Nu. 1 1 AND the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the tent of meeting, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they were come out of the land 2 of Egypt, saying, Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, every male, by their 3 polls; from twenty years old and upward, all that are able to go forth to war in Israel, thou 4 and Aaron shall number them by their hosts. And with you there shall be a man of every 5 tribe; every one head of his fathers’ house. And these are the names of the men that shall 6 stand with you: of Reuben; Elizur the son of Shedeur. Of Simeon; Shelumiel the son of 7,8 Zurishaddai. Of Judah; Nahshon the son of Amminadab. Of Issachar; Nethanel the son 9,10 of Zuar. Of Zebulun; Eliab the son of Helon. Of the children of Joseph: of Ephraim; 11 Elishauma the son of Ammihud: of Manasseh; Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. Of Benjamin; 12,13 Abidan the son of Gideoni. Of Dan; Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. Of Asher; Pagiel 14,15 the son of Ochran. Of Gad; Eliasaph the son of Deuel. Of Naphtali; Ahira the son of 16 Enan. These are they that were called of the congregation, the princes of the tribes of their 17 fathers; they were the heads of the thousands of Israel. And Moses and Aaron took these 18 men which are expressed by name: and they assembled all the congregation together on the first day of the second month, and they declared their pedigrees after their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, by 19 their polls. As the LORD commanded Moses, so he numbered them in the wilderness of Sinai. 44 These are they that were numbered, which Moses and Aaron numbered, and the princes of 45 Israel, being twelve men: they were each one for his fathers’ house. So all they that were numbered of the children of Israel by their fathers’ houses, from twenty years old and up- 46 ward, all that were able to go forth to war in Israel; even all they that were numbered were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty. 52 And the children of Israel shall pitch their tents, every man by his own camp, and every 53 man by his own standard, according to their hosts. But the Levites shall pitch round about the tabernacle of the testimony, that there be no wrath upon the congregation of the children 54 of Israel: and the Levites shall keep the charge of the tabernacle of the testimony. Thus did the children of Israel: according to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so did they. 2 1, 2 And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, The children of Israel shall pitch every man by his own standard, with the ensigns of their fathers’ houses: over against 3 the tent of meeting shall they pitch round about. And those that pitch on the east side toward the sunrising shall be they of the standard of the camp of Judah, according to their hosts. 9 All that were numbered of the camp of Judah were an hundred thousand and fourscore thousand and six thousand and four hundred, according to their hosts. They shall set forth first. 10 On the south side shall be the standard of the camp of Reuben according to their hosts. 16 All that were numbered of the camp of Reuben were an hundred thousand and fifty and one thousand and four hundred and fifty, according to their hosts. And they shall set forth second. 17 Then the tent of meeting shall set forward, with the camp of the Levites in the midst of the camps: as they encamp, so shall they set forward, every man in his place, by their standards.

18. On the west side shall be the standard of the camp of Ephraim according to their hosts.

24. All that were numbered of the camp of Ephraim were an hundred thousand and eight thousand and an hundred, according to their hosts. And they shall set forth third.

25. On the north side shall be the standard of the camp of Dan according to their hosts.

31. All that were numbered of the camp of Dan were an hundred thousand and fifty and seven thousand and six hundred. They shall set forth hindmost by their standards.

32. These are they that were numbered of the children of Israel by their fathers’ houses: all that were numbered of the camps according to their hosts were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty. But the Levites were not numbered among the children of Israel; as the LORD commanded Moses. Thus did the children of Israel; according to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so they pitched by their standards, and so they set forward, every one by their families, according to their fathers’ houses.

§ 1 Now these are the generations of Aaron and Moses in the day that the LORD spake with Moses in mount Sinai. And these are the names of the sons of Aaron; Nadab the firstborn, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. These are the names of the sons of Aaron, the priests which were anointed, whom he consecrated to minister in the priest’s office. And Nadab and Abihu died before the LORD, when they offered strange fire before the LORD, in the wilderness of Sinai, and they had no children: and Eleazar and Ithamar ministered in the priest’s office in the presence of Aaron their father.

[The text covering the numbers of the several tribes, and names of the particular tribes in each camp; also the double enumeration of the three families of Levi, with the special charge of each in the care of the tabernacle and its furniture, omitted for economy of space.]

