Menu

Job 3:12 — Word Study

Depth

WLCמַ֭דּוּעַ קִדְּמ֣וּנִי בִרְכָּ֑יִם וּמַה־ שָּׁ֝דַ֗יִם כִּ֣י אִינָֽק׃

BSAWhymaddûwaʻ [for what reason, on what account] were there kneesberek [to meet] to receive meqâdam [and]mâh breastsshad [for nursing, to suckle] thatkîy I should be nursedyânaq [to suck, to receive milk]

Word
Listen & take awayJob 3
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 12 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration ('i.Nak) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Job 3:12quick helps
In a sentenceJob questions why he was welcomed into life, pondering the significance of being received at birth.
Who is speakingJob, expressing his deep anguish and confusion.
Where we areIn a lament where Job reflects on his birth and existence.
The hard wordמַ֭דּוּעַ
Take awayJob's questioning reveals his struggle with the meaning of suffering and existence.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectבֶּרֶךְ verbיָנַק The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Job 3:12

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Job's Lamentgenerated

11Why did I not perish at birth; why did I not die as I came from the womb?
12Why were there knees to receive me, and breasts that I should be nursed?
13For now I would be lying down in peace; I would be asleep and at rest
14with kings and counselors of the earth, who built for themselves cities now in ruins,

Job 3:12 is part of Job's lamentation, where he questions the purpose of his birth and the suffering he endures. This verse follows his inquiry about why he did not die at birth, expressing his despair and confusion about life. Job's reflections highlight the deep emotional turmoil he faces as he grapples with his existence and the pain that accompanies it.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Genesis 30:3Then she said, “Here is my maidservant Bilhah. Sleep with her, that she may bear children for me, so that through her I too can build a family.”
2Genesis 50:23He saw Ephraim’s sons to the third generation, and indeed the sons of Machir son of Manasseh were brought up on Joseph’s knees.
3Isaiah 66:12For this is what the LORD says: “I will extend peace to her like a river, and the wealth of nations like a flowing stream; you will nurse and be carried on her arm, and bounced upon her knees.
4Ezekiel 16:4–5On the day of your birth your cord was not cut, nor were you washed with water for cleansing. You were not rubbed with salt or wrapped in cloths.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 4 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word מַ֭דּוּעַ, Ma.du.a'generated

The word מַדּוּעַ (maddua) is a particle used to ask questions about reasons or causes. It seeks to understand why something is the way it is, often in contexts of deep inquiry or distress.

In this verse, Job uses מַדּוּעַ to question the circumstances of his birth, reflecting his desire to comprehend the purpose behind his suffering. It emphasizes his confusion and the longing for understanding amidst his pain.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The translations generally agree on the meaning of מַדּוּעַ as 'why?'.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The verse features a main clause initiated by the interrogative מַדּוּעַ (why?), followed by two clauses that elaborate on the subjects of knees and breasts. The structure emphasizes Job's questioning nature and his exploration of his circumstances.

The word order in Hebrew places the question at the forefront, highlighting Job's urgent need for answers regarding his existence and the support he seeks.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, the Hebrew מַדּוּעַ is translated as τί (ti), which also means 'why?'. This choice maintains the interrogative nature of Job's lament, emphasizing his search for understanding.

The translation reflects a direct correspondence with the Hebrew, preserving the essence of Job's questioning about the circumstances of his birth.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Job 3:12 expresses Job's deep sorrow and confusion as he questions why he was welcomed into life. He wonders about the significance of being received at birth and why there were knees and breasts to nurture him, reflecting his struggle to understand his suffering and existence.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does Job mean by 'knees to receive me'?

Job is expressing a metaphorical question about why he was welcomed into life, pondering the significance of being nurtured and cared for at birth.

Why does Job question his existence?

Job's questioning arises from his intense suffering and despair, leading him to reflect on the purpose of his life and the pain he endures.

What do the knees and breasts symbolize in this verse?

The knees and breasts symbolize the nurturing and care that should accompany life, contrasting with Job's experience of suffering and abandonment.

