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Ruth 1:21

Ruth 1:21 in Multiple Translations

I went away full, but the LORD has brought me back empty. Why call me Naomi? After all, the LORD has testified against me, and the Almighty has afflicted me.”

I went out full, and the LORD hath brought me home again empty: why then call ye me Naomi, seeing the LORD hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me?

I went out full, and Jehovah hath brought me home again empty; why call ye me Naomi, seeing Jehovah hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me?

I went out full, and the Lord has sent me back again with nothing; why do you give me the name Naomi, seeing that the Lord has given witness against me, and the Ruler of all has sent sorrow on me?

I left here full, but the Lord has brought me home empty. Why call me Naomi when the Lord has condemned me, when the Almighty has brought disaster on me?”

I went out full, and the Lord hath caused me to returne emptie: why call ye me Naomi, seeing the Lord hath humbled me, and the Almightie hath brought me vnto aduersitie?

I went out full, and empty hath Jehovah brought me back, why do ye call me Naomi, and Jehovah hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath done evil to me?'

I went out full, and the LORD has brought me home again empty. Why do you call me Naomi, since the LORD has testified against me, and the Almighty has afflicted me?”

I went out full, and the LORD hath brought me home again empty: why then call ye me Naomi, seeing the LORD hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me?

I went out full, and the Lord hath brought me back empty. Why then do you call me Noemi, whom the Lord hath humbled and the Almighty hath afflicted?

When I left here, I felt rich, because I had a family. But Yahweh has brought me back here and now I feel poor, because I have no family. Do not call me Naomi [RHQ]. I feel as though Yahweh has spoken against (OR, afflicted) me. Almighty God has caused me to experience a great tragedy.”

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Berean Amplified Bible — Ruth 1:21

BAB
Word Study

Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.

Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.

Ruth 1:21 Interlinear (Deep Study)

BIB
HEB אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְ/רֵיקָ֖ם הֱשִׁיבַ֣/נִי יְהוָ֑ה לָ֣/מָּה תִקְרֶ֤אנָה לִ/י֙ נָעֳמִ֔י וַֽ/יהוָה֙ עָ֣נָה בִ֔/י וְ/שַׁדַּ֖י הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽ/י
אֲנִי֙ ʼănîy H589 I Pron
מְלֵאָ֣ה mâlêʼ H4392 full Adj
הָלַ֔כְתִּי hâlak H1980 to go V-Qal-Perf-1cs
וְ/רֵיקָ֖ם rêyqâm H7387 emptily Conj | Adv
הֱשִׁיבַ֣/נִי shûwb H7725 to return V-Hiphil-Perf-3ms | Suff
יְהוָ֑ה Yᵉhôvâh H3068 The Lord N-proper
לָ֣/מָּה mâh H4100 what? Prep | Part
תִקְרֶ֤אנָה qârâʼ H7121 to call V-Qal-Imperf-2fp
לִ/י֙ Prep | Suff
נָעֳמִ֔י Noʻŏmîy H5281 Naomi N-proper
וַֽ/יהוָה֙ Yᵉhôvâh H3068 The Lord Conj | N-proper
עָ֣נָה ʻânâh H6030 to dwell V-Qal-Perf-3ms
בִ֔/י Prep | Suff
וְ/שַׁדַּ֖י Shadday H7706 Almighty Conj | N-proper
הֵ֥רַֽע râʻaʻ H7489 be evil V-Hiphil-Perf-3ms
לִֽ/י Prep | Suff
Hebrew Word Study

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Hebrew Word Reference — Ruth 1:21

