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Ezekiel 48:26 — Word Study

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WLCוְעַ֣ל׀ גְּב֣וּל יִשָׂשכָ֗ר מִפְּאַ֥ת קָדִ֛ימָה עַד־ פְּאַת־ יָ֖מָּה זְבוּלֻ֥ן אֶחָֽד׃

BSAZebulunZᵉbûwlûwn [a tribe of Israel, founded by the tenth son of Jacob] will have one portionʼechâd [single, unique, allocation, territory] borderingʻal [adjacent to, next to] the territorygᵉbûwl [land, region] of IssacharYissâˢkâr [there is recompense, the 9th son of Jacob] from eastqâdîym [starting at, the direction of the rising sun] toʻad [until, as far as] westyâm [the direction of the setting sun]

Word
Listen & take awayEzekiel 48
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 26 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration ('e.Chad) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Ezekiel 48:26quick helps
In a sentenceZebulun will receive a specific territory that borders Issachar.
Who is speakingThe narrator, detailing the land allocations for the tribes of Israel.
Where we areThe distribution of land among the tribes of Israel, specifically focusing on Zebulun and Issachar.
The hard wordאֶחָֽד
Take awayZebulun's portion is distinct and defined.
4 commentators on this verse Gill, Trapp, Cambridge, Whedon & more — read them › clause subjectאֶחָד The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Ezekiel 48:26

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Land Allocations for the Tribes of Israelgenerated

25Issachar will have one portion bordering the territory of Simeon from east to west.
26Zebulun will have one portion bordering the territory of Issachar from east to west.
27And Gad will have one portion bordering the territory of Zebulun from east to west.
28The southern border of Gad will run from Tamar to the waters of Meribath-kadesh, then along the Brook of Egypt and out to the Great Sea.

Ezekiel 48:26 describes how Zebulun will receive one specific portion of land that borders the territory of Issachar, illustrating the divisions of the Promised Land among the twelve tribes of Israel. This allocation emphasizes the distinct identity and heritage of each tribe, as seen throughout the chapters detailing the land distributions.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Genesis 30:19–20Again Leah conceived and bore a sixth son to Jacob.
2Joshua 19:10–16The third lot came up for the clans of the tribe of Zebulun: The border of their inheritance stretched as far as Sarid.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 2 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word אֶחָֽד, 'e.Chadgenerated

The Hebrew word אֶחָד (*echad*) is an adjective meaning 'one' and signifies unity or singularity. It is often used in contexts where something is distinct or unique, such as in the allocation of land to the tribes.

In this verse, it indicates that Zebulun will have a single, defined portion of land, highlighting the importance of clear boundaries and identity for the tribes of Israel.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses the term territory for אֶחָֽד. The KJV and ASV also use one portion, maintaining a similar meaning.

The FBV opts for allocation, which emphasizes the distribution aspect of the land. This shows a slight variation in focus, but all translations agree on the singularity of Zebulun's portion.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main clause is governed by the finite verb זְבוּלֻ֥ן, Zebulun, which serves as the subject of the sentence. The structure includes several prepositional phrases detailing the borders and directions of the territory.

The phrase מִפְּאַ֥ת קָדִ֛ימָה indicates the starting point of the territory, while עַד־ פְּאַת־ יָ֖מָּה indicates the endpoint, showing the full extent of Zebulun's land from east to west.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, the Hebrew עַל (*al*) is rendered as ἀπὸ (*apo*), meaning 'from.' This choice suggests a focus on the starting point of Zebulun's territory, aligning with the directional context of the verse.

The Greek term ὁρίων is used for גְּב֣וּל (*gevul*), indicating clear boundaries, which is consistent with the Hebrew emphasis on defined territorial limits.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Ezekiel 48:26 tells us that Zebulun will have one specific portion of land that borders the territory of Issachar, extending from the east to the west. This allocation is part of the larger distribution of land among the tribes of Israel, emphasizing their distinct identities.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does Zebulun's portion signify?