The titles of the five books of Moses in our Bibles are all borrowed from the Greek translation of the Seventy. But the title of this book only we turn into English; in all the rest we retain the Greek word itself. This book might as well have been called Arithmos, the Greek title, as the first Genesis, and the second Exodus. H. — The book is so called from the two numberings (ch. 1 and ch. 26) of the people at the beginning and end of the wanderings. The book relates to a period of thirty-eight years and three months, from the completion of the Law-giving, “the first day of the second month of the second year” of the Exodus, to the first day of the fifth month of the fortieth year. Its contents have been thus summarized: (1) The breaking up of the encampment at Sinai; arrangement of the army, and the service of the priestly tribe, with an inventory of their charge; the parting service and blessing. (2) The march upon Canaan and its repulse. (3) Rebellions; confirmation of Moses and Aaron in authority; condemnation of the people to death in the wilderness. (4) Various events in the forty years’ wandering. (5) Events of the fortieth year, the deaths of Miriam and Aaron; Balaam’s mission; the corruption of the people by the Midianites, and its consequences; laws of inheritance, etc. From the death of Aaron to the opening of Deuteronomy there is a space of exactly six months. The first month of the six was passed at the foot of Mount Hor mourning for Aaron. Next ensued the journey to the brook Zered, accomplished within four weeks. Then came the two battles at Jahaz and Edrei. During the next two months the Israelites were engaged in completing and consolidating their conquest of Gilead and Bashan. J. P.

The Book of Numbers possesses characteristics which point unmistakably in the direction of a Mosaic authorship. [After enumerating these (Pal. Com.), Mr. Whitelaw concludes:] This book, when fairly and dispassionately interrogated, not only does not support the modern hypothesis of its being a late compilation from pre-existing documents, some of which had descended from primitive times but the majority of which were only the praiseworthy endeavors of subsequent ages to preserve the national traditions of the Beni-Israel from becoming extinct, but abundantly warrants the belief that while there is every probability that, like the rest of the Pentateuchal writings, it has been subjected to one or more revisions and may even have suffered interpolation in unimportant passages, yet in the main, and substantially as we still possess it, it proceeded as an original composition from the hand of Moses. T. W. [See also Introduction to Numbers, by Mr. Espin, Bib. Com., p. 650-52.]

The design of the encampment at Sinai was now fulfilled. The covenant was concluded; the Law had been given; the sanctuary was erected; the priests were consecrated; the worship had been arranged; and Jehovah dwelt in the midst of his chosen people. It was now time to think of departing, in order that the purpose to which the Israelites had been set apart might be accomplished. The immediate object was to take possession of the promised land. But this could not be done in a peaceable manner, for Canaan was inhabited by powerful and warlike tribes. It must be conquered; and the conquest of the land was to be connected with the extermination of the inhabitants, for the iniquity of the Amorites was now full. They had become ripe for judgment, and Israel was to execute it in the name and by the command of Jehovah. It was necessary, therefore, that the Israelites should be organized as an army of Jehovah. To this end a census was taken of those who were fit for war—viz., all the men of twenty years old and upward. The tribe of Levi alone was omitted. For this tribe, which had changed the curse of the patriarch Jacob into a blessing, through its zeal for the honor of God, was to be set apart from the rest of the tribes, and spend its life in the service of the sanctuary. Through this separation of an entire tribe, the significant number, twelve, which had been disturbed by the adoption of Joseph’s sons, was once more restored. As the numbering of the tribes was so closely related to the vocation of Israel, it was carried out with fitting pomp and ceremony. Moses and Aaron performed the task themselves, attended by one of the princes from each of the twelve tribes. K.

A month had passed away since the setting up of the tabernacle; and the Sinaitic legislation was now complete.

The labor involved in taking the census had already been partially anticipated. An order had been issued some months before that, whenever the sum of the Israelites was taken, every person numbered should offer an atonement-money of half a shekel, to be applied for the service of the tabernacle (Ex. 30:11 sqq.). Before the construction of the tabernacle was complete, such a poll-offering had been actually received (Ex. 38:25-28). The accordance of numerical results shows that the present census was based, not upon any fresh registration of individuals, but upon that which necessarily accompanied the previous collection of the offerings. From the round numbers in which the results are given, we may infer that the offerings had been tendered by the people in groups, and these probably determined by kindred. If certificates of registration were furnished to such groups, the new census might be easily carried out by means of these documents, and got through, as seems suggested by verse 18, in a single day. But while, for the purpose of the poll-offering, it sufficed to note merely the number of persons, it was now required to enroll them “after their families, by the house of their fathers.” The former registration too had been superintended by the Levites (Ex. 38:21); but now (verse 4) an assessor is to be named for each tribe to act in the business with Moses and Aaron; for the purpose now in view was not religious only. The census now taken would serve as a basis for various civil and military arrangements. Espin.