אֲנִי֙ ʼănîy H589 "I" Pron
This Hebrew word is a simple way of saying 'I' or 'me', often used for emphasis. It is used by people like David in the Psalms to express their thoughts and feelings. The word is a basic part of the Hebrew language.
Definition: I (first pers. sing. -usually used for emphasis)
Usage: Occurs in 803 OT verses. KJV: I, (as for) me, mine, myself, we, [idiom] which, [idiom] who. See also: Genesis 6:17; Leviticus 19:36; 1 Samuel 25:24.
מְלֵאָ֣ה mâlêʼ H4392 "full" Adj
Full means having no empty space, like a full cup or a full heart. It can also mean a large amount, like a multitude of people.
Definition: 1) full, fulness, that which fills 1a) fully (adv)
Usage: Occurs in 57 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] she that was with child, fill(-ed, -ed with), full(-ly), multitude, as is worth. See also: Genesis 23:9; Deuteronomy 6:11; Psalms 73:10.
הָלַ֔כְתִּי hâlak H1980 "to go" V-Qal-Perf-1cs
Means to walk or go, used in many different contexts in the Bible. It can describe physical movement, but also spiritual or emotional journeys. Appears in various forms, such as 'to go' or 'to walk'.
Definition: : walk/move 1) to go, walk, come 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to go, walk, come, depart, proceed, move, go away 1a2) to die, live, manner of life (fig.) 1b) (Piel) 1b1) to walk 1b2) to walk (fig.) 1c) (Hithpael) 1c1) to traverse 1c2) to walk about 1d) (Niphal) to lead, bring, lead away, carry, cause to walk
Usage: Occurs in 473 OT verses. KJV: (all) along, apace, behave (self), come, (on) continually, be conversant, depart, [phrase] be eased, enter, exercise (self), [phrase] follow, forth, forward, get, go (about, abroad, along, away, forward, on, out, up and down), [phrase] greater, grow, be wont to haunt, lead, march, [idiom] more and more, move (self), needs, on, pass (away), be at the point, quite, run (along), [phrase] send, speedily, spread, still, surely, [phrase] tale-bearer, [phrase] travel(-ler), walk (abroad, on, to and fro, up and down, to places), wander, wax, (way-) faring man, [idiom] be weak, whirl. See also: Genesis 2:14; Judges 4:9; 1 Kings 13:12.
וְ/רֵיקָ֖ם rêyqâm H7387 "emptily" Conj | Adv
This Hebrew word means doing something empty or without purpose, like acting in vain. It is used in the Bible to describe actions that have no real effect. In the KJV, it is translated as 'without cause' or 'in vain'.
Definition: 1) vainly, emptily 1a) in empty condition, empty, emptily 1b) in vain, without effect, vainly
Usage: Occurs in 16 OT verses. KJV: without cause, empty, in vain, void. See also: Genesis 31:42; 1 Samuel 6:3; Psalms 7:5.
הֱשִׁיבַ֣/נִי shûwb H7725 "to return" V-Hiphil-Perf-3ms | Suff
This Hebrew word means to return or turn back, and can be used literally or figuratively. It is often used to describe someone returning to God or repenting from sin, as seen in the book of Psalms and the prophets.
Definition: : return 1) to return, turn back 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to turn back, return 1a1a) to turn back 1a1b) to return, come or go back 1a1c) to return unto, go back, come back 1a1d) of dying 1a1e) of human relations (fig) 1a1f) of spiritual relations (fig) 1a1f1) to turn back (from God), apostatise 1a1f2) to turn away (of God) 1a1f3) to turn back (to God), repent 1a1f4) turn back (from evil) 1a1g) of inanimate things 1a1h) in repetition 1b) (Polel) 1b1) to bring back 1b2) to restore, refresh, repair (fig) 1b3) to lead away (enticingly) 1b4) to show turning, apostatise 1c) (Pual) restored (participle) 1d) (Hiphil) to cause to return, bring back 1d1) to bring back, allow to return, put back, draw back, give back, restore, relinquish, give in payment 1d2) to bring back, refresh, restore 1d3) to bring back, report to, answer 1d4) to bring back, make requital, pay (as recompense) 1d5) to turn back or backward, repel, defeat, repulse, hinder, reject, refuse 1d6) to turn away (face), turn toward 1d7) to turn against 1d8) to bring back to mind 1d9) to show a turning away 1d10) to reverse, revoke 1e) (Hophal) to be returned, be restored, be brought back 1f) (Pulal) brought back