Zebulun's portion represents the unique identity and territory allocated to the tribe, highlighting the importance of land in Israelite culture.

Why is the direction from east to west significant?

The east to west orientation indicates the full extent of Zebulun's territory, showing how it relates geographically to other tribes.

What does the term 'allocation' imply?

The term 'allocation' emphasizes the distribution of land among the tribes, indicating a planned and organized approach to territorial divisions.

How does this verse relate to the overall context of land distribution?

This verse is part of a broader narrative in Ezekiel that details how each tribe of Israel received its own distinct territory, which was crucial for their identity and governance.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What does the allocation of land to Zebulun teach us about the importance of boundaries in our lives?
  2. How can understanding the significance of Zebulun's territory help us appreciate the heritage of the tribes of Israel?
  3. In what ways can we draw lessons from the distinct identities of the tribes in our own communities?
  4. How does the geographical orientation of Zebulun's land from east to west reflect God's design in the distribution of the Promised Land?

Commentators on this verse — 4 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Ezekiel 48:26 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

And by the border of Issachar, from the east side unto the west side, Zebulun a portion.

Read John Gill on Ezekiel 48 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Ezekiel 48:26 And by the border of Issachar, from the east side unto the west side, Zebulun a [portion]. Ver. 26.

Read John Trapp on Ezekiel 48 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

23–29. The tribes lying south of the oblation First, Benjamin, which changes places with Judah, and bounds the oblation on the south (Ezekiel 48:23). The two tribes that formed the ancient kingdom of Judah still have the prerogative of lying nearest the sanctuary. Then Simeon, formerly located in the south (Ezekiel 48:24). Then successively Issachar (Ezekiel 48:25), Zebulun (Ezekiel 48:26), and finally Gad (Ezekiel 48:27). The two former are brought down from the north, and Gad from beyond the Jordan.

Read Cambridge on Ezekiel 48 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

23-29. South of the sacred square and the domain of the prince shall lie in parallel sections the lands belonging to Benjamin, Simeon, Issachar, Zebulun, and Gad — the southernmost border of the Holy

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Ezekiel 48 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Zebulun will have one portion bordering the territory of Issachar from east to west.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

“By the border of Issachar, from the east side to the west side, Zebulun, one portion.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Zebulun will have one portion bordering the territory of Issachar from east to west.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Next to the border of Issachar, from the east side to the west side, Zebulun will have one portion.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

And by the border of Issachar, from the east side unto the west side, Zebulun a portion.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

And by the border of Issachar, from the east side unto the west side, Zebulun, one portion.

RVARevised Version, American1894

And by the border of Issachar, from the east side unto the west side; Zebulun, one portion.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

And by the border of Issachar, from the east side to the west side, Zebulun a portion .

GNVGeneva Bible1599

And by the border of Isshachar, from the East side vnto the West, Zebulun a portion.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

And by the border of Issachar, from the east side unto the west side, Zebulun one.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

and by the border of Issachar, from the east side unto the west side, Zebulun one,

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

and by the border of Issachar, from the east side to the west side, Zebulun, one [portion];

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

And by the boundary of Issachar, from the east side unto the west side, for Zebulun one portion.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Adjoining the border of Issachar from the east side to the west, Zebulun will have one portion.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

And by the border of Issachar, from the east side to the west side, one portion for Zabulon.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Zebulun's allocation borders that of Issachar from east to west.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

And on the limit of Issachar, from the east side to the west side: Zebulun, one part.

