Psalms 119:162 — Word Study
WLCשָׂ֣שׂ אָ֭נֹכִֽי עַל־ אִמְרָתֶ֑ךָ כְּ֝מוֹצֵ֗א שָׁלָ֥ל רָֽב׃
BSAIʼânôkîy [as a humble speaker] rejoicesûws [feel joyful, cheerful] inʻal Your promiseʼimrâh [divine, word, saying, what you have promised to do for me] like one who findsmâtsâʼ [discovers, attains] greatrab [abundant, immense] spoilshâlâl [treasure, plunder]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| שָׂ֣שׂ | [am] rejoicing | Verb, Qal, participle (active) masculine singular |
| אָ֭נֹכִֽי | I | Pronoun |
| עַל־ | on | Preposition |
| אִמְרָתֶ֑ךָ | word your | Noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
| כְּ֝מוֹצֵ֗א | like [one who] brings out | Preposition, verb qal participle (active) masculine singular common |
| שָׁלָ֥ל | plunder | Noun common, masculine singular absolute |
| רָֽב׃ | much | Adj |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | I rejoice in Your promise like one who finds great spoil. |
| KJV | I rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil. |
| ASV | I rejoice at thy word, As one that findeth great spoil. |
| YLT | I do rejoice concerning Thy saying, As one finding abundant spoil. |
| WEB | I rejoice at your word, as one who finds great plunder. |
| BBE | I am delighted by your saying, like a man who makes discovery of great wealth. |
Where they part company is רָֽב — see How Translations Differ.
The sentence consists of a main clause expressing joy and a subordinate clause that provides a simile for that joy.
7 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, AdamClarke & more — read them ›
clause
subjectאָנֹכִי
verbשׂוּשׂ
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 119:162
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Meditation on God's Wordgenerated
Psalm 119:162 reflects the psalmist's deep appreciation for God's promises, likening the joy of receiving them to the excitement of finding a great treasure. This verse is nestled within a larger context of expressing love for God's law and the comfort it brings amidst trials, as seen in the surrounding verses.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 119:72–111 | The law from Your mouth is more precious to me than thousands of pieces of gold and silver. |
| 2 | Jeremiah 15:16 | Your words were found, and I ate them. Your words became my joy and my heart’s delight. For I bear Your name, O LORD God of Hosts. |
| 3 | 1 Samuel 30:16 | So he led David down, and there were the Amalekites spread out over all the land, eating, drinking, and celebrating the great amount of plunder they had taken from the land of the Philistines and the land of Judah. |
| 4 | Proverbs 16:19 | It is better to be lowly in spirit among the humble than to divide the spoil with the proud. |
| 5 | Isaiah 9:3 | You have enlarged the nation and increased its joy. The people rejoice before You as they rejoice at harvest time, as men rejoice in dividing the plunder. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 5 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — שָׂ֣שׂ, sasgenerated
The word שׂוּשׂ (sas) is a participle in the Qal stem, indicating an ongoing action of rejoicing. It conveys a sense of brightness and cheerfulness, often used in contexts of celebration or gratitude. The psalmist's choice of this word emphasizes the depth of his joy in God's promise.
This term appears frequently in the Hebrew Bible, often associated with expressions of joy and gladness. The psalmist's use of it here highlights the intensity of his emotional response to God's word, suggesting that such promises bring immense delight.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against. The BSB uses rejoice for שָׂ֣שׂ, which is consistent with the KJV and ASV.
Where translations differ is in the rendering of רָֽב. The LSV and YLT use abundant, while the NETB opts for much, and the FBV chooses immense. This illustrates a range of interpretations regarding the magnitude of the treasure found.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb שָׂ֣שׂ governs the whole verse, with the subject אָ֭נֹכִֽי clearly identified as the speaker. The structure emphasizes the psalmist's personal joy in God's promise.
The phrase כְּ֝מוֹצֵ֗א introduces a simile, comparing the joy of the speaker to that of someone discovering great spoil. This comparison enriches the emotional weight of the verse.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
In the Septuagint, שָׂ֣שׂ is rendered as ἀγαλλιάσομαι (agaliasomai), which also conveys a sense of rejoicing but may carry a slightly different connotation of exultation. This choice reflects the translators' understanding of the emotional depth of the Hebrew term.