Usage: Occurs in 953 OT verses. KJV: ((break, build, circumcise, dig, do anything, do evil, feed, lay down, lie down, lodge, make, rejoice, send, take, weep)) [idiom] again, (cause to) answer ([phrase] again), [idiom] in any case (wise), [idiom] at all, averse, bring (again, back, home again), call (to mind), carry again (back), cease, [idiom] certainly, come again (back), [idiom] consider, [phrase] continually, convert, deliver (again), [phrase] deny, draw back, fetch home again, [idiom] fro, get (oneself) (back) again, [idiom] give (again), go again (back, home), (go) out, hinder, let, (see) more, [idiom] needs, be past, [idiom] pay, pervert, pull in again, put (again, up again), recall, recompense, recover, refresh, relieve, render (again), requite, rescue, restore, retrieve, (cause to, make to) return, reverse, reward, [phrase] say nay, send back, set again, slide back, still, [idiom] surely, take back (off), (cause to, make to) turn (again, self again, away, back, back again, backward, from, off), withdraw. See also: Genesis 3:19; Numbers 8:25; Judges 8:13.
יְהוָ֑ה Yᵉhôvâh H3068 "The Lord" N-proper
Yehovah is another name for God, often translated as 'the Lord'. It is a national name for God in the Jewish faith. This name is used throughout the Old Testament.
Definition: Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
Usage: Occurs in 5522 OT verses. KJV: Jehovah, the Lord. Compare H3050 (יָהּ), H3069 (יְהֹוִה). See also: Genesis 2:4; Genesis 24:42; Exodus 8:8.
לָ֣/מָּה mâh H4100 "what?" Prep | Part
This Hebrew word means what or how, often used to ask questions or express surprise, like in Genesis when God asks Adam what he has done. It can also mean why or when, and is used in various ways throughout the Old Testament. It appears in many KJV translations, including how or what.
Definition: interr pron 1) what, how, of what kind 1a) (interrogative) 1a1) what? 1a2) of what kind 1a3) what? (rhetorical) 1a4) whatsoever, whatever, what 1b) (adverb) 1b1) how, how now 1b2) why 1b3) how! (exclamation) 1c) (with prep) 1c1) wherein?, whereby?, wherewith?, by what means? 1c2) because of what? 1c3) the like of what? 1c3a) how much?, how many?, how often? 1c3b) for how long? 1c4) for what reason?, why?, to what purpose? 1c5) until when?, how long?, upon what?, wherefore? indef pron 2) anything, aught, what may
Usage: Occurs in 655 OT verses. KJV: how (long, oft, (-soever)), (no-) thing, what (end, good, purpose, thing), whereby(-fore, -in, -to, -with), (for) why. See also: Genesis 2:19; Numbers 21:5; 1 Samuel 19:5.
תִקְרֶ֤אנָה qârâʼ H7121 "to call" V-Qal-Imperf-2fp
This Hebrew word means to call out to someone or something, often by name. It's used in many situations, like calling for help or reading aloud. In Genesis, God calls out to Adam in the Garden.
Definition: : call_to/invite/entreat 1) to call, call out, recite, read, cry out, proclaim 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to call, cry, utter a loud sound 1a2) to call unto, cry (for help), call (with name of God) 1a3) to proclaim 1a4) to read aloud, read (to oneself), read 1a5) to summon, invite, call for, call and commission, appoint, call and endow 1a6) to call, name, give name to, call by 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to call oneself 1b2) to be called, be proclaimed, be read aloud, be summoned, be named 1c) (Pual) to be called, be named, be called out, be chosen