Word by word, the decisions they made

אֶחָֽד׃'e.Chad one [portion] H259 2 different renderings
territoryBSB MSB
allocationFBV

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וְandclauseprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַ֣לatnoun phraseגְּב֣וּלthe.borderיִשָׂשכָ֗רof.Issacharprepositional phrase · prepositionalprepositional phraseמִfrom.[the]noun phraseפְּאַ֥תsidenoun phraseקָדִ֛ימָeastwardהofprepositional phraseעַדtonoun phraseפְּאַת[the].sidenoun phraseיָ֖מָּwestwardהofpredicateזְבוּלֻ֥ןZebulunsubjectאֶחָֽדone.[portion]

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree on the wording of Ezekiel 48:26, with no significant variations in the content. The translation reflects a close correspondence between the two texts.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וְעַ֣ל׀ גְּב֣וּל יִשָׂשכָ֗ר מִפְּאַ֥ת קָדִ֛ימָה עַד־ פְּאַת־ יָ֖מָּה זְבוּלֻ֥ן אֶחָֽד׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וְעַ֣ל׀ἀπὸגְּב֣וּלὁρίωνיִשָׂשכָ֗רισσαξαρמִפְּאַ֥תτῶνקָדִ֛ימָהἀνατολὰςעַד־ἕωςפְּאַת־τῶνיָ֖מָּהθάλασσανזְבוּלֻ֥ןζαβουλωνאֶחָֽד׃μία

10 of the 10 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Ezekiel 48:26עַלand atand atעַלגְּבוּל[the] borde[the] border ofגְּבוּליִשָּׂשכָרIssacharIssacharיִשָּׂשכָרפֵּאָהfrom [the] from [the] sideפֵּאָהקָדִיםeast -wardeast -wardקָדִיםעַדtotoעַדפֵּאָה[the] side [the] side ofפֵּאָהיָםwest -wardwest -wardיָםזְבוּלֻןZebulunZebulunזְבוּלֻןאֶחָדone [portioone [portion]אֶחָדגָּבַלto borderto borderגָּבַלנָשָׂאto lift: rto lift: raiseנָשָׂאפֹּהherehereפֹּהקָדַםto meetto meetקָדַםזָבַלto honourto honourזָבַלחָדַדto go eithto go either waחָדַדעַלheightheightעַלעַדperpetuityperpetuityעַדפֵּאָהsidesideפֵּאָהקָדִיםeasteastקָדִיםכִּפֶּרto atoneto atoneכִּפֶּרכִּסֵּאthronethroneכִּסֵּאצוּעָרZuarZuarצוּעָרזְבוּלֻןZebulunZebulunזְבוּלֻןגְּבוּלborder: boborder: boundarגְּבוּלמָתַיhowhowמָתַיעֶ֫רֶבeveningeveningעֶ֫רֶבסוּףreedreedסוּף
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Ezekiel 48:26

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and at [the] border of Issachar from [the] side of east -ward to [the] side of west -ward Zebulun one [portion]
וְעַ֣ל׀ve.'Al and at H5921 Conjunction · preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Amplified meaning
adjacent to, next to
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Prep — Conjunction · preposition
HC/R
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and at [the] border of Issachar from [the] side of east -ward to [the] side of west -ward Zebulun one [portion]
גְּב֣וּלge.Vul [the] border of H1366 Noun common · masculine singular construct
240× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a boundary or border, like the borders of the Promised Land in Numbers 34:1-12. It can also mean a region or territory, as in the borders of Israel in 1 Kings 8:65.
Amplified meaning
land, region
Tyndale gloss
border: boundary
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

גְּבוּל (gbuwl) refers to a border or boundary, often implying a defined territory. It can denote a physical limit, such as a coast or landmark, and can also have figurative uses, like a region of darkness. The word is derived from a root meaning 'cord' and encompasses various meanings related to boundaries and territories.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

גְּבוּל 240 n.m. border, boundary, territory

border, boundary

territory (enclosed within boundary)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1366 גְּבוּל border, boundary, territory

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1366 gbuwl gheb-ool'

or (shortened) gbul {gheb-ool'}; from 1379; properly, a cord

(as twisted), i.e. (by implication) a boundary; by extens. the

territory inclosed:--border, bound, coast, X great, landmark,

limit, quarter, space.

see HEBREW for 01379

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

גְּבוּל (ge.vul) — border: boundary.

