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Leviticus 1:15

Leviticus 1:15 in Multiple Translations

Then the priest shall bring it to the altar, twist off its head, and burn it on the altar; its blood should be drained out on the side of the altar.

And the priest shall bring it unto the altar, and wring off his head, and burn it on the altar; and the blood thereof shall be wrung out at the side of the altar:

And the priest shall bring it unto the altar, and wring off its head, and burn it on the altar; and the blood thereof shall be drained out on the side of the altar;

And the priest is to take it to the altar, and after its head has been twisted off, it is to be burned on the altar, and its blood drained out on the side of the altar:

The priest shall take it to the altar, twist off its head, and burn it on the altar. Its blood shall be drained out on the side of the altar.

And the Priest shall bring it vnto the altar, and wring the necke of it asunder, and burne it on the altar: and the blood thereof shall bee shed vpon the side of the altar.

and the priest hath brought it near unto the altar, and hath wrung off its head, and hath made perfume on the altar, and its blood hath been wrung out by the side of the altar;

The priest shall bring it to the altar, and wring off its head, and burn it on the altar; and its blood shall be drained out on the side of the altar;

And the priest shall bring it to the altar, and wring off its head, and burn it on the altar: and its blood shall be wrung out at the side of the altar:

The priest shall offer it at the altar: and twisting back the neck, and breaking the place of the wound, he shall make the blood run down upon the brim of the altar.

The priest will take it to the altar and wring/twist off its head. Then he will burn the head on the altar. He will drain out the bird’s blood onto the side of the altar.

Study Highlights

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Berean Amplified Bible — Leviticus 1:15

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Word Study

Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.

Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.

Leviticus 1:15 Interlinear (Deep Study)

BIB
HEB וְ/הִקְרִיב֤/וֹ הַ/כֹּהֵן֙ אֶל הַ/מִּזְבֵּ֔חַ וּ/מָלַק֙ אֶת רֹאשׁ֔/וֹ וְ/הִקְטִ֖יר הַ/מִּזְבֵּ֑חָ/ה וְ/נִמְצָ֣ה דָמ֔/וֹ עַ֖ל קִ֥יר הַ/מִּזְבֵּֽחַ
וְ/הִקְרִיב֤/וֹ qârab H7126 to present Conj | V-Hiphil-3ms | Suff
הַ/כֹּהֵן֙ kôhên H3548 priest Art | N-ms
אֶל ʼêl H413 to(wards) Prep
הַ/מִּזְבֵּ֔חַ mizbêach H4196 altar Art | N-ms
וּ/מָלַק֙ mâlaq H4454 to nip Conj | V-Qal-3ms
אֶת ʼêth H853 Obj. DirObjM
רֹאשׁ֔/וֹ rôʼsh H7218 head N-ms | Suff
וְ/הִקְטִ֖יר qâṭar H6999 to offer Conj | V-Hiphil-3ms
הַ/מִּזְבֵּ֑חָ/ה mizbêach H4196 altar Art | N-ms | Suff
וְ/נִמְצָ֣ה mâtsâh H4680 to drain Conj | V-Niphal-3ms
דָמ֔/וֹ dâm H1818 blood N-ms | Suff
עַ֖ל ʻal H5921 upon Prep
קִ֥יר qîyr H7023 wall N-ms
הַ/מִּזְבֵּֽחַ mizbêach H4196 altar Art | N-ms
Hebrew Word Study

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Hebrew Word Reference — Leviticus 1:15