Usage: Occurs in 689 OT verses. KJV: bewray (self), that are bidden, call (for, forth, self, upon), cry (unto), (be) famous, guest, invite, mention, (give) name, preach, (make) proclaim(-ation), pronounce, publish, read, renowned, say. See also: Genesis 1:5; Genesis 49:1; Judges 1:26.
לִ/י֙ "" Prep | Suff
נָעֳמִ֔י Noʻŏmîy H5281 "Naomi" N-proper
Naomi was an Israelite woman who lived before the monarchy. She was the wife of Elimelech and mother of Mahlon and Chilion, and is also known as Mara. Naomi means 'my delight'.
Definition: A woman living before Israel's Monarchy, first mentioned at Rut.1.2; married to Elimelech (H0458); mother of: Mahlon (H4248) and Chilion (H3630); also called Mara at Rut.1.20; Also named: ma.ra (מָרָא "Mara" H4755) § Naomi = "my delight" wife of Elimelech, mother of Mahlon and Chilion, and mother-in-law of Ruth and Orpah
Usage: Occurs in 20 OT verses. KJV: Naomi. See also: Ruth 1:2; Ruth 2:6; Ruth 4:17.
וַֽ/יהוָה֙ Yᵉhôvâh H3068 "The Lord" Conj | N-proper
Yehovah is another name for God, often translated as 'the Lord'. It is a national name for God in the Jewish faith. This name is used throughout the Old Testament.
Definition: Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
Usage: Occurs in 5522 OT verses. KJV: Jehovah, the Lord. Compare H3050 (יָהּ), H3069 (יְהֹוִה). See also: Genesis 2:4; Genesis 24:42; Exodus 8:8.
עָ֣נָה ʻânâh H6030 "to dwell" V-Qal-Perf-3ms
This verb means to sing or make music, but also to respond or give an answer. In the Bible, it is used to describe praising God in song or responding to a question. The KJV translates it as 'sing' or 'answer'.
Definition: (Qal) to dwell
Usage: Occurs in 316 OT verses. KJV: give account, afflict (by mistake for H6031 (עָנָה)), (cause to, give) answer, bring low (by mistake for H6031 (עָנָה)), cry, hear, Leannoth, lift up, say, [idiom] scholar, (give a) shout, sing (together by course), speak, testify, utter, (bear) witness. See also H1042 (בֵּית עֲנוֹת), H1043 (בֵּית עֲנָת). See also: Genesis 18:27; 2 Samuel 14:19; Job 40:2.
בִ֔/י "" Prep | Suff
וְ/שַׁדַּ֖י Shadday H7706 "Almighty" Conj | N-proper
Shadday means Almighty, referring to God's great power. It is another name for the Lord, emphasizing His strength and might. This name is used in the Bible to describe God's power and authority.
Definition: Shaddai, the Almighty (God) Another name of ye.ho.vah (יהוה "LORD" H3068G) This name means almighty, most powerful
Usage: Occurs in 48 OT verses. KJV: Almighty. See also: Genesis 17:1; Job 22:25; Psalms 68:15.
הֵ֥רַֽע râʻaʻ H7489 "be evil" V-Hiphil-Perf-3ms
This word means to shatter or break something into pieces, making it useless or bad. It can also mean to afflict or displease someone.
Definition: 1) to be bad, be evil 1a)(Qal) 1a1) to be displeasing 1a2) to be sad 1a3) to be injurious, be evil 1a4) to be wicked, be evil (ethically) 1b) (Hiphil) 1b1) to do an injury or hurt 1b2) to do evil or wickedly 1b3) mischief (participle)
Usage: Occurs in 99 OT verses. KJV: afflict, associate selves (by mistake for H7462 (רָעָה)), break (down, in pieces), [phrase] displease, (be, bring, do) evil (doer, entreat, man), show self friendly (by mistake for H7462 (רָעָה)), do harm, (do) hurt, (behave self, deal) ill, [idiom] indeed, do mischief, punish, still, vex, (do) wicked (doer, -ly), be (deal, do) worse. See also: Genesis 19:7; Psalms 27:2; Psalms 2:9.
לִֽ/י "" Prep | Suff

