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Song of Solomon 6:3 — Word Study

Depth

WLCאֲנִ֤י לְדוֹדִי֙ וְדוֹדִ֣י לִ֔י הָרֹעֶ֖ה בַּשׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים׃ ס

BSAIʼănîy [as a devoted lover] belong to my beloveddôwd [my loved one, dear to me] and [he]dôwd he pastures [his flock]râʻâh [feeds, takes care of, those under his care] among the liliesshûwshan

Word
Listen & take awaySong of Solomon 6
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (ba.sho.sha.Nim) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Song of Solomon 6:3quick helps
In a sentenceThe speaker expresses a deep mutual belonging with their beloved, highlighting care and affection.
Who is speakingThe speaker, expressing love and devotion to their beloved.
Where we areThis verse is part of a poetic dialogue emphasizing romantic love.
The hard wordרָעָה
Take awayThe imagery of a shepherd caring for his flock underscores the nurturing aspect of love.
clause subjectאֲנִי The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Song of Solomon 6:3

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Song of Solomongenerated

2My beloved has gone down to his garden, to the beds of spices, to pasture his flock in the gardens and to gather lilies.
3I belong to my beloved and he belongs to me; he pastures his flock among the lilies.
4You are as beautiful, my darling, as Tirzah, as lovely as Jerusalem, as majestic as troops with banners.
5Turn your eyes away from me, for they have overcome me. Your hair is like a flock of goats streaming down from Gilead.

Song of Solomon 6:3 illustrates the intimate relationship between the speaker and their beloved, emphasizing themes of love, belonging, and care. The surrounding verses further highlight the beauty and affection shared in this relationship, as seen in Song of Solomon 6:2 and Song of Solomon 6:4.


The Key Word דוֹד, do.Digenerated

The word דוֹד, transliterated as dod, means 'beloved' and conveys a sense of deep affection. It is derived from a root that suggests warmth and passion, often used in romantic contexts. In this verse, it signifies a close, loving relationship.

The possessive form לְדוֹדִי indicates that the beloved is dear to the speaker, emphasizing mutual belonging. The repetition of this term reinforces the bond shared between them.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, which uses belong to convey the mutual relationship.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb רָעָה, who is grazing, governs the sentence, with two noun phrases serving as subjects: אֲנִי and דוֹדִי. The structure emphasizes the relationship between the speaker and the beloved, with the grazing imagery providing a nurturing backdrop.

The prepositional phrases לְדוֹדִי and בַּשׁוֹשַׁנִּים add context, indicating possession and location, respectively. The Hebrew word order places emphasis on the subjects and their actions.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates דוֹד as μου, meaning 'my' or 'of me', which aligns with the possessive nature of the Hebrew. This choice reinforces the intimate connection between the speaker and their beloved.

The Greek word ποιμαίνων corresponds to רָעָה, indicating the act of shepherding. This choice carries a similar nurturing connotation, emphasizing care within the relationship.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Song of Solomon 6:3 expresses a deep bond between the speaker and their beloved, stating that they belong to each other. The verse also highlights the beloved's role in caring for their flock among the lilies, symbolizing beauty and nurturing love.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean to say 'I belong to my beloved'?

This phrase expresses a deep emotional and relational connection, indicating that the speaker finds identity and security in their relationship.

Why is the imagery of pasturing a flock significant?

The imagery suggests care, protection, and nurturing, highlighting the beloved's role in tending to those under their care.

What do the lilies symbolize in this context?

Lilies often symbolize purity and beauty, enhancing the romantic and idyllic nature of the relationship depicted in the verse.

How does this verse reflect the overall themes of the Song of Solomon?

This verse encapsulates the themes of love, belonging, and mutual care that permeate the Song of Solomon, illustrating the beauty of romantic relationships.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways do I express my love and care for those close to me?
  2. How can I cultivate a sense of belonging in my relationships?
  3. What symbols of beauty and purity resonate with my understanding of love?
  4. How do I nurture the relationships in my life, similar to the shepherd's care for their flock?

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

I belong to my beloved and he belongs to me; he pastures his flock among the lilies.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

I am my beloved’s, and my beloved is mine. He browses among the lilies.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

I belong to my beloved and he belongs to me; he pastures his flock among the lilies.