וְ/הִקְרִיב֤/וֹ qârab H7126 "to present" Conj | V-Hiphil-3ms | Suff
To approach or come near someone or something, often with a sense of purpose or intention, like Moses approaching the burning bush in Exodus 3:5. This word can also mean to bring someone or something near, as in presenting an offering to God.
Definition: : come/approach 1) to come near, approach, enter into, draw near 1a) (Qal) to approach, draw near 1b) (Niphal) to be brought near 1c) (Piel) to cause to approach, bring near, cause to draw near 1d) (Hiphil) to bring near, bring, present
Usage: Occurs in 263 OT verses. KJV: (cause to) approach, (cause to) bring (forth, near), (cause to) come (near, nigh), (cause to) draw near (nigh), go (near), be at hand, join, be near, offer, present, produce, make ready, stand, take. See also: Genesis 12:11; Leviticus 22:22; 1 Samuel 10:21.
הַ/כֹּהֵן֙ kôhên H3548 "priest" Art | N-ms
In the Bible, a priest is a person who serves God and leads others in worship, like the Levitical priests in Exodus. They were responsible for making sacrifices and following God's laws. This term is also used to describe Jesus as a priest-king.
Definition: 1) priest, principal officer or chief ruler 1a) priest-king (Melchizedek, Messiah) 1b) pagan priests 1c) priests of Jehovah 1d) Levitical priests 1e) Zadokite priests 1f) Aaronic priests 1g) the high priest Aramaic equivalent: ka.hen (כָּהֵן "priest" H3549)
Usage: Occurs in 653 OT verses. KJV: chief ruler, [idiom] own, priest, prince, principal officer. See also: Genesis 14:18; Leviticus 13:33; Numbers 17:2.
אֶל ʼêl H413 "to(wards)" Prep
This Hebrew word means 'to' or 'toward', showing direction or movement. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus, to indicate where someone is going. The KJV translates it in various ways, like 'about', 'according to', or 'against'.
Definition: 1) to, toward, unto (of motion) 2) into (limit is actually entered) 2a) in among 3) toward (of direction, not necessarily physical motion) 4) against (motion or direction of a hostile character) 5) in addition to, to 6) concerning, in regard to, in reference to, on account of 7) according to (rule or standard) 8) at, by, against (of one's presence) 9) in between, in within, to within, unto (idea of motion to)
Usage: Occurs in 4205 OT verses. KJV: about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in). See also: Genesis 1:9; Genesis 21:14; Genesis 31:13.
הַ/מִּזְבֵּ֔חַ mizbêach H4196 "altar" Art | N-ms
An altar is a place of sacrifice, where offerings are made to God, as seen in the Bible's description of the tabernacle and temple. It was a central part of Israel's worship. The altar played a key role in the priestly rituals.
Definition: altar
Usage: Occurs in 338 OT verses. KJV: altar. See also: Genesis 8:20; Leviticus 7:2; 1 Kings 2:28.
וּ/מָלַק֙ mâlaq H4454 "to nip" Conj | V-Qal-3ms
This word means to quickly snap or crack something, like wringing a bird's neck. It is used in Leviticus 5:8 to describe preparing a bird for sacrifice.
Definition: (Qal) to nip, nip off (head of a bird)
Usage: Occurs in 2 OT verses. KJV: wring off. See also: Leviticus 1:15; Leviticus 5:8.
אֶת ʼêth H853 "Obj." DirObjM
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Definition: sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
Usage: Occurs in 6782 OT verses. KJV: (as such unrepresented in English). See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 10:8; Genesis 19:21.
רֹאשׁ֔/וֹ rôʼsh H7218 "head" N-ms | Suff
This Hebrew word means chief or prince, and is used to describe leaders in the Bible, such as in the book of 1 Samuel. It signifies a position of authority and importance.
Definition: : head 1) head, top, summit, upper part, chief, total, sum, height, front, beginning 1a) head (of man, animals) 1b) top, tip (of mountain) 1c) height (of stars) 1d) chief, head (of man, city, nation, place, family, priest) 1e) head, front, beginning 1f) chief, choicest, best 1g) head, division, company, band 1h) sum