Study Notes — Ruth 1:21

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Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1 1 Samuel 2:7–8 The LORD sends poverty and wealth; He humbles and He exalts. He raises the poor from the dust and lifts the needy from the ash heap. He seats them among princes and bestows on them a throne of honor. For the foundations of the earth are the LORD’s, and upon them He has set the world.
2 Job 1:21 saying: “Naked I came from my mother’s womb, and naked I will return. The LORD gave, and the LORD has taken away. Blessed be the name of the LORD.”
3 Job 16:8 You have bound me, and it has become a witness; my frailty rises up and testifies against me.
4 Job 13:26 For You record bitter accusations against me and bequeath to me the iniquities of my youth.
5 Job 10:17 You produce new witnesses against me and multiply Your anger toward me. Hardships assault me in wave after wave.
6 Malachi 3:5 “Then I will draw near to you for judgment. And I will be a swift witness against sorcerers and adulterers and perjurers, against oppressors of the widowed and fatherless, and against those who defraud laborers of their wages and deny justice to the foreigner but do not fear Me,” says the LORD of Hosts.

Ruth 1:21 Summary

[Naomi is saying that when she left Bethlehem, she had a full life with a husband and two sons, but now she's back with nothing, and she's acknowledging that God is in control of her life. This shows that God is sovereign, even in hard times, as we see in Jeremiah 29:11. Naomi is also showing that she trusts God, even when things don't make sense, and that's something we can learn from. We can trust God to be with us, even in the tough times, just like He was with Naomi, as promised in Matthew 28:20.]

Frequently Asked Questions

What does Naomi mean by 'I went away full, but the LORD has brought me back empty'?

Naomi is expressing the contrast between her life when she left Bethlehem with her husband and two sons, and her return as a widow with only one daughter-in-law, illustrating the theme of God's sovereignty in our lives, as seen in Jeremiah 29:11 and Romans 8:28.

Why does Naomi ask to be called Mara instead of Naomi?

Naomi asks to be called Mara, which means 'bitter', because she feels that the Almighty has dealt bitterly with her, as stated in Ruth 1:20, reflecting her emotional and spiritual state, similar to Job's expressions of sorrow in Job 10:1.

What does Naomi mean by 'the LORD has testified against me'?

Naomi is acknowledging that God has allowed her to experience affliction and hardship, which she believes is a form of testimony against her, perhaps due to her own sins or the sins of her family, as seen in Deuteronomy 28:15-68, where God warns of consequences for disobedience.

How can we apply Naomi's experience to our own lives?

We can learn from Naomi's example to trust in God's sovereignty, even in the midst of hardship and uncertainty, and to acknowledge His presence and purpose in our lives, as encouraged in Psalm 23:4 and Isaiah 43:2.

Reflection Questions

  1. What are some areas in my life where I feel 'empty' or lacking, and how can I trust God to fill them?
  2. How do I respond to difficult circumstances, and what can I learn from Naomi's example of acknowledging God's sovereignty?
  3. In what ways can I, like Naomi, acknowledge God's testimony against me, and seek to repent and turn to Him?
  4. What does it mean for me to 'call' on God's name, as Naomi does, and to acknowledge His presence and purpose in my life?

Gill's Exposition on Ruth 1:21

I went out full,.... Of my husband and children, as the Targum; of children and riches, as Aben Ezra and Jarchi; wherefore some Jewish writers blame her and her husband for going abroad at such a

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Ruth 1:21

I went out full, and the LORD hath brought me home again empty: why then call ye me Naomi, seeing the LORD hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me? The Almighty , [ Shaday (H7706)].

Matthew Poole's Commentary on Ruth 1:21

Full; with my husband and sons, and a plentiful estate for our support. Hath testified against me, i.e. hath borne witness, as it were, in judgment, and given sentence against me, and declared my sin by my punishment.