Israel, who had been numbered already (Ex. 38:26) as the Lord’s people, to be taxed for the sanctuary, are here numbered as the Lord’s host, with a view to the order of encampment. Here women and children, old men and strangers, are not included, but such only as were capable of military service; “all that are able to go forth to war,” “every male from twenty years old and upward.” C. G. B.—A careful distinction was to be made of tribes, families, and households; that every one might know, and deliver to his posterity, the tribe and family to which he belonged. God hereby further provided for the certain genealogy of the Messiah, hereafter to be born of this nation. Further, God hereby demonstrated to them how faithful he had been to the promise, made to Abraham and their forefathers, of multiplying and preserving their posterity. Pyle.

4-16. The significance of the names of these princes shows how much God was in the thoughts of those that gave them their names; for most of them have El, God, at one end or other of their names. Nethaneel, the gift of God; Eliab, my God a father; Elizur, my God a rock; Shelumiel, God my peace; Eliasaph, God has added; Elishama, my God has heard; Gamaliel, God my reward; Pagiel, God has met me. By which it appears that the Israelites in Egypt did not quite forget the name of their God, but preserved the remembrance of it in the names of their children, and therefore comforted themselves in their affliction. H.

44-46. The number of the fighting men. It appears from the record that on three several occasions—in the third month of the first year after the exodus for the purpose of raising a poll-tax (Ex. 30:11 sqq.); now, in the second month of the second year, for the organization of an army, and in the fortieth year, in the steppes of Moab, with a view to the prospective division of Canaan among the tribes (Nu. 26:4)—in accordance with Divine instructions, a formal registration of the male heads of the people from twenty years old and upward was effected, the result being that in each case the numbers were practically the same—603,550, 603,550, and 601,730; the Levites, who were reckoned separately, numbering 22,000 in the second census, and 23,000 in the third. The historic accuracy of the second and third lists receives authentication from the circumstance that, while the totals of both so nearly approximate, the difference being only 1820, considerable variations exist in the numbers of the individual tribes, as appears from the appended table, and that these can in no small degree be accounted for.

| | Smal. | Plains of Moab. | | — | — | — | | Reuben | 46,500 | 43,730 | | Simeon | 59,300 | 22,200 | | Gad | 45,650 | 40,500 | | Judah | 74,600 | 76,500 | | Issachar | 54,400 | 64,300 | | Zebulun | 57,400 | 60,500 | | Ephraim | 40,500 | 32,500 | | Manasseh | 32,200 | 52,700 | | Benjamin | 35,400 | 45,600 | | Dan | 62,700 | 64,400 | | Asher | 41,500 | 53,400 | | Naphtali | 53,400 | 45,400 | | Total | 603,550 | 601,730 |

The number of the congregation. Accepting then what seems to be indisputable, that the census of the adult males reached the round sum of 600,000, and estimating the proportion of those adult males or persons in the prime of life and capable of bearing arms to the rest of the population, in accordance with the somewhat precarious standard of modern statistics, as that of one to four or five, it may be safely concluded that the entire body of the people, or “the whole congregation,” numbered between two and three millions. T. W.

2 : 1-34. The tribes being mustered, registered, and formed into companies, the next orders given were about the form of their encampments and of their marches. Their general camp was to be in the form of a square; of which the four sides were to be placed toward the four quarters of the compass. Each side was to consist of three tribes, nearest related to each other; and they were to pitch at such a distance from the tabernacle, which was in the midst of all, as might show their reverence for it, at the same time that the whole camp might serve for its protection. Pyle.

Those tribes were placed together under the same standard, that were nearest of kin to each other; Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun, were the three youngest sons of Leah, and they were put together; Issachar and Zebulun would not grudge to be under Judah, since they were younger brethren. Reuben, Jacob’s eldest son, is made chief of the next squadron; Simeon no doubt is willing to be under him, and Gad, the son of Zilpah, Leah’s handmaid, is fitly added to them in Levi’s room. Ephraim, Manasseh, and Benjamin, are all the posterity of Rachel. Dan, the eldest son of Bilhah, is made a leading tribe, and to him were added the two younger sons of the handmaids. Thus unexceptionable was the order in which they were placed. God himself appointed them their place, to prevent strife and envy among them. Had they been left to determine precedency among themselves, they would have been in danger of quarrelling with one another; each would have had a pretence to be first, or at least not to be last. Had it been left to Moses to determine, they would have quarrelled with him and charged him with partiality; therefore God does it who is himself the Fountain and Judge of honor, and in his appointment all must acquiesce. If God in his providence advance others above us, we ought to be satisfied in his doing it. H.