Usage: Occurs in 547 OT verses. KJV: band, beginning, captain, chapiter, chief(-est place, man, things), company, end, [idiom] every (man), excellent, first, forefront, (be-)head, height, (on) high(-est part, (priest)), [idiom] lead, [idiom] poor, principal, ruler, sum, top. See also: Genesis 2:10; Numbers 17:18; 2 Samuel 4:7.
וְ/הִקְטִ֖יר qâṭar H6999 "to offer" Conj | V-Hiphil-3ms
This word refers to the act of burning incense as an act of worship, often using a special altar. It involves turning something into a fragrant smoke, and is an important part of Old Testament rituals and sacrifices.
Definition: : burn v 1) to sacrifice, burn incense, burn sacrifices, make sacrifices smoke 1a) (Piel) 1a1) to make sacrifices smoke 1a2) to sacrifice 1b) (Pual) to smoke a sacrifice 1c) (Hiphil) 1c1) to make sacrifices smoke 1c2) to cause incense to smoke, offer incense 1c3) to make smoke upon 1d) (Hophal) to be made to smoke
Usage: Occurs in 112 OT verses. KJV: burn (incense, sacrifice) (upon), (altar for) incense, kindle, offer (incense, a sacrifice). See also: Exodus 29:13; 2 Kings 15:35; Isaiah 65:3.
הַ/מִּזְבֵּ֑חָ/ה mizbêach H4196 "altar" Art | N-ms | Suff
An altar is a place of sacrifice, where offerings are made to God, as seen in the Bible's description of the tabernacle and temple. It was a central part of Israel's worship. The altar played a key role in the priestly rituals.
Definition: altar
Usage: Occurs in 338 OT verses. KJV: altar. See also: Genesis 8:20; Leviticus 7:2; 1 Kings 2:28.
וְ/נִמְצָ֣ה mâtsâh H4680 "to drain" Conj | V-Niphal-3ms
To drain or suck out something, like water from a container, as seen in the instructions for the Passover in Exodus 12:15. It involves removing liquid from a source.
Definition: 1) to drain, drain out 1a) (Qal) to drain, drain out 1b) (Niphal) to be drained out
Usage: Occurs in 7 OT verses. KJV: suck, wring (out). See also: Leviticus 1:15; Psalms 73:10; Psalms 75:9.
דָמ֔/וֹ dâm H1818 "blood" N-ms | Suff
Blood refers to the liquid that flows through the body, essential for life. In the Bible, blood is often used to symbolize life, guilt, or sacrifice, as seen in the story of Jesus' crucifixion.
Definition: 1) blood 1a) of wine (fig.)
Usage: Occurs in 295 OT verses. KJV: blood(-y, -guiltiness, (-thirsty), [phrase] innocent. See also: Genesis 4:10; Numbers 19:5; Psalms 5:7.
עַ֖ל ʻal H5921 "upon" Prep
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Definition: prep 1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against 1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards 1b) above, beyond, over (of excess) 1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence) 1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition) 1e) over (of suspension or extension) 1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity) 1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion) 1h) to (as a dative)
Usage: Occurs in 4493 OT verses. KJV: above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with. See also: Genesis 1:2; Genesis 24:13; Genesis 41:33.
קִ֥יר qîyr H7023 "wall" N-ms
In the Bible, this word means a wall, often referring to the walls of houses, chambers, or even the altar. It is used to describe structures built for protection or division. The KJV translates it as wall or side.
Definition: 1) wall, side 1a) wall (of house or chamber) 1b) the sides (of the altar)
Usage: Occurs in 64 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] mason, side, town, [idiom] very, wall. See also: Exodus 30:3; 2 Chronicles 3:11; Psalms 62:4.
הַ/מִּזְבֵּֽחַ mizbêach H4196 "altar" Art | N-ms
An altar is a place of sacrifice, where offerings are made to God, as seen in the Bible's description of the tabernacle and temple. It was a central part of Israel's worship. The altar played a key role in the priestly rituals.
Definition: altar
Usage: Occurs in 338 OT verses. KJV: altar. See also: Genesis 8:20; Leviticus 7:2; 1 Kings 2:28.