Trapp's Commentary on Ruth 1:21

Rth 1:21 I went out full, and the LORD hath brought me home again empty: why [then] call ye me Naomi, seeing the LORD hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me?Ver. 21. I went out full.] Not for want, but for fear of want. This she now regretteth, as done out of distrust. God’ s voice is, "Dwell in the land, and verily thou shalt be fed." Home again empty.] By weeping cross. They that go out of God’ s precincts, go out of his protection: Jehoshaphat’ s ships were broken; Lot lost all; Josiah came short home. Hath testified against me.] As a witness of my sin, and of his just displeasure; - see Job 10:17; Job 16:8; - a metaphor from adversaries at law. Hath afflicted me.] Howbeit, Quos amat, hos non vult, spero, perire Deus.

Adam Clarke's Commentary on Ruth 1:21

Verse 21. I went out full] Having a husband and two sons. The Lord hath brought me home again empty] Having lost all three by death. It is also likely that Elimelech took considerable property with him into the land of Moab; for as he fled from the face of the famine, he would naturally take his property with him; and on this Naomi subsisted till her return to Bethlehem, which she might not have thought of till all was spent.

Cambridge Bible on Ruth 1:21

21. hath testified against me] i. e. hath marked His displeasure by the misfortunes which have overtaken me; for the idiom cf. Numbers 35:30, 1 Samuel 12:3. The Targ. characteristically moralizes: it was on account of Naomi’s sin (in migrating to a heathen country). The LXX. and Vulg., pronouncing the verb differently, render hath humbled me, but against the Hebr. construction. Underlying the words is the conviction, so deeply rooted in the Hebrew mind, that all must go well with the righteous and that misfortune was a sign of Jehovah’s wrath.

Barnes' Notes on Ruth 1:21

The Lord hath testified against me - The phrase is very commonly applied to a man who gives witness concerning (usually against) another in a court of justice Exodus 20:16; 2 Samuel 1:16; Isaiah 3:9.

Whedon's Commentary on Ruth 1:21

21. I went out full — That is, in the rich possession of a husband and two sons. Home again empty — Bereft of my most precious treasures, so that the cause of my pleasantness is gone.

Sermons on Ruth 1:21

SermonDescription
Andrew Bonar Letters: Mr. William Dickson Edinburgh (5) by Andrew Bonar Andrew Bonar shares a heartfelt message of comfort and encouragement, reflecting on the afflictions faced by Naomi in Ruth 1:21, emphasizing that God, the 'All-sufficient One,' pro
Thomas Watson A Divine Cordial by Thomas Watson Thomas Watson preaches about the transformative power of God's love and mercy in the lives of believers, highlighting how afflictions, when sanctified, draw them closer to God, tea
J.C. Philpot The Lost Sheep Restored by J.C. Philpot Greek Word Studies delves into the meaning of 'kenos,' which signifies emptiness, futility, and lack of effectiveness, whether in material, intellectual, moral, or spiritual aspect
Bakht Singh Beggarly by Bakht Singh In this sermon, the preacher focuses on the theme of the beggar as mentioned in 1st Samuel chapter 2 verse 7 and 8. The preacher emphasizes that God sees us as beggars, helpless an
Art Katz K-528 Tv Show Part 12 Joseph & Revelation by Art Katz In this sermon, the speaker emphasizes the importance of having a genuine relationship with God through the Holy Spirit. He challenges the audience to examine whether they truly ha
F.B. Meyer As Thou Hast Said, Do Even So by F.B. Meyer F.B. Meyer emphasizes the divine reversal of fortunes as seen in the story of Mordecai and Haman, illustrating how God honors those who remain humble and faithful. He reflects on t
E.V. Hill The Lord Giveth by E.V. Hill In this sermon transcript, Dr. Evie Hill delivers a heartfelt message at his wife's funeral. He reflects on the 32 years they spent together and the love and support she gave him.

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