Every three of the tribes had a common banner, while every one of them had besides a particular standard, with the ensign of “the house of their fathers.” The centre of the camp was occupied by the tabernacle; around this and nearest to it were the habitations of the priests and Levites; toward the east—Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun; toward the south—Reuben, Simeon, and Gad; toward the west—Ephraim, Manasseh, and Benjamin; and toward the north—Dan, Asher, and Naphtali. The whole formed a square according to the sketch on the following page. C. G. B.

Such was the ideal form of the encampment in the wilderness: a form reproduced in the square court with which the temple was eventually surrounded, and in the vision of the heavenly city as seen by Ezek. 48 : 20; and by John (Rev. 21 : 16; 20 : 9). Thus the camp of God’s earthly people was divinely ordered so as to set forth the completeness of his Church; and to illustrate by its whole arrangement, which was determined by the tabernacle in the centre, both the dependence of all on God, and the access which all enjoyed to God. The actual form of the encampment would no doubt, while observing this arrangement generally, vary in different places according to local exigencies. Espin.

On the march the camp of Judah, consisting of 186,400 soldiers, led the van. These were followed by the Gershonites and Merarites,

The whole may be said to consist of three camps—viz.: (1) The camp of the Lord: the inner square. (2) The camp of the Levites: the intermediate square. (3) And the camp of the people. These, in the grand camp in the wilderness, corresponded with the holy of holies, the holy place, and the outward court of the temple at Jerusalem. A. C.

13,700 strong, accompanied by the tabernacle furniture on wagons. Next came the camp of Reuben, numbering 151,450 men of war. Behind these the Kohathites, 8600, kept the charge of the sanctuary. These were succeeded by the camp of Ephraim, containing 108,100 adult males; while the camp of Dan, with 157,600 warriors, brought up the rear. In each case the soldiers were accompanied by their families, so that, counting women and children, each of the four camps may be roughly estimated at half a million. T. W.

3:1-4. The family of Aaron are alone mentioned, because these belonged to the priesthood. Moses passes by his own family or immediate descendants; he gave no rank or privilege to them during his life and left nothing to them at his death. They became incorporated with the Levites, from or among whom they are never distinguished. What a strong proof is this of the celestial origin of his religion! A. C.

44-51. The above numbers, besides excluding the tribe of Levi, included some who had no right there—namely, the first born, who were consecrated to Jehovah. Of both these classes, the Levites and the first-born, the census included the males from one month old and upward, and there were found to be: Of the first-born, 22,273, and of the tribe of Levi, 22,000. The difference amounted to 273 (verse 46). The Levites were taken for the service of Jehovah, in place of the first-born, man for man; the remaining 273 were redeemed for five shekels each; and this sum of 1365 shekels was given to Aaron and his sons (verse 50). This substitution of the Levites for the first-born gave the former a sacrificial as well as a sacerdotal holiness to Jehovah, an idea extended to all the redeemed, as “the church of the first-born.”

4:1-49. The Levites were again numbered from thirty to fifty years, for the service of the sanctuary; and to each of their three families their respective duties were assigned. The numbers were: of the Kohathites, 2750; of the sons of Gershon, 2630; of the sons of Merari, 3200; total of priests and Levites, 8580. P. S.

4. The sense is, “this is the charge of the sons of Kohath, the most holy things”—i e., the Ark of the Covenant, the Table of Shew-bread, the Candlestick, and the Golden Altar, as appears from the verses following, together with the furniture pertaining thereto. 5-20. Particular directions are laid down as to the preparation of these for being transported when the camp set forward, and strict injunction given that none but the priests were to take part in that duty. After the priests had covered the most holy things and made them ready according to the rules here prescribed, then only were the Kohathites to lift their burden (verse 15). It appears, from a comparison of verses 16, 28, and 33, that the ministry of the Kohathites was superintended by Eleazar, the elder of the two surviving sons of Aaron; as was that of the two other families by Ithamar Espin.—God commands the sons of Aaron to take down and carefully cover the veil, the altar, and other sacred vessels with their proper covers, before the sons of Kohath laid a finger upon them, that thus the reverence of the people for holy things might be increased. For like reason the sons of Kohath are threatened with death if they touch any forbidden thing; and the sons of Aaron are admonished lest by their careless neglect of covering the sacred things they should destroy their brethren. Calv.