: boundary

1) border, territory

1a) border

1b) territory (enclosed within boundary)

1c) region, territory (of darkness) (fig.)

Also means: ge.vul (גְּבוּל ": area" H1366H)

גְּבוּל (ge.vul) — border: area.

: area

1) border, territory

1a) border

1b) territory (enclosed within boundary)

1c) region, territory (of darkness) (fig.)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and at [the] border of Issachar from [the] side of east -ward to [the] side of west -ward Zebulun one [portion]
יִשָׂשכָ֗רyi.so.sh.Khar Issachar H3485 Noun proper masculine
43× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Issachar means 'there is recompense' and refers to the 9th son of Jacob and the tribe that descended from him. He was the 5th son of Leah, Jacob's first wife. The tribe of Issachar is mentioned in 1 Chronicles and other books.
Amplified meaning
there is recompense, the 9th son of Jacob
Tyndale gloss
Issachar
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יִשָּׂשכָר (Yissaskar) refers to Issachar, the ninth son of Jacob and Leah, and the progenitor of the tribe named after him. The name means 'there is recompense' and is associated with a territory in Canaan. Additionally, there is a Korahite Levite named Issachar, mentioned in the context of temple duties.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יִשָּׂשכָר 43 n.pr.m. Issachar

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3485 יִשָּׂשכָר Issachar

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3485 Yissaskar yis-saw-kawr'

(strictly yis-saws-kawr'); from 5375 and 7939; he will bring

a reward; Jissaskar, a son of Jacob:--Issachar.

see HEBREW for 05375

see HEBREW for 07939

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יִשָּׂשכָר (yis.sa.s.khar) — Issachar.

A man of the tribe of Issachar living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.30.18;

son of: Israel (H3478) and Leah (H3812);

brother of: Reuben (H7205), Simeon (H8095), Levi (H3878), Judah (H3063), Zebulun (H2074) and Dinah (H1783);

half-brother of: Dan (H1835H), Naphtali (H5321), Gad (H1410), Asher (H0836), Joseph (H3130) and Benjamin (H1144);

father of: Tola (H8439), Puah (H6312), Jashub (H3437H) and Shimron (H8110B)

Also named: Isachar (Ἰσαχάρ "Issachar" G2466)

§ Issachar = "there is recompense"

1) the 9th son of Jacob and the 5th by Leah his first wife and the progenitor of a tribe by his name

2) a Korahite Levite and the 7th son of Obed-edom and doorkeeper to the temple

3) the tribe descended from Issachar the son of Jacob

4) the territory allocated to the descendants of Issachar when they entered the land of Canaan

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

is'-a-kar (yissa(se)khar; Septuagint, Swete Issachar; Tischendorf, Issachar, so also in the New Testament, Tregelles, and Westcott and Hort, The New Testament in Greek):

(1) The 9th son of Jacob, the 5th borne to him by Leah (Ge 30:17 f).

1. The Name:

His birth is in this passage connected with the strange story of Reuben and his mandrakes, and the name given him is apparently conceived as derived from 'ish sakhar, "a hired workman." There is a play upon the name in this sense in Ge 49:15, "He bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant under taskwork." Wellhausen (Textder Buch. Sam., 95) thinks that the second element of the name may denote a deity; and Sokar, an Egyptian god, has been suggested. The name in that case would mean "worshipper of Sokar." Practically nothing is…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Issachar

Hired (Gen. 30:18). “God hath given me,” said Leah, “my hire (Heb. sekhari)...and she called his name Issachar.” He was Jacob’s ninth son, and was born in Padan-aram (comp. 28:2). He had four sons at the going down into Egypt (46:13; Num. 26:23, 25).