How does this verse reflect Job's emotional state?

This verse reveals Job's deep anguish and confusion, as he grapples with the meaning of his existence and the pain he faces.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways have I questioned my own purpose or existence during difficult times?
  2. How can I find comfort in nurturing relationships when facing struggles?
  3. What does it mean to me to seek understanding in moments of despair?
  4. How can I support others who are questioning their own existence or purpose?

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Job 3:12 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Why did the knees prevent me?.... Not of the mother, as Jarchi, but of the midwife, who received him into her lap, and nourished and cherished him, washed him with water, salted, and swaddled him; or

Read John Gill on Job 3 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck? Why did the knees prevent me? - old English for anticipate my wants.

Read Robert Jamieson on Job 3 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Why did the knees prevent me? why did the midwife or nurse receive me, and lay me upon her knees, and did not suffer me to fall upon the bare ground, and there to lie, in a neglected and forlorn condition, till merciful death had taken me out of this miserable world, into which the cruel kindness of my mother and midwife hath betrayed me? Why the breasts that I should suck? Why did the breasts prevent me, (which may be fitly understood out of the former member,) to wit, from perishing through hunger, or supply me, that I should have what to suck? Seeing my mother had not a miscarrying womb, but did unhappily bring me forth why had she not dry breasts? or why were there any breasts for me…

Read Matthew Poole on Job 3 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Job 3:12 Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck?Ver. 12. Why did the knees prevent me?] Why did the too officious midwife lay me on her lap, and not let me alone to perish by my fatal helplessness? Man is a poor shiftless creature; and Pliny rails at nature for producing him so forlorn, naked, and unable to help himself; but he knew not that this was a fruit of sin. Cicero indeed could say (whether he believed himself therein I know not), Cum primum nascimur, in omni continuo pravitate versamur, as soon as we are born we are head and ears all over in wickedness; but Pliny was not so persuaded, as I have elsewhere showed. Or why the breasts that I should suck?]…

Read John Trapp on Job 3 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(12) Prevent—i.e., “Why was I nursed with care instead of being allowed to fall to the ground and be killed?”

Read Charles John Ellicott on Job 3 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 12. Why did the knees prevent me?] Why was I dandled on the knees? Why was I nourished by the breasts? In either of the above cases I had neither been received into a mother's lap, nor hung upon a mother's breasts.

Read AdamClarke on Job 3 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

12. the knees prevent me] Rather, receive, or meet me. The reference may be to the father’s knees, on which the new born child was laid, or more general. As to the expression, see Genesis 50:23; Isaiah 66:12. The sufferer’s eye runs over all the chances of death which he had miserably lost, when he came from the womb, was laid upon the knees, and pressed to the breasts. The sorrow of his later years transmutes (as it does still with others) the tender affections and solicitudes lavished on his infancy, and makes them seem bitter cruelties.

Read Cambridge on Job 3 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Why did the knees prevent me? - That is, the lap of the nurse or of the mother, probably the latter. The sense is, that if he had not been delicately and tenderly nursed, he would have died at once.

Read Albert Barnes on Job 3 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Why were there knees to receive me, and breasts that I should be nursed?

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Why did the knees receive me? Or why the breast, that I should nurse?

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Why were there knees to receive me, and breasts that I should be nursed?

NETBNew English Translation2006

Why did the knees welcome me, and why were there two breasts that I might nurse at them?

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck?

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Why did the knees receive me? Or why the breasts, that I should suck?

RVARevised Version, American1894

Why did the knees receive me? or why the breasts, that I should suck?

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Why did the knees receive me? or why the breasts that I should be nursed?

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Why did the knees preuent me? and why did I sucke the breasts?

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Why did the knees meet me? and wherefore the breasts, that I should suck?

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Wherefore have knees been before me? And what [are] breasts, that I suck?

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Why have knees been before me? And what [are] breasts, that I suck?

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Wherefore were knees ready to receive me? and for what purpose were breasts there that I might suck?

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Why did her knees welcome me? Why did her breasts receive me so that I should suck?