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30 and 31. Memories of My Exile. By LOUIS KOSSUTH. Translated from the original Hungarian by Ferencz Jausz. Complete in two parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 cents.

32. Mr. Horn and His Friends; or, Givers and Giving. By MARK GUY PEARSE. Illustrated with numerous Engravings and Character Sketches. . . . 15 cents. This book is written in a masterly style, and is designed to promote systematic giving in the church. It should be placed in the hands of every church member. It is full of religious humor and satire and remarkable spiritual fervor.

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35. Frondes Agrestes; or, Readings in Ruskin’s “Modern Painters.” Selected by a Lady Friend of the Author and revised by himself. 410, manila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 cents.

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37. Thoughts of the Emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus. Translated by GEORGE LONG, 4to, manila . . . . . . . 15 cents.

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59. The Nutritive Cure. A Statement of its Principles and Methods. By ROBERT WALTER, M.D. With Introduction by Joel Swartz, D.D. Octavo. . . . 15 cents.

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76. Lesson in the Closet for 1883. By Rev. CHARLES F. DEEMS. 12mo. 20 cents.

77-78. Heroes and Holidays. By Rev. W. F. CRAFTS. 12mo. 2 parts, each 30 cents.

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VALUABLE WORKS IN PRESS (Concluded).

Godet on John.

An entirely New American Edition, translated de novo, and edited by TIMOTHY DWIGHT, LL.D., will appear in a few weeks. Those who purchased Godet on Luke and Romans, need no commendation of this work. Price, 8vo, cloth, $3.00.

Thirty Thousand Thoughts.

This great work contains all the best Thoughts, Illustrations and Literary Gems of the world’s ablest books on almost every subject, homiletically arranged. It is the result of researches made by a score of contributors. Edited by REV. CANNON SPENCE, M.A., REV. J. S. EXELL, M.A., REV. C. NEIL, M.A., REV. I. STEPHENSON, M.A. A most valuable, and carefully arranged work. To be completed in 6 or 7 volumes, large 8vo, cloth, $3.50. To be issued every three months.

See Homiletic Monthly for special offers on this book.

Theology of the Old Testament. (Oehler.)

An American Edition, edited by Prof. GEO. E. DAY, D.D., of Yale, already adopted as a text book in Yale, Princeton, New Brunswick, Lane (Cincin.) and other Seminaries. Royal 8vo, cloth, $3.00.

This improved American edition has been edited with great care, and rare critical taste and judgment by Prof. Day, of Yale College, with special reference to the wants of theological students. The improvements upon the Edinburgh edition consist in:

1. The thorough revision of the English translation, in which errors are corrected, and passages obscurely rendered are made intelligible. 2. The incorporation of the large amount of new matter contained in the second German edition recently issued, and the notes of the American editor. 3. The changing of the references in order to make them conform to the English or American translations of German works, where such exist. 4. The italicizing of the words and sentences designed to be made prominent, as was done in the original, but was largely neglected in the Edinburgh translation. 5. The addition of an unusually full index of all the passages in the Old Testament referred to and explained, covering no less than 13 pages, and helping to render the work a critical as well as doctrinal commentary in the study of the Hebrew Bible.

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Steel Portraits of Twelve Well-Known Divines.

We have gone to considerable expense and trouble to supply a felt want among the clergy for good portraits of well-known divines. These—below mentioned, are finely executed steel engravings, reproduced on one sheet, 18 x 23 in size. Price, $2.00.

Special price to Homiletic Monthly subscribers.

The following is the list:

DR. R. S. STORRS, DR. HOWARD CROSBY, DR. WILLIAM ADAMS, DR. IRÆNEUS PRIME, DR. J. P. NEWMAN, DR. DOLLINGER,

PRESIDENT McCOSH, DEAN STANLEY, PRESIDENT HOPKINS, NORMAN MACLEOD, PRESIDENT PORTER, JOSEPH COOK.

The above works will be sent by mail, postage paid, on receipt of the price.