The Greek word for שָׁלָ֥ל is σκῦλα (skūla), emphasizing the spoils of war, aligning with the original context of finding treasure.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 119:162 shows the psalmist rejoicing in God's promise, comparing that joy to the excitement of finding great treasure. This reflects a deep appreciation for God's word, especially during difficult times.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The psalmist refers to God's assurances and commitments, which provide hope and guidance, as expressed throughout the psalm.
This comparison illustrates the immense value and joy that the psalmist finds in God's word, akin to the thrill of discovering something precious.
Consider how God's promises bring you joy and comfort, especially in challenging times, and reflect on the value of His word in your daily life.
The use of 'I' personalizes the experience of joy, emphasizing that this is a heartfelt response from the psalmist to God's promises.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- What promises from God bring you joy in your life?
- How do you express your joy in God's word?
- In what ways can you seek out God's promises during difficult times?
- What treasures have you discovered in your relationship with God?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
The early church fathers, including Augustine of Hippo, referenced this verse to illustrate the joy found in God's word, comparing it to the exhilaration of finding great treasure.
Then follows, "I am as glad of Your word as one that finds great spoils" [Psalms 119:162]. By the same words he conquered, of which he stood in awe.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 119 →
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 119:162 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleI rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil. At having it, which is a distinguishing blessing; all are not favoured with it; and is an inestimable treasure, a field in which a treasure
Read John Gill on Psalms 119 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryI rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil. I rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 119 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 119:162 I rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil.Ver. 162. I rejoice at thy word] Libenter omnibus omnes opes concesserim, &c., I would gladly leave all the wealth in the world to others, saith Cicero (Epist. lib. 9), so that I might without disturbance live and die in the study of learning. What marvel, then, that David was so taken with heavenly learning? As one that findeth great spoil] Which as it Cometh oft unexpectedly (and is therefore the better welcome), so the profit is usually very great (as was at the sack of Constantinople), and the pleasure (besides the honour) is no less than the profit, because gotten from an enemy. George Fransperg, a general in the…
Read John Trapp on Psalms 119 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 162. As one that findeth great spoil.] שלל רב shalal rab. This appears to refer to such spoil as is acquired by stripping the dead in a field of battle, taking the rich garments of the slain chiefs; or it may refer to plunder in general. As God opened his eyes he beheld wonders in his law; and each discovery of this kind was like finding a prize.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 119 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges162. Holy awe is not inconsistent with holy joy. Cp. Psalms 119:119-120; Matthew 28:8. as one &c.] Cp. Isaiah 9:3.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 119 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleI rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil - Plunder in a camp; prey; booty: as the hunter or the warrior, when he lights on great and unexpected success.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 119 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bibleùׁ, Shin.161-168. Princes have persecuted me—Persecutions still return, yet “the joy of the Lord” is his strength.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Psalms 119 →The verse in English, compared — 16 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
I rejoice in Your promise like one who finds great spoil.
I rejoice at your word, as one who finds great plunder.
I rejoice in Your promise like one who finds great spoil.
I rejoice in your instructions, like one who finds much plunder.
Tyndale line
I rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil.
I rejoice at thy word, As one that findeth great spoil.
I rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil.
I rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil.
I reioyce at thy worde, as one that findeth a great spoyle.
Strictly literal
I have joy in thy *word, as one that findeth great spoil.
I do rejoice concerning Thy saying, As one finding abundant spoil.
I rejoice concerning Your saying, || As one finding abundant spoil.
I am rejoiced over thy promise, as one that findeth great spoil.
I rejoice at your word like one who finds great plunder.
Simplified
Your word makes me so happy—I'm like someone who discovers immense treasure.
I am delighted by your saying, like a man who makes discovery of great wealth.
Word by word, the decisions they made
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text reads: "שָׂ֣שׂ אָ֭נֹכִֽי עַל־ אִמְרָתֶ֑ךָ כְּ֝מוֹצֵ֗א שָׁלָ֥ל רָֽב׃" which translates to "I rejoice in Your promise like one who finds great spoil." The Septuagint agrees with the Masoretic Text in its word-by-word correspondence, confirming the same meaning. The Dead Sea Scrolls (11Q5) also align closely with the Masoretic Text, with a slight variation in spelling for "אִמְרָתֶךָ" as "אמרת׳כה" but maintaining the overall message. Thus, both the Septuagint and the Dead Sea Scrolls support the reading found in the Masoretic Text without significant differences in meaning.