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Why received upon the knees? why suckled at the breasts?

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Why was there a lap for me to lie on, or breasts for me to suck?

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Why did the knees take me, or why the breasts that they might give me milk?

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseadverbialמַ֭דּוּעַwhy?verbקִדְּמ֣וּdidobjectנִיthey.receive.mesubjectבִרְכָּ֑יִםkneesוּandclauseclausepredicateמַהwhy?subjectשָּׁ֝דַ֗יִםtwo.breastsclauseכִּ֣י(cmp)clauseverbאִינָֽקI.will.suck

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording for this verse, with six out of seven words matched. The differences in word order and articles in the Septuagint do not alter the fundamental meaning conveyed in the Hebrew.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

מַ֭דּוּעַ קִדְּמ֣וּנִי בִרְכָּ֑יִם וּמַה־ שָּׁ֝דַ֗יִם כִּ֣י אִינָֽק׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
מַ֭דּוּעַτίקִדְּמ֣וּנִיμοιבִרְכָּ֑יִםγόναταוּמַה־τίשָּׁ֝דַ֗יִםμαστοὺςאִינָֽק׃ἐθήλασα

6 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Job 3:12מַדּוּעַwhy?why?מַדּוּעַקָדַםdid they redid they receivקָדַםבֶ֫רךְkneeskneesבֶ֫רךְמָהand why?and why?מָהשַׁדbreastsbreastsשַׁדכִּיthatthatכִּייָנַקI will suckI will suckleיָנַקמָהwhat?what?מָהבָּרַךְto blessto blessבָּרַךְשָׁדַדto wasteto wasteשָׁדַדנָבָאto prophesto prophesyנָבָאקָרָאto encountto encounter: mקָרָאכָּפַףto bendto bendכָּפַףחֵץarrowarrowחֵץכָּרַעto bowto bowכָּרַעאָמֵץto strengtto strengthenאָמֵץכָּ֫כָהthusthusכָּ֫כָהפָּעַלto workto workפָּעַלעֹ֫פֶרfawnfawnעֹ֫פֶרתּוֹאָםtwintwinתּוֹאָםיָדַעto knowto knowיָדַעעוֹלֵלinfantinfantעוֹלֵלשַׁדbreastbreastשַׁד
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Job 3:12

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

why? did they receive me knees and why? breasts that I will suckle
מַ֭דּוּעַMa.du.a' why? H4069 Particle
72× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is used to ask questions like why or how, seeking to understand the reason behind something. It appears in various forms in the Bible, often in contexts of inquiry or curiosity.
Amplified meaning
for what reason, on what account
Tyndale gloss
why?
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מַדּוּעַ (maddua) means 'why?' or 'wherefore?'. It is derived from the root meaning 'to know' and is used to inquire about reasons or causes. The entries consistently define it as an adverbial term questioning the basis for something.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מַדּוּעַ 61 and מַדֻּעַ adv. wherefore?

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4069 מַדּוּעַ, מַדֻּעַ wherefore?

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4069 madduwa` mad-doo'-ah

or madduaa {mad-doo'-ah}; from 4100 and the passive

participle of 3045; what (is) known?; i.e. (by implication)

(adverbially) why?:--how, wherefore, why.

see HEBREW for 04100

see HEBREW for 03045

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מַדּוּעַ (mad.du.a) — why?.

why?, on what account?, wherefore?

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTi
why? did they receive me knees and why? breasts that I will suckle
קִדְּמ֣וּנִיki.de.Mu.ni did they receive me H6923 Verb piel perfect third person common plural · suffix
26× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To meet or go before someone, often for help, as seen in the Bible when God meets his people in Exodus. This word can also mean to anticipate or hasten something. In the book of Psalms, it is used to describe God coming to the aid of his people.
Tyndale gloss
to meet
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קָדַם (qadam) is a verb meaning to meet or come in front of someone or something. It covers actions such as anticipating, leading, and confronting, with nuances in its Piel and Hiphil forms. The entries emphasize its use in contexts of meeting or preceding, but do not provide specific verse references.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[קָדַם] vb. Pi. denom. come or be in front, meet

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6923 [קָדַם] vb. Pi. denom. come or be in front, meet

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6923 qadam kaw-dam'

a primitive root; to project (one self), i.e. precede; hence,

to anticipate, hasten, meet (usually for help):--come (go,

(flee)) before, + disappoint, meet, prevent.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָדַם (qa.dam) — to meet.