NETBNew English Translation2006

I am my lover’s and my lover is mine; he grazes among the lilies.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

I am my beloved’s, and my beloved is mine: he feedeth among the lilies.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

I am my beloved’s, and my beloved is mine: He feedeth his flock among the lilies.

RVARevised Version, American1894

I am my beloved’s, and my beloved is mine: he feedeth his flock among the lilies.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

I am my beloved's, and my beloved is mine: he feedeth among the lilies.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Thou art beautifull, my loue, as Tirzah, comely as Ierusale, terrible as an army with baners.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

I am my beloved's, and my beloved is mine: He feedeth [his flock] among the lilies.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

I [am] my beloved's, and my beloved [is] mine, Who is delighting himself among the lilies.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

I [am] my beloved’s, and my beloved [is] mine, || Who is delighting himself among the lilies.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

I am my friend's, and my friend is mine: he that feedeth among the lilies.—

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

I am my beloved's, and my beloved is mine; he grazes among the lilies with pleasure.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Thou art beautiful, O my love, sweet and comely as Jerusalem: terrible as an army set in array.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

I am my love's, and my love is mine! He is the one who feeds among the lilies.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

I am for my loved one, and my loved one is for me; he takes food among the lilies.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausesubjectאֲנִ֤יIprepositional phrase · predicateלְ[belong].tonoun phraseדוֹדִloverי֙myוְandclausenoun phrase · subjectדוֹדִ֣loverיmyprepositional phrase · predicateלִ֔[belongs].toיmeclausenoun phrase · predicateהָthe.[onenoun phraseclauseverbרֹעֶ֖הwho.is].grazingprepositional phrase · prepositionalבַּamongnoun phrasetheשׁוֹשַׁנִּֽיםlilies

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text (MT) of Song of Solomon 6:3 reads: "אֲנִ֤י לְדוֹדִי֙ וְדוֹדִ֣י לִ֔י הָרֹעֶ֖ה בַּשׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים׃ ס" which translates to "I belong to my beloved and he belongs to me; he pastures his flock among the lilies." The Septuagint (LXX) aligns closely with the MT, matching 6 out of 6 words, although its word order and articles differ due to the nature of Greek syntax. The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Dead Sea Scrolls do not provide additional variants for this verse, so the MT and LXX can be considered in agreement with each other on this passage.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

אֲנִ֤י לְדוֹדִי֙ וְדוֹדִ֣י לִ֔י הָרֹעֶ֖ה בַּשׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים׃ ס

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
אֲנִ֤יἐγὼלְדוֹדִי֙μουוְדוֹדִ֣יμουלִ֔יἐμοὶהָרֹעֶ֖הποιμαίνωνבַּשׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים׃ סκρίνοις

6 of the 6 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Song of Solomon 6:3אֲנִיIIאֲנִידּוֹד[belong] to[belong] to lovדּוֹדדּוֹדand lover mand lover myדּוֹדנִי[belongs] t[belongs] to meנִיבֵּית־עֵ֫קֶדwho [is] grwho [is] grazinבֵּית־עֵ֫קֶדשׁוּשַׁןamong the lamong the lilieשׁוּשַׁןאָֽנֹכִ֫יIIאָֽנֹכִ֫ישׂוּשׂto rejoiceto rejoiceשׂוּשׂחֲנַמְאֵלHanamelHanamelחֲנַמְאֵלנְאֻםutteranceutteranceנְאֻםיָדַעto knowto knowיָדַערָבַץto stretchto stretchרָבַץעֵ֫דֶרflockflockעֵ֫דֶרבַּתbathbathבַּתפֶּ֫רַחflowerflowerפֶּ֫רַח
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Song of Solomon 6:3

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

I [belong] to lover my and lover my [belongs] to me who [is] grazing among the lilies
אֲנִ֤י'a.Ni I H589 Pronoun
874× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is a simple way of saying 'I' or 'me', often used for emphasis. It is used by people like David in the Psalms to express their thoughts and feelings. The word is a basic part of the Hebrew language.
Amplified meaning
as a devoted lover
Tyndale gloss
I
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֲנִי, transliterated as aniy, is a first-person singular pronoun meaning 'I' or 'me.' It is often used for emphasis and can also imply possession, as in 'mine' or 'myself.' The word is derived from a form that indicates self-reference, and it appears in various contexts throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֲנִי, אָ֑נִי pron. 1s. comm. I

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H589 אֲנִי, אָ֑נִי I

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

589 'aniy an-ee'

contracted from 595; I:--I, (as for) me, mine, myself, we, X

which, X who.

see HEBREW for 0595

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֲנִי (a.ni) — I.

