions
- What are some ways that I may be secretly sinning against the Lord, and how can I bring these sins to light?
- How does the concept of corporate guilt and individual responsibility apply to my life and my relationships with others?
- What can I learn from Joshua's leadership and his willingness to confront sin head-on, and how can I apply this to my own life?
- In what ways can I be more mindful of the fact that my actions have consequences not only for myself, but also for those around me, as seen in Joshua 7:1-5?
Gill's Exposition on Joshua 7:18
And he brought his household man by man,.... The household of Zabdi, the heads of each house therein: and Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Joshua 7:18
And he brought the family of Judah; and he took the family of the Zarhites: and he brought the family of the Zarhites man by man; and Zabdi was taken: No JFB commentary on these verses.
Matthew Poole's Commentary on Joshua 7:18
He; either Joshua, or Zabdi by Joshua’ s appointment.
Trapp's Commentary on Joshua 7:18
Joshua 7:18 And he brought his household man by man; and Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was taken.Ver. 18. And Achan, the son of Carmi.] Secret sinners are loath to be discovered, but their sin shall find them out, and iniquity, if unrepented of, be their ruin. "He that hideth his sins shall not prosper," because he putteth God to his proofs, as Achan, and as those in Jeremiah did.
Ellicott's Commentary on Joshua 7:18
(14-18) In the morning therefore ye shall be brought.—That is, brought near, or presented. The word used here, and throughout the passage, is the same that is commonly used for the presentation of an offering.
Cambridge Bible on Joshua 7:18
18. and Achan … was taken] (a) Sometimes in taking the sacred lot dice were thrown; comp. the expression “to cast lots” (Joshua 18:10); to “throw” them (Joshua 18:6); “the lot falls” (Jonah 1:7; Ezekiel 24:6); (b) sometimes tesseræ were flung into a vessel and then drawn out; comp. the expressions “the lot came forth” Numbers 33:54; “came up” Leviticus 16:9.
Whedon's Commentary on Joshua 7:18
18. Achan… was taken — God might have instantaneously revealed the sinner, but he chose to sift the nation thus gradually in order that the moral sense of every man might be awakened, and that the
Sermons on Joshua 7:18
| Sermon | Description | |
|---|---|---|
|
Facing Your Failures by David Wilkerson | In this sermon, the speaker focuses on the story of Moses and his journey from failure to success. He encourages listeners not to give up just because they have failed, emphasizing |
|
|
Be Sure Your Sin Will Find You Out by David Wilkerson | In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the importance of not lusting after evil things, drawing from the example of the Israelites in the Bible. He explains that their story serve |
|
|
The Healing of the Home by David Wilkerson | In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the importance of using a soft answer to turn away wrath and bring healing to the home. He criticizes those who rely on loudness as a badge |
|
|
Satisfied Sinners by David Wilkerson | In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the importance of standing firm in one's faith, even when faced with challenges and temptations. He shares personal anecdotes and references |
|
Have You Turned From a Life of Sin? by Keith Daniel | In this sermon, Keith Daniel shares a personal experience of encountering a tramp and sharing the word of God with him. He emphasizes the importance of sharing the scriptures with |
|
(I Want an Answer) Will I Ever Be Found Out? by Stephen Olford | In this sermon, the preacher tells a story about a man who becomes drunk and neglects his faithful dog. One night, an intruder enters the man's garage, but the man is too intoxicat |
|
How to Be Free From Bitterness by Jim Wilson | In this sermon, the speaker addresses the issue of bitterness and its negative impact on our lives. He refers to Ephesians 4:31, which instructs believers to get rid of all bittern |