Job 3:12 — Word Study
WLCמַ֭דּוּעַ קִדְּמ֣וּנִי בִרְכָּ֑יִם וּמַה־ שָּׁ֝דַ֗יִם כִּ֣י אִינָֽק׃
BSAWhymaddûwaʻ [for what reason, on what account] were there kneesberek [to meet] to receive meqâdam■ [and]mâh breastsshad [for nursing, to suckle] thatkîy I should be nursedyânaq▸ [to suck, to receive milk]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| מַ֭דּוּעַ | why? | Particle |
| קִדְּמ֣וּנִי | did they receive me | Verb piel perfect third person common plural, suffix |
| בִרְכָּ֑יִם | knees | Noun common, feminine dual absolute |
| וּמַה־ | and why? | Conjunction, pronoun |
| שָּׁ֝דַ֗יִם | breasts | Noun common, masculine dual absolute |
| כִּ֣י | that | Particle |
| אִינָֽק׃ | I will suckle | Verb, Qal, imperfect first person common singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | Why were there knees to receive me, and breasts that I should be nursed? |
| KJV | Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck? |
| ASV | Why did the knees receive me? Or why the breasts, that I should suck? |
| YLT | Wherefore have knees been before me? And what [are] breasts, that I suck? |
| WEB | Why did the knees receive me? Or why the breast, that I should nurse? |
| BBE | Why did the knees take me, or why the breasts that they might give me milk? |
Where they part company is מַ֭דּוּעַ — see How Translations Differ.
The verse consists of a main clause followed by a subordinate phrase, emphasizing Job's inquiry about his birth and nurturing.







8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
subjectבֶּרֶךְ
verbיָנַק
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Job 3:12
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Job's Lamentgenerated
Job 3:12 is part of Job's lamentation, where he questions the purpose of his birth and the suffering he endures. This verse follows his inquiry about why he did not die at birth, expressing his despair and confusion about life. Job's reflections highlight the deep emotional turmoil he faces as he grapples with his existence and the pain that accompanies it.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Genesis 30:3 | Then she said, “Here is my maidservant Bilhah. Sleep with her, that she may bear children for me, so that through her I too can build a family.” |
| 2 | Genesis 50:23 | He saw Ephraim’s sons to the third generation, and indeed the sons of Machir son of Manasseh were brought up on Joseph’s knees. |
| 3 | Isaiah 66:12 | For this is what the LORD says: “I will extend peace to her like a river, and the wealth of nations like a flowing stream; you will nurse and be carried on her arm, and bounced upon her knees. |
| 4 | Ezekiel 16:4–5 | On the day of your birth your cord was not cut, nor were you washed with water for cleansing. You were not rubbed with salt or wrapped in cloths. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 4 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — מַ֭דּוּעַ, Ma.du.a'generated
The word מַדּוּעַ (maddua) is a particle used to ask questions about reasons or causes. It seeks to understand why something is the way it is, often in contexts of deep inquiry or distress.
In this verse, Job uses מַדּוּעַ to question the circumstances of his birth, reflecting his desire to comprehend the purpose behind his suffering. It emphasizes his confusion and the longing for understanding amidst his pain.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The translations generally agree on the meaning of מַדּוּעַ as 'why?'.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The verse features a main clause initiated by the interrogative מַדּוּעַ (why?), followed by two clauses that elaborate on the subjects of knees and breasts. The structure emphasizes Job's questioning nature and his exploration of his circumstances.
The word order in Hebrew places the question at the forefront, highlighting Job's urgent need for answers regarding his existence and the support he seeks.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, the Hebrew מַדּוּעַ is translated as τί (ti), which also means 'why?'. This choice maintains the interrogative nature of Job's lament, emphasizing his search for understanding.
The translation reflects a direct correspondence with the Hebrew, preserving the essence of Job's questioning about the circumstances of his birth.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Job 3:12 expresses Job's deep sorrow and confusion as he questions why he was welcomed into life. He wonders about the significance of being received at birth and why there were knees and breasts to nurture him, reflecting his struggle to understand his suffering and existence.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
Job is expressing a metaphorical question about why he was welcomed into life, pondering the significance of being nurtured and cared for at birth.