Study Notes — Leviticus 1:15

Show Verse Quote Highlights

Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1 Leviticus 5:8–9 He is to bring them to the priest, who shall first present the one for the sin offering. He is to twist its head at the front of its neck without severing it; then he is to sprinkle some of the blood of the sin offering on the side of the altar, while the rest of the blood is drained out at the base of the altar. It is a sin offering.
2 Psalms 22:21 Save me from the mouth of the lion; at the horns of the wild oxen You have answered me!
3 1 John 2:27 And as for you, the anointing you received from Him remains in you, and you do not need anyone to teach you. But just as His true and genuine anointing teaches you about all things, so remain in Him as you have been taught.
4 Psalms 69:1–21 Save me, O God, for the waters are up to my neck. I have sunk into the miry depths, where there is no footing; I have drifted into deep waters, where the flood engulfs me. I am weary from my crying; my throat is parched. My eyes fail, looking for my God. Those who hate me without cause outnumber the hairs of my head; many are those who would destroy me— my enemies for no reason. Though I did not steal, I must repay. You know my folly, O God, and my guilt is not hidden from You. May those who hope in You not be ashamed through me, O Lord GOD of Hosts; may those who seek You not be dishonored through me, O God of Israel. For I have endured scorn for Your sake, and shame has covered my face. I have become a stranger to my brothers and a foreigner to my mother’s sons, because zeal for Your house has consumed me, and the insults of those who insult You have fallen on me. I wept and fasted, but it brought me reproach. I made sackcloth my clothing, and I was sport to them. Those who sit at the gate mock me, and I am the song of drunkards. But my prayer to You, O LORD, is for a time of favor. In Your abundant loving devotion, O God, answer me with Your sure salvation. Rescue me from the mire and do not let me sink; deliver me from my foes and out of the deep waters. Do not let the floods engulf me or the depths swallow me up; let not the Pit close its mouth over me. Answer me, O LORD, for Your loving devotion is good; turn to me in keeping with Your great compassion. Hide not Your face from Your servant, for I am in distress. Answer me quickly! Draw near to my soul and redeem me; ransom me because of my foes. You know my reproach, my shame and disgrace. All my adversaries are before You. Insults have broken my heart, and I am in despair. I looked for sympathy, but there was none, for comforters, but I found no one. They poisoned my food with gall and gave me vinegar to quench my thirst.
5 Matthew 26:1–27 When Jesus had finished saying all these things, He told His disciples, “You know that the Passover is two days away, and the Son of Man will be handed over to be crucified.” At that time the chief priests and elders of the people assembled in the courtyard of the high priest, whose name was Caiaphas, and they conspired to arrest Jesus covertly and kill Him. “But not during the feast,” they said, “or there may be a riot among the people.” While Jesus was in Bethany in the home of Simon the Leper, a woman came to Him with an alabaster jar of expensive perfume, which she poured on His head as He reclined at the table. When the disciples saw this, they were indignant and asked, “Why this waste? This perfume could have been sold at a high price, and the money given to the poor.” Aware of this, Jesus asked, “Why are you bothering this woman? She has done a beautiful deed to Me. The poor you will always have with you, but you will not always have Me. By pouring this perfume on Me, she has prepared My body for burial. Truly I tell you, wherever this gospel is preached in all the world, what she has done will also be told in memory of her.” Then one of the Twelve, the one called Judas Iscariot, went to the chief priests and asked, “What are you willing to give me if I hand Him over to you?” And they set out for him thirty pieces of silver. So from then on Judas looked for an opportunity to betray Jesus. On the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the disciples came to Jesus and asked, “Where do You want us to prepare for You to eat the Passover?” He answered, “Go into the city to a certain man and tell him that the Teacher says, ‘My time is near. I will keep the Passover with My disciples at your house.’” So the disciples did as Jesus had directed them and prepared the Passover. When evening came, Jesus was reclining with the twelve disciples. And while they were eating, He said to them, “Truly I tell you, one of you will betray Me.” They were deeply grieved and began to ask Him one after another, “Surely not I, Lord?” Jesus answered, “The one who has dipped his hand into the bowl with Me will betray Me. The Son of Man will go just as it is written about Him, but woe to that man by whom He is betrayed. It would be better for him if he had not been born.” Then Judas, who would betray Him, said, “Surely not I, Rabbi?” Jesus answered, “You have said it yourself.” While they were eating, Jesus took bread, spoke a blessing and broke it, and gave it to the disciples, saying, “Take and eat; this is My body.” Then He took the cup, gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, “Drink from it, all of you.
6 Isaiah 53:4–5 Surely He took on our infirmities and carried our sorrows; yet we considered Him stricken by God, struck down and afflicted. But He was pierced for our transgressions, He was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was upon Him, and by His stripes we are healed.
7 Psalms 22:1 My God, my God, why have You forsaken me? Why are You so far from saving me, so far from my words of groaning?
8 Isaiah 53:10 Yet it was the LORD’s will to crush Him and to cause Him to suffer; and when His soul is made a guilt offering, He will see His offspring, He will prolong His days, and the good pleasure of the LORD will prosper in His hand.