Biblical Lights and Side Lights.

Price, $4.00.

Now Ready.

It has been prepared for those in every profession who desire ready access to the historical incidents and striking statements of the Word of God. But the wants of Ministers and Sunday-school teachers have been more especially considered by the author.

We claim, concerning this important work, that:

1. It is unique. Wholly unlike every other publication. Others illustrate the Bible. This illustrates both secular and religious topics from the Bible. It is not a collection of proof texts, as such, but an immense collection of Biblical facts, incidents, and remarkable statements. These are arranged alphabetically under suitable topics, and followed by a complete textual index. 2. It is comprehensive. These illustrations may be applied to the truths of theology, philosophy, art, science, and political government. Almost every phase of character and vicissitude of life is illustrated. The lawyer, the statesman, the public writer and the secular teacher may here find Biblical side-lights for their professions. 3. Its plan is simple, practical and time-saving. It requires no index-turning. Instead of appending an index, we find all the topics related to the one in hand, referred to by a line-quotation of catch-words, which indicate the point of an article without our turning to it. 4. It is peculiarly suggestive of thought. The titles centralize the thought of the text, and the ellipses of unimportant words give it impetus. Sermonizers will find ideas suggested by the quotations, collated under topics, as well as a productive field for suggestive texts, topics and pulpit readings. Sunday-school teachers will discover a vast storehouse of interesting illustrative incidents, with their application suggested by the titles given. 5. It is timely. Fitting an age which asks for facts, and delights in illustrative methods of communicating the same. Also fitting the modern revival of expository preaching. 6. Its value is lasting. Other illustrations become wearisome by repetition. Those from the Bible are fresh forever.

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97. Scientific Sophisms. (Wainwright.)

Scientific Sophisms. A review of current Theories, concerning Atoms, Apes and Men. By SAMUEL WAINWRIGHT, D. D., author of “Modern Avernus,” “Christian Certainty,” etc. 12mo. Paper, 25 cents, fine cloth, $1.00.

The Standard, Chicago: “The sophistical reasoning of Darwin and his school is exposed in a trenchant and telling way. He lays his hand, at once, on the fallacy and drags it into the light, and fortifies well his position.”

98. Illustrations and Meditations. (Spurgeon.)

Illustrations and Meditations; or Flowers from a Puritan’s Garden, distilled and dispensed by C. H. SPURGEON. 12mo. Paper, 25 cents, fine cloth, $1.00.

Christian Chronicle, London: “A volume of quaint and rare value.”

99. French Celebrites. (Daudet.)

French Celebrites, Part I. A series of brief Biographies of the foremost Frenchmen of our day, including Marshal De MacMahon, Leon Gambetta, Jules Grèvy, Louis Blanc, Charles De Freycinet, Victor Hugo, Ferdinand De Lesseps. By ERNEST DAUDET, and others. 12mo. Paper, 15 cents, fine cloth, 75 cents.

Boston Transcript: “Characterized by the peculiar vivacity of modern French writers. Instructive and entertaining.”

100. By-Ways of Literature. (Wheeler.)

By-Ways of Literature; or, Essays on Old Things and New, in the Customs, Education, Character, Literature and Language of the English-speaking People. By DAVID H. WHEELER, LL.D., author of “Brigandage in South Italy.” 12mo. Paper, 25 cents, fine cloth, $1.00.

Christian Advocate, New York: “The reader may be sure of happy and instructive hours with this study of the old-time life.”

101. Martin Luther. (Rein.)

The Life of Martin Luther. By Dr. WILLIAM REIN, Eisenach, Germany. Based upon Köstlin’s “Life of Luther.” Translated by Rev. GEO. F. BEHRINGER. 12mo. Paper, 25 cents, cloth, $1.00.

Journal of Commerce, New York: “This particular Life of Luther surpasses all others in its brevity, its vividness of narration, its good English, and its popular price.”

102. French Celebrites. (Claretie.)

French Celebrites, Part II. A series of brief Biographies of Jules Ferry, George Clémenceau, Ernest Renau, Henri Rochefort, Challemel, Lacour, Jules Simon, Erckman-Chatrian, Paul Bert, and Alphonse Daudet. By JULES CLARETIE, and others. 12mo. Paper, 15 cents, fine cloth, 75 cents.

Journal of Commerce, New York: “These two books—French Celebrites Part I and II—by Ernest Daudet and Jules Claretie, are by the two liveliest French writers of to-day, and the subjects chosen show off their literary graces to the best advantage.”