Job's questioning arises from his intense suffering and despair, leading him to reflect on the purpose of his life and the pain he endures.
The knees and breasts symbolize the nurturing and care that should accompany life, contrasting with Job's experience of suffering and abandonment.
This verse reveals Job's deep anguish and confusion, as he grapples with the meaning of his existence and the pain he faces.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what ways have I questioned my own purpose or existence during difficult times?
- How can I find comfort in nurturing relationships when facing struggles?
- What does it mean to me to seek understanding in moments of despair?
- How can I support others who are questioning their own existence or purpose?
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Job 3:12 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleWhy did the knees prevent me?.... Not of the mother, as Jarchi, but of the midwife, who received him into her lap, and nourished and cherished him, washed him with water, salted, and swaddled him; or
Read John Gill on Job 3 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryWhy did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck? Why did the knees prevent me? - old English for anticipate my wants.
Read Robert Jamieson on Job 3 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleWhy did the knees prevent me? why did the midwife or nurse receive me, and lay me upon her knees, and did not suffer me to fall upon the bare ground, and there to lie, in a neglected and forlorn condition, till merciful death had taken me out of this miserable world, into which the cruel kindness of my mother and midwife hath betrayed me? Why the breasts that I should suck? Why did the breasts prevent me, (which may be fitly understood out of the former member,) to wit, from perishing through hunger, or supply me, that I should have what to suck? Seeing my mother had not a miscarrying womb, but did unhappily bring me forth why had she not dry breasts? or why were there any breasts for me…
Read Matthew Poole on Job 3 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsJob 3:12 Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck?Ver. 12. Why did the knees prevent me?] Why did the too officious midwife lay me on her lap, and not let me alone to perish by my fatal helplessness? Man is a poor shiftless creature; and Pliny rails at nature for producing him so forlorn, naked, and unable to help himself; but he knew not that this was a fruit of sin. Cicero indeed could say (whether he believed himself therein I know not), Cum primum nascimur, in omni continuo pravitate versamur, as soon as we are born we are head and ears all over in wickedness; but Pliny was not so persuaded, as I have elsewhere showed. Or why the breasts that I should suck?]…
Read John Trapp on Job 3 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(12) Prevent—i.e., “Why was I nursed with care instead of being allowed to fall to the ground and be killed?”
Read Charles John Ellicott on Job 3 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 12. Why did the knees prevent me?] Why was I dandled on the knees? Why was I nourished by the breasts? In either of the above cases I had neither been received into a mother's lap, nor hung upon a mother's breasts.
Read AdamClarke on Job 3 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges12. the knees prevent me] Rather, receive, or meet me. The reference may be to the father’s knees, on which the new born child was laid, or more general. As to the expression, see Genesis 50:23; Isaiah 66:12. The sufferer’s eye runs over all the chances of death which he had miserably lost, when he came from the womb, was laid upon the knees, and pressed to the breasts. The sorrow of his later years transmutes (as it does still with others) the tender affections and solicitudes lavished on his infancy, and makes them seem bitter cruelties.
Read Cambridge on Job 3 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleWhy did the knees prevent me? - That is, the lap of the nurse or of the mother, probably the latter. The sense is, that if he had not been delicately and tenderly nursed, he would have died at once.
Read Albert Barnes on Job 3 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
Why were there knees to receive me, and breasts that I should be nursed?
Why did the knees receive me? Or why the breast, that I should nurse?
Why were there knees to receive me, and breasts that I should be nursed?
Why did the knees welcome me, and why were there two breasts that I might nurse at them?
Tyndale line
Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck?
Why did the knees receive me? Or why the breasts, that I should suck?
Why did the knees receive me? or why the breasts, that I should suck?
Why did the knees receive me? or why the breasts that I should be nursed?
Why did the knees preuent me? and why did I sucke the breasts?
Strictly literal
Why did the knees meet me? and wherefore the breasts, that I should suck?
Wherefore have knees been before me? And what [are] breasts, that I suck?
Why have knees been before me? And what [are] breasts, that I suck?