I (first pers. sing. -usually used for emphasis)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Pronoun
HPp1bs
I [belong] to lover my and lover my [belongs] to me who [is] grazing among the lilies
לְדוֹדִי֙le.do.Di [belong] to lover my H1730 Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
61× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means 'beloved' or 'love', implying a strong affection, and can also refer to an uncle or close relative.
Amplified meaning
my loved one, dear to me
Tyndale gloss
beloved
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

דּוֹד (dod) means 'beloved' and can refer to love in a general sense, as well as specifically to an uncle. It is derived from a root meaning 'to boil,' figuratively relating to love. The entries consistently emphasize its meanings related to affection and familial ties.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

דּוֹד n.m. beloved, love (pl.), uncle

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1730 דּוֹד beloved, love (pl.), uncle

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1730 dowd dode

or (shortened) dod {dode}; from an unused root meaning

properly, to boil, i.e. (figuratively) to love; by

implication, a love- token, lover, friend; specifically an

uncle:--(well-)beloved, father's brother, love, uncle.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

דּוֹד (dod) — beloved.

: beloved

1) beloved, love, uncle

1a) loved one, beloved

1b) uncle

1c) love (pl. abstract)

דּוֹד (dod) — beloved: love.

: love

1) beloved, love, uncle

1a) loved one, beloved

1b) uncle

1c) love (pl. abstract)

דּוֹד (dod) — beloved: male relative.

: male_relative

1) beloved, love, uncle

1a) loved one, beloved

1b) uncle

1c) love (pl. abstract)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-ms | Suff — Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HR/Ncmsc/Sp1bs
I [belong] to lover my and lover my [belongs] to me who [is] grazing among the lilies
וְדוֹדִ֣יve.do.Di and lover my H1730 Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
61× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means 'beloved' or 'love', implying a strong affection, and can also refer to an uncle or close relative.
Tyndale gloss
beloved
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

דּוֹד (dod) means 'beloved' and can refer to love in a general sense, as well as specifically to an uncle. It is derived from a root meaning 'to boil,' figuratively relating to love. The entries consistently emphasize its meanings related to affection and familial ties.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

דּוֹד n.m. beloved, love (pl.), uncle

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1730 דּוֹד beloved, love (pl.), uncle

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1730 dowd dode

or (shortened) dod {dode}; from an unused root meaning

properly, to boil, i.e. (figuratively) to love; by

implication, a love- token, lover, friend; specifically an

uncle:--(well-)beloved, father's brother, love, uncle.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

דּוֹד (dod) — beloved.

: beloved

1) beloved, love, uncle

1a) loved one, beloved

1b) uncle

1c) love (pl. abstract)

דּוֹד (dod) — beloved: love.

: love

1) beloved, love, uncle

1a) loved one, beloved

1b) uncle

1c) love (pl. abstract)

דּוֹד (dod) — beloved: male relative.

: male_relative

1) beloved, love, uncle

1a) loved one, beloved

1b) uncle

1c) love (pl. abstract)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-ms | Suff — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular construct · suffix
HC/Ncmsc/Sp1bs
I [belong] to lover my and lover my [belongs] to me who [is] grazing among the lilies
לִ֔יLi [belongs] to me H9030 Preposition · suffix
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נִי (ni) — me.