Leviticus 1:15 Summary

This verse describes how a priest would prepare a bird for a burnt offering to God. The priest had to twist off the bird's head and drain its blood on the side of the altar before burning the rest of the bird. This process teaches us about the seriousness of sin and the need for something or someone to pay for our sins, as seen in Romans 3:25. It points forward to Jesus Christ, who shed his blood to forgive our sins, much like the shedding of blood in the Old Testament, as mentioned in Hebrews 9:22, emphasizing the importance of blood in atonement.

Frequently Asked Questions

What was the significance of twisting off the head of the bird in Leviticus 1:15?

The act of twisting off the head symbolized the separation of the bird's life from its body, emphasizing the gravity of sin and the need for atonement, as seen in Leviticus 17:11, where life is in the blood.

Why was the blood of the bird drained out on the side of the altar?

The blood being drained out signified the shedding of blood for the remission of sins, pointing to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, as mentioned in Hebrews 9:22, where without the shedding of blood, there is no forgiveness.

What kind of birds were acceptable for a burnt offering according to Leviticus 1:14-15?

The birds acceptable for a burnt offering were turtledoves or young pigeons, as specified in Leviticus 1:14, highlighting God's attention to detail in the sacrificial system, which foreshadowed the perfection of Christ's sacrifice in the New Testament, such as Ephesians 5:2.

How does the process described in Leviticus 1:15 relate to our worship today?

While the specific rituals of the Old Testament are not directly applicable today, the principles of surrender, atonement, and pleasing God with our offerings (Romans 12:1-2) remain essential in our worship, demonstrating our gratitude for God's mercy and grace, as seen in Psalm 51:17.

Reflection Questions

  1. What does the detail of the priest's actions in Leviticus 1:15 teach us about the importance of following God's instructions in our worship?
  2. How does the concept of atonement through the shedding of blood in this verse relate to the sacrifices we are called to make in our Christian walk, as described in Romans 12:1?
  3. In what ways can we, like the priest, ensure that our worship is a pleasing aroma to the Lord, considering the teachings of John 4:24 and the importance of worshiping in spirit and truth?
  4. What reflections on sin, forgiveness, and the cost of redemption can be drawn from the act of twisting off the bird's head and draining its blood, in light of Hebrews 10:4 and the limitations of the Old Testament sacrificial system?

Gill's Exposition on Leviticus 1:15

And the priest shall bring it unto the altar,.... The southeast horn of it; near which was the place of the ashes, into which the crop and its feathers were cast (n): and wring off his head; by

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Leviticus 1:15

And if the burnt sacrifice for his offering to the LORD be of fowls, then he shall bring his offering of turtledoves, or of young pigeons. If the burnt sacrifice ... be of fowls.