Wherefore were knees ready to receive me? and for what purpose were breasts there that I might suck?
Why did her knees welcome me? Why did her breasts receive me so that I should suck?
From the Latin
Why received upon the knees? why suckled at the breasts?
Simplified
Why was there a lap for me to lie on, or breasts for me to suck?
Why did the knees take me, or why the breasts that they might give me milk?
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording for this verse, with six out of seven words matched. The differences in word order and articles in the Septuagint do not alter the fundamental meaning conveyed in the Hebrew.
מַ֭דּוּעַ קִדְּמ֣וּנִי בִרְכָּ֑יִם וּמַה־ שָּׁ֝דַ֗יִם כִּ֣י אִינָֽק׃
6 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Job 3:12
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
מַדּוּעַ (maddua) means 'why?' or 'wherefore?'. It is derived from the root meaning 'to know' and is used to inquire about reasons or causes. The entries consistently define it as an adverbial term questioning the basis for something.
מַדּוּעַ 61 and מַדֻּעַ adv. wherefore?
base
H4069 מַדּוּעַ, מַדֻּעַ wherefore?
4069 madduwa` mad-doo'-ah
or madduaa {mad-doo'-ah}; from 4100 and the passive
participle of 3045; what (is) known?; i.e. (by implication)
(adverbially) why?:--how, wherefore, why.
see HEBREW for 04100
see HEBREW for 03045
מַדּוּעַ (mad.du.a) — why?.
why?, on what account?, wherefore?
Part — ParticleHTi
קָדַם (qadam) is a verb meaning to meet or come in front of someone or something. It covers actions such as anticipating, leading, and confronting, with nuances in its Piel and Hiphil forms. The entries emphasize its use in contexts of meeting or preceding, but do not provide specific verse references.
[קָדַם] vb. Pi. denom. come or be in front, meet
base
H6923 [קָדַם] vb. Pi. denom. come or be in front, meet
6923 qadam kaw-dam'
a primitive root; to project (one self), i.e. precede; hence,
to anticipate, hasten, meet (usually for help):--come (go,
(flee)) before, + disappoint, meet, prevent.
קָדַם (qa.dam) — to meet.
1) to meet, come or be in front, confront, go before
1a) (Piel)
1a1) to meet, confront, come to meet, receive
1a2) to go before, go in front, be in front
1a3) to lead, be beforehand, anticipate, forestall
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to come in front
1b2) to confront, anticipate
V-Piel-Perf-3cp | Suff — Verb piel perfect third person common plural · suffixHVpp3cp/Sp1bs
בֶ֫רךְ (berek) means 'knee' in Hebrew, derived from the root for bending. It can also figuratively describe someone who is weak from fear. The Aramaic equivalent is בְּרַךְ (berakh), meaning 'knee' as well.
בֶ֫רךְ n.f. knee
base
H1290 בֶ֫רךְ knee
1290 berek beh'-rek
from 1288; a knee:--knee.
see HEBREW for 01288
בֶּ֫רֶךְ (be.rekh) — knee.
1) knee
2) weak from fear (fig.)
Aramaic equivalent: be.rekh (בְּרַךְ "knee" H1291)
N-fd — Noun common · feminine dual absoluteHNcfda
מָה (mah) is a Hebrew word primarily used as an interrogative particle meaning 'what?' or 'how?'. It can also function as an indefinite pronoun, encompassing meanings like 'anything' or 'whatever'. The word is versatile, appearing in various adverbial forms and often used with prefixes to express different nuances, such as reason or manner.
מָה, rarely מָה־, מַה־, מַהּ, מֶה, מַּ, מָ—pron.interrog. and indef. what? how? aught
interrog. what?
Used adverbially
Indef. pron.
With preps.
base
H4100 מָה, rarely מָה־, מַה־, מַהּ, מֶה, מַּ, מָ—pron. interrog. and indef. what? how? aught . interrog. what?
. Used adverbially
. Indef. pron.
. With preps.