Issachar, Tribe of, during the journey through the wilderness, along with Judah and Zebulun (Num. 2:5), marched on the east of the tabernacle. This tribe contained 54,400 fighting men when the census was taken at Sinai. After the entrance into the Promised Land, this tribe was one of the six which stood on Gerizim during the ceremony of the blessing and cursing (Deut. 27:12). The allotment of Issachar is…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(reward). I. The ninth son of Jacob and the fifth of Leah. (Genesis 30:17,18) (B.C. 1753-45) At the descent into Egypt four sons are ascribed to him, who founded the four chief families of the tribes. (Genesis 46:13; Numbers 26:23,25; 1 Chronicles 7:1) The number of the fighting men of Issachar, when taken in the census at Sinai, was 54,400. During the journey they seem to have steadily increased. The allotment of Issachar lay above that of Manasseh. (Joshua 19:17-23) In the words of Josephus, "it extended in length from Carmel to the Jordan, in breadth to Mount Tabor." This territory was, as it still is, among the…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

Recompense, so named by Leah his mother, Ge 30:18, the ninth son of Jacob, born B. C. 1749. The character of his posterity was foretold by Jacob and by Moses, Ge 49:14,15 De 33:18,19.

The TRIBE OF ISSACHAR numbered fifty-four thousand men in the desert, and on entering Canaan was the third in population, Nu 1:28 26:25. Their portion, having the Jordan on the east, Manasseh on the west, Zebulun north, and Ephraim south, included a considerable part of the fine plain Esdraelon, the most fertile in the country. They were industrious agriculturists, and are mentioned with honor for their brave and wise patriotism, Jud 5:15

and at [the] border of Issachar from [the] side of east -ward to [the] side of west -ward Zebulun one [portion]
מִפְּאַ֥תmi.pe.'At from [the] side of H6285 Preposition · noun common feminine singular construct
86× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to the side or corner of something, like the edge of a room or a region. It is used in the Bible to describe geography or location. In the KJV, it is translated as 'corner' or 'side'.
Tyndale gloss
side
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פֵּאָה (pe'ah) refers to a corner or side, indicating a part that is cut off or an extremity. It is a feminine noun derived from another Hebrew word, and its meanings include corner, edge, and quarter. The entries consistently emphasize its use in describing directional or spatial aspects.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פֵּאָה 81 n.f. corner, side (part cut off)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6285 פֵּאָה corner, side (part cut off)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6285 pe'ah pay-aw'

feminine of 6311; properly, mouth in a figurative sense, i.e.

direction, region, extremity:--corner, end, quarter, side.

see HEBREW for 06311

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פֵּאָה (pe.ah) — side.

1) corner, edge, side, quarter, extremity

1a) corner

1b) side

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Ncfsc — Preposition · noun common feminine singular construct
HR/Ncfsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and at [the] border of Issachar from [the] side of east -ward to [the] side of west -ward Zebulun one [portion]
קָדִ֛ימָהka.Di.mah east -ward H6921 Noun common masculine singular absolute · suffix
69× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word means the direction east or the east wind, often used to describe geographical locations or the direction of the wind.
Amplified meaning
starting at, the direction of the rising sun
Tyndale gloss
east
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קָדִים (qadiym) refers to the direction east and also denotes an east wind. It is derived from another Hebrew root, indicating its connection to the concept of the front or fore part. The entries consistently emphasize its geographical and meteorological meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קָדִים 69 n.m. East, east wind

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6921 קָדִים East, east wind

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6921 qadiym kaw-deem'

or qadim {kaw-deem'}; from 6923; the fore or front part;

hence (by orientation) the East (often adverbially, eastward,

for brevity the east wind):--east(-ward, wind).

see HEBREW for 06923

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָדִים (qa.dim) — east.