Matthew Poole's Commentary on Leviticus 1:15

Wring off his head, to wit, from the rest of the body; as sufficiently appears, because this was to be burnt by itself, as it here follows, and the body afterwards, . And whereas it is said, , he shall wring off his head from his neck, but shall not divide it asunder, that is spoken not of the burnt-offering, as here, but of the sin-offering, in which there might be a differing rite.

Trapp's Commentary on Leviticus 1:15

Leviticus 1:15 And the priest shall bring it unto the altar, and wring off his head, and burn [it] on the altar; and the blood thereof shall be wrung out at the side of the altar:Ver. 15. Wring off his head.] Or, Pinch it with his nail, that the blood might go out, without separating it from the rest of the body. This prefigured the death of Christ without either breaking a bone or dividing the Godhead from the manhood; as also the skill that should be in ministers, to cut or divide aright the word of truth.

Ellicott's Commentary on Leviticus 1:15

(15) And the priest.—It was probably out of consideration for the feelings of the poor offerer, and to increase the importance of the otherwise small offering, that the priest himself brought the victim to the altar and slew it instead of the worshipper performing these acts, as in the case of quadrupeds. The imposition of hands upon the victim was dispensed with, both because the bird was too small for this ceremony, and because the offerer brought it in his hands to the place of sacrifice, thus conveying by this act the idea involved in the imposition of hands. And wring off his head.—When the bird is handed to him, the priest is not to use any knife, but is to nip off its head with his nails, throw the severed head on the altar fire, and thus cause it to ascend in the sweet smelling savour. As the small quantity of blood could not be caught in a bowl, and would not suffice for throwing it or pouring it on the four walls, as was the case in the offering of quadrupeds, he pressed it out from the headless body, and let it run on the walls.

Cambridge Bible on Leviticus 1:15

15. wring off] Or, pinch off the head with the nail, as A.V. mg., a word used here and Leviticus 5:8 only. The head is burnt after being removed, and the remainder of the bird is burnt afterwards. This burning of the parts separately is in marked contrast with the burning of the whole together in the two preceding sections (Leviticus 1:9 and Leviticus 1:13). drained out on the side of the altar] The blood is too small in quantity to be treated as in the previous cases.

Whedon's Commentary on Leviticus 1:15

15. Wring off his head — Rather, pinch it off and lay it on the altar. The blood was then to be pressed out at the side of the altar.

Sermons on Leviticus 1:15

SermonDescription
Ron Bailey Isaiah (Part 5) - Sin-Offering by Ron Bailey In this sermon, the speaker discusses two stories written by C.S. Lewis, "Out of the Silent Planet" and "Perelandra," which depict the creation of new worlds and the threat of evil
Chip Brogden The Messianic Psalms - Psalm 22 (1) by Chip Brogden In this sermon, Chip Brogdon continues his series on the Messianic Psalms. He focuses on Psalm 22, which provides insight into the crucifixion of Jesus. The sermon emphasizes that
Chip Brogden The Messianic Psalms - Psalm 22 (2) by Chip Brogden In this sermon, the speaker discusses the concept of endurance and the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross. He emphasizes that Jesus endured the cross and despised the shame for the jo
Carter Conlon A Rejoicing That Is Deeper Than Knowledge by Carter Conlon This sermon emphasizes the importance of finding joy and peace in God even in the midst of despair and difficult circumstances. It highlights the power of God's whisper to our hear
Michael Koulianos He Destroyed the Grave by Michael Koulianos Michael Koulianos passionately preaches about the resurrection of Christ, emphasizing its profound significance and the mystery of God becoming man. He connects the resurrection to
Thomas Brooks No Dirty Dogs Shall Ever Trample Upon That Golden Pavement by Thomas Brooks Thomas Brooks emphasizes the stark contrast between the holiness of heaven and the unholiness of sinful people, using vivid animal imagery to describe the nature of the unholy. He
A.W. Tozer (Titus - Part 19): The Grace of God I by A.W. Tozer In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the inability of the human race to rise to the teachings of great teachers and religions due to the inherent bad nature of human beings. How

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