103. Our Christmas in a Palace. (Hale.)

A traveler’s story by EDWARD EVERETT HALE. 12mo. Paper, 25 cents, fine cloth, $1.00; Holiday edition, cloth, $1.00.

The Globe, Boston: “Every one knows that Mr. Hale is the prince of story-tellers and his vigorous style is charming.”

104. With the Poets. (Farrar.)

With the Poets. A selection of English poetry. By CANON FARRAR. 12mo. Paper, 25 cents, cloth, $1.00.

105. The Life of Zwingli. (Grob.)

The Life of Ulric Zwingli. By JEAN GROB. Translated. 12mo. Paper, 25 cents, cloth, $1.00.

The Standard Library, 1884 Series,

Will contain new books by

EDWARD EVERETT HALE, JOHN HABBERTON, Capt. ROLAND COFFIN.

Etc., Etc.

1. The Standard Library, 1884 Series, will contain 26 books, one to be issued every two weeks. The paper, binding, etc., will be the same as “1883 Series.”

2. Some nine of the books will be fiction, by many of the ablest of our writers; the other books will be, also, all new—not heretofore published in America.

3. Each book will be 12mo in size, with clear type, good paper, and bound in signatures (not

PRICES:—Paper, 15c. and 25c. per volume; cloth, 75c. and $1.00; Subscription (26 books), paper, $5.00; cloth, $16.00. Send for “Standard Library” catalogue.

inset), the same as cloth books are bound.

4. The books will be bound in heavy cover paper, with artistic design printed in two colors, making the book an ornament for any parlor table.

5. The books will stand erect on the Library shelf the same as a cloth-bound book. THE TITLE will be PRINTED ON THE BACK, also on the side.

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Mothers of Great Men and Women,

And the Wives of Great Men. By LAURA C. HOLLOWAY, author of “Ladies of the White House,” “Charlotte Bronte,” etc. One large volume. 8vo. Handsomely illustrated throughout, with Frontispiece of Rapael’s “Sistine Madonna,” engraved on steel. Price, cloth, $3.00; same, in cream color, gilt edges, $5.00; silk, cloth, gilt edges, $6.00; half morocco, gilt, $5.00; full morocco, gilt, $7.00. Sold only by subscription.

These Pen Portraits include, The Mother of Wesley, Martin Luther, Lincoln; The Mother of the Gracchi, Napoleon, Cromwell, Madam Necker, Richter, Byron, Humboldt, Mendelssohn, Webster and Garfield; and such Wives as Lady Russell, Beaconsfield, and others.

Wall Street in History.

By MARTHA J. LAMB, author of “History of New York,” editor of “Magazine of American History.” One volume, small quarto, copiously illustrated, giving the history of this Street from colonial times to the present date. Price. $2.00.

“My St. John.”

A remarkable pastoral experience by JAMES M. LUDLOW, D. D. A most pathetic and deeply interesting story, which has brought tears from many eyes. Could a copy be placed in the hands of every man and woman, the good would be immeasurable. Single copies, 10 cts.; 50 copies, $3.50; 100 copies, $6.00.

WM. M. TAYLOR, D. D., New York:

“Very useful and helpful to exemplify that Christian tact by which, in trying circumstances, an earnest and faithful minister may gain a hearing.”

MARVIN R. VINCENT, D. D., New York:

“Besides being rich in telling incident, it will have a value as a lesson of tact and wisdom in dealing with the ignorant and bigoted, and also as showing what susceptibilities for religious impressions there are among the classes whom the Church does not reach.”

Is Romanism Good Enough for Romanists?

BY JUSTIN D. FULTON, D.D. This is a sermon in tract form, very earnest, bristling with facts. It has excited already wide interest. Prices, Single number, 6 cts.; 50 copies, $2.50; 100 copies, $4.00.

Meyer’s Commentaries.

An American Edition of these valuable, critical and exegetical commentaries (by HEINRICH A. W. MEYER), with preface notes and introduction, by several eminent American scholars, will be issued during the year at the very low price of $3.00 per volume. Uniform with Meyer’s Commentary on Acts, already issued by us.

Romans, edited by Timothy Dwight, L.L.D., of Yale. Ready about February 28.

I and II Corinthians, edited by Talbot W. Chambers, D.D., New York. Ready about April 26.