1) to meet, come or be in front, confront, go before

1a) (Piel)

1a1) to meet, confront, come to meet, receive

1a2) to go before, go in front, be in front

1a3) to lead, be beforehand, anticipate, forestall

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to come in front

1b2) to confront, anticipate

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Piel-Perf-3cp | Suff — Verb piel perfect third person common plural · suffix
HVpp3cp/Sp1bs
why? did they receive me knees and why? breasts that I will suckle
בִרְכָּ֑יִםvir.Ka.yim knees H1290 Noun common · feminine dual absolute
25× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The knee represents a part of the body used for movement and flexibility. In the Bible, kneeling is often a sign of respect, fear, or weakness. The word for knee is also related to feelings of fear or trembling.
Amplified meaning
to meet
Tyndale gloss
knee
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בֶ֫רךְ (berek) means 'knee' in Hebrew, derived from the root for bending. It can also figuratively describe someone who is weak from fear. The Aramaic equivalent is בְּרַךְ (berakh), meaning 'knee' as well.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בֶ֫רךְ n.f. knee

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1290 בֶ֫רךְ knee

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1290 berek beh'-rek

from 1288; a knee:--knee.

see HEBREW for 01288

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בֶּ֫רֶךְ (be.rekh) — knee.

1) knee

2) weak from fear (fig.)

Aramaic equivalent: be.rekh (בְּרַךְ "knee" H1291)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fd — Noun common · feminine dual absolute
HNcfda
why? did they receive me knees and why? breasts that I will suckle
וּמַה־u.ma.ho.Sha- and why? H4100 Conjunction · pronoun
753× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means what or how, often used to ask questions or express surprise, like in Genesis when God asks Adam what he has done. It can also mean why or when, and is used in various ways throughout the Old Testament. It appears in many KJV translations, including how or what.
Tyndale gloss
what?
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מָה (mah) is a Hebrew word primarily used as an interrogative particle meaning 'what?' or 'how?'. It can also function as an indefinite pronoun, encompassing meanings like 'anything' or 'whatever'. The word is versatile, appearing in various adverbial forms and often used with prefixes to express different nuances, such as reason or manner.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מָה, rarely מָה־, מַה־, מַה‍ּ, מֶה, מַ‍ּ, מָ—pron.interrog. and indef. what? how? aught

interrog. what?

Used adverbially

Indef. pron.

With preps.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4100 מָה, rarely מָה־, מַה־, מַה‍ּ, מֶה, מַ‍ּ, מָ—pron. interrog. and indef. what? how? aught . interrog. what?

. Used adverbially

. Indef. pron.

. With preps.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4100 mah maw

or mah {mah}; or ma {maw}; or ma {mah}; also meh {meh}; a

primitive particle; properly, interrogative what? (including

how? why? when?); but also exclamation, what! (including

how!), or indefinitely what (including whatever, and even

relatively, that which); often used with prefixes in various

adverbial or conjunctive senses:--how (long, oft, (-

soever)), (no-)thing, what (end, good, purpose, thing),

whereby(-fore, -in, -to, -with), (for) why.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מָה (mah) — what?.

interr pron

1) what, how, of what kind

1a) (interrogative)

1a1) what?

1a2) of what kind

1a3) what? (rhetorical)

1a4) whatsoever, whatever, what

1b) (adverb)

1b1) how, how now

1b2) why

1b3) how! (exclamation)

1c) (with prep)

1c1) wherein?, whereby?, wherewith?, by what means?

1c2) because of what?

1c3) the like of what?

1c3a) how much?, how many?, how often?

1c3b) for how long?

1c4) for what reason?, why?, to what purpose?