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 1st person singular

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Sp1bs — Preposition · suffix
HR/Sp1bs
I [belong] to lover my and lover my [belongs] to me who [is] grazing among the lilies
הָרֹעֶ֖הha.ro.'Eh who [is] grazing H7462 Particle · verb qal participle (active) masculine singular
177× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to care for or tend to someone or something, like a shepherd with his flock. It can also mean to rule over or associate with someone as a friend, and is sometimes used to describe a close relationship.
Amplified meaning
feeds, takes care of, those under his care
Tyndale gloss
House of Shepherds
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word רָעָה (*ra'ah*) is built from a primitive root meaning to tend or pasture a flock. It covers a range of meanings including to graze, rule, associate with, and befriend. The term appears in contexts related to shepherding and companionship, with a specific mention of the 'binding-house of shepherds' in 2 Kings 10:12.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בֵּית־עֵ֫קֶד הָרֹעִים perh. n.pr.loc. (binding-house of the shepherds) 2 K 10:12

base

רָעָה 167 vb. pasture, tend, graze

Qal

trans.

intrans.

Niph. poss.

Hiph. v.

base

[רָעָה] vb. prob. associate with

Qal cherish faithfulness

Hithp. do not make companionship with a bad-tempered man

base

[רָעָה] vb. denom. Pi. be a special friend;—Ju 14:20

ref

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7462a בֵּית־עֵ֫קֶד הָרֹעִים binding-house of shepherds H7462b רָעָה pasture, tend, graze H7462c רָעָה prob. associate with H7462d רָעָה vb. denom. Pi. be a special friend

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7462 ra`ah raw-aw'

a primitive root; to tend a flock; i.e. pasture it;

intransitively, to graze (literally or figuratively);

generally to rule; by extension, to associate with (as a

friend):--X break, companion, keep company with, devour, eat

up, evil entreat, feed, use as a friend, make friendship with,

herdman, keep (sheep)(-er), pastor, + shearing house,

shepherd, wander, waste.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בֵּית־עֵ֫קֶד הָרֹעִים (bet-e.qed ha.ro.im) — House of Shepherds.

Ra'ah = "pasturing"

perh. "binding-house of the shepherds"

רָעָה (ra.ah) — to pasture.

1) to pasture, tend, graze, feed

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to tend, pasture

1a1a) to shepherd

1a1b) of ruler, teacher (fig)

1a1c) of people as flock (fig)

1a1d) shepherd, herdsman (subst)

1a2) to feed, graze

1a2a) of cows, sheep etc (literal)

1a2b) of idolater, Israel as flock (fig)

1b) (Hiphil) shepherd, shepherdess

Also means: ro.i (רֹעִי "to shepherd" H7473)

רָעָה (ra.ah) — to accompany.

1) to associate with, be a friend of (meaning probable)

1a) (Qal) to associate with

1b) (Hithpael) to be companions

רָעָה (ra.ah) — to befriend.

(Piel) to be a special friend

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | V-Qal — Particle · verb qal participle (active) masculine singular
HTd/Vqrmsa
I [belong] to lover my and lover my [belongs] to me who [is] grazing among the lilies
בַּשׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים׃ סba.sho.sha.Nim among the lilies H7799 Preposition · noun common masculine plural absolute
17× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word refers to a lily flower, which was also used as a symbol in architecture. It is mentioned in the title of Psalm 45. The word 'lily' represents purity and beauty.
Tyndale gloss
lily
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שׁוּשַׁן (shuwshan) refers primarily to a lily, likely encompassing any lily-like flower. It can also denote a type of trumpet due to its shape. The term appears in various forms, including שׁוֹשַׁנָּה (shoshanah) and is associated with the title of Psalm 45:1 as Shoshannim. The word is derived from a root meaning related to whiteness.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שׁוּשַׁן, שׁוֹשָׁ֑ן n.m. שׁוֹשַׁנָּה n.f. usually lily, prob. any lily-like flower

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7799 שׁוּשַׁן, שׁוֹשָׁ֑ן, שׁוֹשַׁנָּה, שׁוּשַׁן עֵדוּת, שֹׁשָׁן

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7799 shuwshan shoo-shan'

or showshan {sho-shawn'}; or shoshan {sho- shawn'}; and

(feminine) showshannah {sho-shan-naw'}; from 7797; a lily

(from its whiteness), as a flower of arch. ornament; also a

(straight) trumpet (from the tubular shape): lily, Shoshannim.

see HEBREW for 07797

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שׁוּשַׁן (shu.shan) — lily.

1) lily

1a) probably any lily-like flower

1b) Shoshannim, in title of Ps 45:1

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-cp — Preposition · noun common masculine plural absolute
HRd/Ncmpa
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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