שָׂ֣שׂ אָ֭נֹכִֽי עַל־ אִמְרָתֶ֑ךָ כְּ֝מוֹצֵ֗א שָׁלָ֥ל רָֽב׃
7 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
שש אנוכי על אמרת׳כה ממוצא שלל רב
7 words on the leather.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 119:162
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
שׂוּשׂ (suws) is a Hebrew verb meaning to exult or rejoice. It conveys a sense of brightness and cheerfulness, often associated with displaying joy. The entries consistently emphasize its use in expressing joy and gladness.
שׂוּשׂ, שִׂישׂ vb. exult, rejoice
base
H7797 שׂוּשׂ, שִׂישׂ exult, rejoice
7797 suws soos
or siys {sece}; a primitive root; to be bright, i.e.
cheerful:--be glad, X greatly, joy, make mirth, rejoice.
שׂוּשׂ (su.s) — to rejoice.
1) to exult, rejoice
1a) (Qal) to exult, display joy
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singularHVqrmsa
The Hebrew word אָֽנֹכִ֫י (*anokiy*) is a first-person singular pronoun meaning 'I' or 'me.' It is a variant spelling of אֲנִי (*ani*), which also means 'I.' The entries confirm its use as a personal pronoun without significant disagreement among lexicons.
אָֽנֹכִ֫י, אָנֹ֑כִי pron. 1s. comm. I
base
H595 אָֽנֹכִ֫י, אָנֹ֑כִי I
595 'anokiy aw-no-kee'
sometimes {aw-no'-kee}; a primitive pro.; I:--I, me, X
which.
אָֽנֹכִ֫י (a.no.khi) — I.
I (first pers. sing.)
Another spelling of a.ni (אֲנִי, אָֽנֹכִ֫י "I" H0589)
Pron — PronounHPp1bs
The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.
כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as
base
עַל, עָ֑ל
subst. height
As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed
—
of clothing, etc., which any one wears
With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears
. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it
. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him
. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him
. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him
. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)
5921 `al al
properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the
singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a
particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always
in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great
variety of applications (as follow):--above, according
to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because
of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both
and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in
(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,
through(-out), to, touching, X with.
see HEBREW for 05920
עַל (al) — upon.
prep
1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against
1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards
1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)
1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)
1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)
1e) over (of suspension or extension)
1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)
1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)
1h) to (as a dative)
[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.
conj
Prep — PrepositionHR
On
Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…
(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…
See HELIOPOLIS.
pain; force; iniquity
אִמְרָה (imrah) refers to an utterance, speech, or word, and can denote a word of God, including commands and promises. It also has a connotation of a threat, particularly in the context of divine judgment. The term is feminine and is derived from a related root, אֶמְרָה (emrah), which shares similar meanings.
ref
H565a אִמְרָה utternace, speech, word H565b אֶמְרָה id. [565a]
565 'imrah im-raw'
or memrah {em-raw'}; feminine of 561, and meaning the
same:--commandment, speech, word.
see HEBREW for 0561
אִמְרָה (im.rah) — word.
1) utterance, speech, word
1a) word of God (command and promise)
אֶמְרָה (im.rah) — threat.
threat (of judgement from God)
N-fs | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffixHNcfsc/Sp2ms
מָצָא (matsa') is a Hebrew verb meaning to find or attain. It encompasses a range of actions, including discovering something lost, encountering someone, or coming upon a situation. The word can also imply being present or sufficient. Lexicons note various forms and uses, including Qal, Niphal, and Hiphil, which indicate different nuances of finding and encountering.