1c5) until when?, how long?, upon what?, wherefore?

indef pron

2) anything, aught, what may

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | Part — Conjunction · pronoun
HC/Pi
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
why? did they receive me knees and why? breasts that I will suckle
שָּׁ֝דַ֗יִםSha.Da.yim breasts H7699 Noun common · masculine dual absolute
24× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for breast, describing a woman's or animal's breast as swollen. It is used in the Bible to describe nursing or motherly care. The KJV translates it as 'breast' or 'pap'.
Amplified meaning
for nursing, to suckle
Tyndale gloss
breast
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שַׁד (shad) refers to the female breast, applicable to both humans and animals. The term can also be associated with the variant שֹׁד (shod), which carries the same meaning. The entries indicate that the word is likely derived from another root, but they do not provide further detail on its usage in specific verses.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[שַׁד] n.m. female breast

base

שֹׁד n.m. id. [v.bh.ab]

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7699a שַׁד female breast H7699b שֹׁד id. [7699a]

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7699 shad shad

or shod {shode}; probably from 7736 (in its original sense)

contracted; the breast of a woman or animal (as

bulging):--breast, pap, teat.

see HEBREW for 07736

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שַׁד (shad) — breast.

1) breast, bosom, (female) breast

1a) breast (of woman)

1b) breast (of animal)

1c) breast (of both human and animal)

Also means: shod (שֹׁד "breast" H7699B)

שֹׁד (shod) — breast.

1) breast, bosom, (female) breast

1a) breast (of woman)

1b) breast (of animal)

1c) breast (of both human and animal)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-md — Noun common · masculine dual absolute
HNcmda
why? did they receive me knees and why? breasts that I will suckle
כִּ֣יki that H3588 Particle
4,483× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A conjunction used to show cause or connection, as in Genesis 2:23 where Adam says the woman is bone of his bone because she was taken out of him. It is often translated as 'for', 'because', or 'since'.
Tyndale gloss
for
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי conj. that, for, when

that

Of time, when, of the past

elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

Because, since

base

כִּי אם־

each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:

that if

for if

(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—

limiting the prec. clause, except

the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

after an oath, surely

base

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that

. . Of time, when, of the past

. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

. Because, since

H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if

. for if

. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except

. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

. after an oath, surely

H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3588 kiy kee

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional

prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent

or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative

conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by

other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,

where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,

even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +

nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,

therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,

whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כִּי (ki) — for.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if

1f) but rather, but

1g) except that

1h) only, nevertheless

1i) surely

1j) that is

1k) but if

1l) for though

1m) forasmuch as, for therefore

כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.

1) except if

1a) but if

1b) even though

כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj — Particle
HTc
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
why? did they receive me knees and why? breasts that I will suckle
אִינָֽק׃'i.Nak I will suckle H3243 Verb · Qal · imperfect first person common singular
33× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To suckle or nurse is the meaning of this Hebrew word, which also means to give milk. It describes the act of nursing a child.
Amplified meaning
to suck, to receive milk
Tyndale gloss
to suckle
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָנַק (yanaq) means to suck or suckle, particularly in the context of an infant nursing at its mother's breast. It can also refer to the act of giving milk or nursing, with related forms indicating a nursing mother or suckling child. The entries consistently emphasize the nurturing aspect of this word.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[יָנַק] vb. suck

Qal suck, of infant at mother's breast

Hiph. give suck to, nurse

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3243 יָנַק suck .suck, of infant at mother's breast

. give suck to, nurse

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3243 yanaq yaw-nak'

a primitive root; to suck; causatively, to give milk:--milch,

nurse(-ing mother), (give, make to) suck(-ing child, -ling).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָנַק (ya.naq) — to suckle.

1) to suckle, nurse, suck

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to suck

1a2) suckling, babe (subst)

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to give suck to, nurse

1b2) nursing, nursing woman, nurse (participle)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-1cs — Verb · Qal · imperfect first person common singular
HVqi1cs
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

Everything we make is available for free because of a generous community of supporters.

Donate