1) east, east wind

1a) east (of direction)

1b) east wind

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular absolute · suffix
HNcmsa/Sd
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

word: "Ward" and "guard" are two different spellings of the same word, and in consequence no clear line can be drawn between them. English Versions of the Bible, however, has used "guard" only in the sense of "a special body of soldiers" (Ge 37:36, etc.), while "ward" is used, not only in this sense (Jer 37:13; contrast 39:9), but also in a variety of others. So a "ward" may mean "any body of men on special duty," as 1Ch 9:23; the King James Version 1Ch 26:16; Ne 12:24,25 (the Revised Version (British and American) "watch"), or the duty itself, as Isa 21:8;

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Ward

A prison (Gen. 40:3, 4); a watch-station (Isa. 21:8); a guard (Neh. 13:30).

and at [the] border of Issachar from [the] side of east -ward to [the] side of west -ward Zebulun one [portion]
עַד־'ad- to H5704 Preposition
1,261× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means until or as far as, describing a point in time or space. It's used in the Bible to set boundaries or limits, like in Exodus when describing the Israelites' journey.
Amplified meaning
until, as far as
Tyndale gloss
till
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עַד (ad) primarily functions as a preposition, adverb, or conjunction meaning 'until,' 'up to,' or 'as far as.' It can denote spatial, temporal, or degree-related contexts, such as 'even to' or 'while.' The entries indicate its use in poetry and in various combinations, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי prep. as far as, even to, up to, until, while

prep.

of space

Of time

Of degree

conj.

until

While

Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus

of space

Of time

Of degree

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5704 עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי as far as, even to, up to, until, while . prep. . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

. conj. . until

. While

. Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

. עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5704 `ad ad

properly, the same as 5703 (used as a preposition, adverb or

conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long,

or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during,

while, until) or degree (equally with):--against, and, as,

at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as),

(hither-)to, + how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that,

till, toward, until, when, while, (+ as) yet.

see HEBREW for 05703

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַד (ad) — till.

prep

1) as far as, even to, until, up to, while, as far as

1a) of space

1a1) as far as, up to, even to

1b) in combination

1b1) from...as far as, both...and (with 'min' -from)

1c) of time

1c1) even to, until, unto, till, during, end

1d) of degree

1d1) even to, to the degree of, even like

conj

2) until, while, to the point that, so that even

Aramaic equivalent: ad (עַד "till" H5705)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
and at [the] border of Issachar from [the] side of east -ward to [the] side of west -ward Zebulun one [portion]
פְּאַת־pe.'at- [the] side of H6285 Noun common · feminine singular construct
86× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to the side or corner of something, like the edge of a room or a region. It is used in the Bible to describe geography or location. In the KJV, it is translated as 'corner' or 'side'.
Tyndale gloss
side
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פֵּאָה (pe'ah) refers to a corner or side, indicating a part that is cut off or an extremity. It is a feminine noun derived from another Hebrew word, and its meanings include corner, edge, and quarter. The entries consistently emphasize its use in describing directional or spatial aspects.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פֵּאָה 81 n.f. corner, side (part cut off)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6285 פֵּאָה corner, side (part cut off)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6285 pe'ah pay-aw'

feminine of 6311; properly, mouth in a figurative sense, i.e.

direction, region, extremity:--corner, end, quarter, side.

see HEBREW for 06311

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פֵּאָה (pe.ah) — side.

1) corner, edge, side, quarter, extremity

1a) corner

1b) side

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcfsc — Noun common · feminine singular construct
HNcfsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and at [the] border of Issachar from [the] side of east -ward to [the] side of west -ward Zebulun one [portion]
יָ֖מָּהYa.mah west -ward H3220 Noun common masculine singular absolute · suffix
396× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Refers to a large body of water like the Mediterranean Sea or a sea in general, sometimes specifically the west or seaward direction.
Amplified meaning
the direction of the setting sun
Tyndale gloss
(Mt. Ephron in the) West
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָם (yam) means 'sea' and refers to various large bodies of water, including the Mediterranean, Red, and Dead Seas, as well as the Sea of Galilee. It can also denote a mighty river like the Nile and has geographical implications, indicating directions such as west or south. The term is derived from a root meaning to roar, suggesting the noise of breaking surf.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יָם 390 n.m. sea

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3220 יָם sea

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3220 yam yawm

from an unused root meaning to roar; a sea (as breaking in

noisy surf) or large body of water; specifically (with the

article), the Mediterranean Sea; sometimes a large river, or

an artifical basin; locally, the west, or (rarely) the

south:--sea (X -faring man, (-shore)), south, west (-ern,

side, -ward).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָם (yam) — sea.