4100 mah maw
or mah {mah}; or ma {maw}; or ma {mah}; also meh {meh}; a
primitive particle; properly, interrogative what? (including
how? why? when?); but also exclamation, what! (including
how!), or indefinitely what (including whatever, and even
relatively, that which); often used with prefixes in various
adverbial or conjunctive senses:--how (long, oft, (-
soever)), (no-)thing, what (end, good, purpose, thing),
whereby(-fore, -in, -to, -with), (for) why.
מָה (mah) — what?.
interr pron
1) what, how, of what kind
1a) (interrogative)
1a1) what?
1a2) of what kind
1a3) what? (rhetorical)
1a4) whatsoever, whatever, what
1b) (adverb)
1b1) how, how now
1b2) why
1b3) how! (exclamation)
1c) (with prep)
1c1) wherein?, whereby?, wherewith?, by what means?
1c2) because of what?
1c3) the like of what?
1c3a) how much?, how many?, how often?
1c3b) for how long?
1c4) for what reason?, why?, to what purpose?
1c5) until when?, how long?, upon what?, wherefore?
indef pron
2) anything, aught, what may
Conj | Part — Conjunction · pronounHC/Pi
שַׁד (shad) refers to the female breast, applicable to both humans and animals. The term can also be associated with the variant שֹׁד (shod), which carries the same meaning. The entries indicate that the word is likely derived from another root, but they do not provide further detail on its usage in specific verses.
[שַׁד] n.m. female breast
base
שֹׁד n.m. id. [v.bh.ab]
base
H7699a שַׁד female breast H7699b שֹׁד id. [7699a]
7699 shad shad
or shod {shode}; probably from 7736 (in its original sense)
contracted; the breast of a woman or animal (as
bulging):--breast, pap, teat.
see HEBREW for 07736
שַׁד (shad) — breast.
1) breast, bosom, (female) breast
1a) breast (of woman)
1b) breast (of animal)
1c) breast (of both human and animal)
Also means: shod (שֹׁד "breast" H7699B)
שֹׁד (shod) — breast.
1) breast, bosom, (female) breast
1a) breast (of woman)
1b) breast (of animal)
1c) breast (of both human and animal)
N-md — Noun common · masculine dual absoluteHNcmda
כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'
כִּי conj. that, for, when
that
Of time, when, of the past
elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם
when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though
Because, since
base
כִּי אם־
each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:
that if
for if
(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—
limiting the prec. clause, except
the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
after an oath, surely
base
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that
. . Of time, when, of the past
. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם
. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though
. Because, since
H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if
. for if
. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except
. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
. after an oath, surely
H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
3588 kiy kee
a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional
prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent
or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative
conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by
other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,
where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,
even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +
nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,
therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,
whether, while, whom, yea, yet.
כִּי (ki) — for.
1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since
1a) that
1a1) yea, indeed
1b) when (of time)
1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)
1c) because, since (causal connection)
1d) but (after negative)
1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if
1f) but rather, but
1g) except that
1h) only, nevertheless
1i) surely
1j) that is
1k) but if
1l) for though
1m) forasmuch as, for therefore
כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.
1) except if
1a) but if
1b) even though
כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.
1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since
1a) that
1a1) yea, indeed
1b) when (of time)
1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)
1c) because, since (causal connection)
1d) but (after negative)
Conj — ParticleHTc
יָנַק (yanaq) means to suck or suckle, particularly in the context of an infant nursing at its mother's breast. It can also refer to the act of giving milk or nursing, with related forms indicating a nursing mother or suckling child. The entries consistently emphasize the nurturing aspect of this word.
[יָנַק] vb. suck
Qal suck, of infant at mother's breast
Hiph. give suck to, nurse
base
H3243 יָנַק suck .suck, of infant at mother's breast
. give suck to, nurse
3243 yanaq yaw-nak'
a primitive root; to suck; causatively, to give milk:--milch,
nurse(-ing mother), (give, make to) suck(-ing child, -ling).
יָנַק (ya.naq) — to suckle.
1) to suckle, nurse, suck
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to suck
1a2) suckling, babe (subst)
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to give suck to, nurse
1b2) nursing, nursing woman, nurse (participle)
V-Qal-Imperf-1cs — Verb · Qal · imperfect first person common singularHVqi1cs