מָצָא 452 vb. attain to, find
Qal
find
find out
= come upon, light upon
noteworthy phrases
Niph. pass. of Qal, be found
Hiph.
cause to find, attain
cause to light upon, come upon, come
cause to encounter
present unto
base
H4672 מָצָא attain to, find
4672 matsa' maw-tsaw'
a primitive root; properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or
exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or acquire;
figuratively, to occur, meet or be present:--+ be able,
befall, being, catch, X certainly, (cause to) come (on, to, to
hand), deliver, be enough (cause to) find(-ing, occasion,
out), get (hold upon), X have (here), be here, hit, be left,
light (up-)on, meet (with), X occasion serve, (be) present,
ready, speed, suffice, take hold on.
מָצָא (ma.tsa) — to find.
1) to find, attain to
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to find
1a1a) to find, secure, acquire, get (thing sought)
1a1b) to find (what is lost)
1a1c) to meet, encounter
1a1d) to find (a condition)
1a1e) to learn, devise
1a2) to find out
1a2a) to find out
1a2b) to detect
1a2c) to guess
1a3) to come upon, light upon
1a3a) to happen upon, meet, fall in with
1a3b) to hit
1a3c) to befall
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be found
1b1a) to be encountered, be lighted upon, be discovered
1b1b) to appear, be recognised
1b1c) to be discovered, be detected
1b1d) to be gained, be secured
1b2) to be, be found
1b2a) to be found in
1b2b) to be in the possession of
1b2c) to be found in (a place), happen to be
1b2d) to be left (after war)
1b2e) to be present
1b2f) to prove to be
1b2g) to be found sufficient, be enough
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to cause to find, attain
1c2) to cause to light upon, come upon, come
1c3) to cause to encounter
Prep | V-Qal — Preposition · verb qal participle (active) masculine singular commonHR/Vqrmsc
שָׁלָל (shalal) refers to prey, spoil, or plunder, often in the context of war. It is derived from the root word שָׁלַל (H7997). The term encompasses various forms of gain, including private plunder and booty. The entries consistently emphasize its association with spoils of war.
שָׁלָל 75 n.m. prey, spoil, plunder, booty
base
H7998 שָׁלָל prey, spoil, plunder, booty
7998 shalal shaw-lawl'
from 7997; booty:--prey, spoil.
see HEBREW for 07997
שָׁלָל (sha.lal) — spoil.
1) prey, plunder, spoil, booty
1a) prey
1b) booty, spoil, plunder (of war)
1c) plunder (private)
1d) gain (meaning uncertain)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absoluteHNcmsa
רַב (rav) means much, many, or great, often used in contrast to מְעַט (me'at). It can describe abundance in quantity or rank and is also used as a noun for chief or captain. The word conveys a range of meanings from numerous to exceedingly, and it can function as both an adjective and a noun.
רַב 429 adj. much, many, great
(oft. opp. מְעַט)
much: of substances
esp. of collectives, numerous
pl. many
רַב as subst. coll. pers.
cstr. = abounding in
מִן comp. = more numerous than
רַב = abundant, enough
as adv. much, exceedingly
less oft. great
base
רַב 49 n.m. chief
base
H7227a רַב much, many, great . (oft. opp. מְעַט) . . much: of substances
. esp. of collectives, numerous
. pl. many
. רַב as subst. coll. pers.
. cstr. = abounding in
. + מִן comp. = more numerous than
. רַב = abundant, enough
. as adv. much, exceedingly
. less oft. great
H7227b רַב chief
7227 rab rab
by contracted from 7231; abundant (in quantity, size, age,
number, rank, quality):--(in) abound(-undance, -ant, -antly),
captain, elder, enough, exceedingly, full, great(-ly, man,
one), increase, long (enough, (time)), (do, have) many(-ifold,
things, a time), ((ship-))master, mighty, more, (too, very)
much, multiply(-tude), officer, often(-times), plenteous,
populous, prince, process (of time), suffice(-lent).
see HEBREW for 07231
רַב (rav) — many.
adj
1) much, many, great
1a) much
1b) many
1c) abounding in
1d) more numerous than
1e) abundant, enough
1f) great
1g) strong
1h) greater than
adv
1i) much, exceedingly
רַב (rav) — chief.
captain, chief
Aramaic equivalent: rav.re.van (רַבְרְבָן "noble" H7261)
רַב (rav) — (Sidon) the Great.
Combined with tsi.don (צִידוֹן "Sidon" H6721H)
§ captain, chief
Adj — AdjHAamsa