: sea

1) sea

1a) Mediterranean Sea

1b) Red Sea

1c) Dead Sea

1d) Sea of Galilee

1e) sea (general)

1f) mighty river (Nile)

1g) the sea (the great basin in the temple court)

1h) seaward, west, westward

יָם (yam) — sea: west.

: west

1) sea

1a) Mediterranean Sea

1b) Red Sea

1c) Dead Sea

1d) Sea of Galilee

1e) sea (general)

1f) mighty river (Nile)

1g) the sea (the great basin in the temple court)

1h) seaward, west, westward

יָם (yam) — (Mt. Ephron in the) West.

This name means sea, seaward, westward

Another name of eph.ron (עֶפְרוֹן "(Mount )Ephron" H6085H)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms | Suff — Noun common masculine singular absolute · suffix
HNcmsa/Sd
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

word: "Ward" and "guard" are two different spellings of the same word, and in consequence no clear line can be drawn between them. English Versions of the Bible, however, has used "guard" only in the sense of "a special body of soldiers" (Ge 37:36, etc.), while "ward" is used, not only in this sense (Jer 37:13; contrast 39:9), but also in a variety of others. So a "ward" may mean "any body of men on special duty," as 1Ch 9:23; the King James Version 1Ch 26:16; Ne 12:24,25 (the Revised Version (British and American) "watch"), or the duty itself, as Isa 21:8;

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Ward

A prison (Gen. 40:3, 4); a watch-station (Isa. 21:8); a guard (Neh. 13:30).

and at [the] border of Issachar from [the] side of east -ward to [the] side of west -ward Zebulun one [portion]
זְבוּלֻ֥ןze.vu.Lun Zebulun H2074 Noun proper masculine
45× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Zebulun was a son of Jacob and the founder of one of the twelve tribes of Israel, as told in Genesis 30:20. The tribe and territory were also named after him.
Amplified meaning
a tribe of Israel, founded by the tenth son of Jacob
Tyndale gloss
Zebulun
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

זְבוּלֻן (Zebulun) refers to the sixth son of Jacob and Leah, as well as his tribe and territory. The name is linked to the concept of habitation and is first mentioned in Genesis 30:20. The entries consistently identify Zebulun as a significant figure in the genealogies of Israel.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

זְבוּלֻן, זְלֻבוּן n.pr.m. Zebulun

sixth son of Jacob and Leah

the tribe of Zebulun

territory of the tribe

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2074 זְבוּלֻן, זְלֻבוּן Zebulun

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2074 Zbuwluwn zeb-oo-loon'

or Zbuluwn {zeb-oo-loon'}; or Zbuwlun {zeb-oo-loon'}; from

2082; habitation; Zebulon, a son of Jacob; also his territory

and tribe:--Zebulun.

see HEBREW for 02082

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

זְבוּלֻן (ze.vu.lun) — Zebulun.

A man of the tribe of Zebulun living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.30.20;

son of: Israel (H3478) and Leah (H3812);

brother of: Reuben (H7205), Simeon (H8095), Levi (H3878), Judah (H3063), Issachar (H3485) and Dinah (H1783);

half-brother of: Dan (H1835H), Naphtali (H5321), Gad (H1410), Asher (H0836), Joseph (H3130) and Benjamin (H1144);

father of: Sered (H5624), Elon (H0356H) and Jahleel (H3177)

§ Zebulun = "exalted"

1) the 10th of the sons of Jacob, 6th and last of Leah; progenitor of Zebulun

2) the tribe descended from Zebulun

3) the land allocated to the tribe of Zebulun

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

zeb'-u-lun (zebhulun, also written zebuwlun and zebuluwn; the first form occurs only in Jud 1:30; the other two are frequent, and are used interchangeably; Zaboulon): In Ge 30:20 Leah exclaims, "God hath endowed me with a good dowry," which suggests a derivation of Zebulun from zabhadh, "to bestow," the (d) being replaced by (l). Again she says, "Now will my husband dwell with me (or "honor me"): and she called his name Zebulun"; the derivation being from zabhal, "to exalt" or "honor" (OHL, under the word).

Zebulun was the 10th son of Jacob, the 6th borne to him by Leah in Paddan-aram. Nothing is known of this patriarch's life, save in so far as it coincides with that of his brethren. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan says that he first of the five brethren was presented to Pharaoh by…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Zebulun

Dwelling, the sixth and youngest son of Jacob and Leah (Gen. 30:20). Little is known of his personal history. He had three sons (46:14).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(a habitation), the tenth of the sons of Jacob, according to the order in which their births are enumerated, the sixth and last of Leah. (Genesis 30:20; 35:23; 46:14; 1 Chronicles 2:1) His birth is mentioned in (Genesis 30:19,20) Of the individual Zebulun nothing is recorded. The list of Genesis46 ascribes to him three sons, founders of the chief families of the tribe (comp.) (Numbers 26:26) at the time of the migration to Egypt. The tribe is not recorded to have taken part, for evil or good, in any of the events of the wandering or the conquest. The statement of Josephus is probably in the main correct, that it reached on the one side to the Lake of Gennesareth and on the…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

1. Or ZABULON, Re 7:8, the sixth son of Jacob and Leah, born in Mesopotamia, Ge 30:20. Moses gives us few particulars respecting him. His tribe was respectable for numbers, Nu 1:30 26:26; and its portion in the Holy Land accorded with the prediction of Jacob, Ge 49:13, extending from the Mediterranean sea at Carmel to the sea of Gemnesaret, between Issachar on the south, and Naphtali and Asher on the north and north-west, Jos 19:10. His posterity are often mentioned in connection with Issachar, his nearest brother, De 33:18. They were entangled with the Phoenicians…

and at [the] border of Issachar from [the] side of east -ward to [the] side of west -ward Zebulun one [portion]
אֶחָֽד׃'e.Chad one [portion] H259 Adj
971× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means one or united, and is used to describe something that is single or unique. It is often translated as one, first, or alone. For example, in Genesis 1:5, God calls the light day and the darkness night, and separates them into one thing from another.
Amplified meaning
single, unique, allocation, territory
Tyndale gloss
one
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֶחָד (echad) means 'one' and is derived from a numeral. It encompasses meanings such as each, every, a certain, and can serve as an indefinite article. It is also used as an ordinal to denote 'first' and appears in various combinations, including eleven. The entries consistently emphasize its numerical and qualitative aspects.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֶחָד 972 adj.num. one

one

= each, every

= a certain

= indef. art.

only, & (fem.) once

one … another, one … the other

as ordinal first

in combin.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H259 אֶחָד one . one

. = each, every

. = a certain

. = indef. art.

. only, & (fem.) once

. one … another, one … the other

. as ordinal first

. in combin.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

259 'echad ekh-awd'

a numeral from 258; properly, united, i.e. one; or (as an

ordinal) first:--a, alike, alone, altogether, and,

any(-thing), apiece, a certain, (dai-)ly, each (one), +

eleven, every, few, first, + highway, a man, once, one, only,

other, some, together,

see HEBREW for 0258

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֶחָד (e.chad) — one.

1) one (number)

1a) one (number)

1b) each, every

1c) a certain

1d) an (indefinite article)

1e) only, once, once for all

1f) one...another, the one...the other, one after another, one by one

1g) first

1h) eleven (in combination), eleventh (ordinal)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Adj
HAcfsa
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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