St. John (Meyer’s), edited by Prof. A. C. Kendrick, D.D., Rochester. Ready about June 28.

St. Matthew, edited by Geo. R. Crooks, D.D., Drew Seminary. Ready about Aug. 28. Mark and Luke, edited by M. B. Riddle, D.D., Rochester. Ready about Oct. 28.

Galatians, Ephesians and Philemon, edited by Marvin R. Vincent, D.D., New York. Ready about December 28.

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Previous numbers (1-79) of this Library are known as STANDARD SERIES.

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Subscribers for the paper-bound may transfer their subscriptions for the cloth-bound by paying the difference. Descriptive Catalogue sent free to any address.

Numbers 80 to 106.

80. Oliver Cromwell. (Paxton Hood.)

Oliver Cromwell, his Life, Times, Battlefields and contemporaries; with copious Index. By PAXTON HOOD, author of “Christmas Evans,” “Scottish Characteristics,” etc. Paper 25 cents; cloth, $1.00.

New York Sun: “Mr. Hood’s biography is a positive boon to the mass of readers, because it presents a more correct view of the great soldier that any of the shorter lives published, whether we compare it with Southey’s, Guizot’s, or even Forster’s.”

81. Science in Short Chapters. (Williams.)

Science in Short Chapters. By W. MATTIEU WILLIAMS, F.R.A.S. Author of “The Fuel of the Sun,” “Through Norway with a Knapsack,” etc. A leading scientist in England. 12mo, 312 pp. Paper 25 cents, fine cloth, $1.00.

Journal of Education, Boston: “Science in Short Chapters’ supplies a growing want among a large class of busy people, who have not time to consult scientific treatises. Written in clear and simple style. Very interesting and instructive.”

82. American Humorists. (Haweis.)

American Humorist. By Rev. H. R. HAWEIS, M.A. A distinguished clergyman of London. Author of “Music and Morals,” “Thoughts for the Times,” etc. 12mo, 192 pp. Paper, 15 cents, fine cloth, 75c.

Salem Times, Mass.: “No writer in England was, in all respects, better qualified to write a book on American Humorists than Haweis.”

Christian Intelligencer, New York: “A book of pleasant reading, with enough sparkle in it to cure any one of the blues.”

83. Lives of Illustrious Shoemakers. (Winks.)

Lives of Illustrious Shoemakers. By

WILLIAM EDWARD WINKS. A book of “Self Help.” 12mo, 288 pp. Paper, 25 cents, fine cloth, $1.00.

New York Herald: “The sons of St. Crispin have always been noted for independence of thought in politics and in religion; and Mr. Winks has written a readable account of the lives of the more famous of the craft. The book is quite interesting.”

84. Flotsam and Jetsam. (Bowles.)

Flotsam and Jetsam. A Vachtsman’s Experiences at Sea and Ashore. By THOMAS GIBSON BOWLES, Master Marine, with a copious Index. 12mo, 276 pp. Paper 25 cents, fine cloth, $1.00.

New York Herald: “It is a clever book, full of quaint conceits and deep meditation. There is plenty of entertaining and original thought, and ‘Flotsam and Jetsam’ is indeed worth reading.”

New York World: “This series of reflections, some philosophic, others practical, and many humorous, make a cheerful and healthful little volume, made the more valuable by its index.”

85. Highways of Literature. (Pryde.)

The Highways of Literature, or What to Read and How to Read. By DAVID PRYDE, M.A., LL.D. Author of “Great Men of European History,” etc. 12mo, 168 pp. Paper 15 cents, fine cloth, 75c.

New York Herald: “His hints on the best books and the best method of mastering them are valuable, and likely to prove of great practical use.”

Danbury News: “Its hints, rules, and directions for reading are, just now, what thousands of people are needing.”

86. Colin Clout’s Calendar. (Allen.)

Colin Clout’s Calendar. The Record of a Summer—April to October. By GRANT ALLEN, author of “Vignettes of Nature,” etc. 12mo, 235 pp. Paper 25 cents, fine cloth, $1.00.

The above works will be sent by mail, postage paid, on receipt of the price.

New York Herald: “A book that lovers of natural history will read with delight. The author is such a worshiper of nature that he gains our sympathy at once.”

Leeds Mercury, England: “The best specimens of popular scientific expositions that we have ever had the good fortune to fall in with.”

87. The Essays of George Eliot. (Sheppard.)

The essays of George Eliot, Collected and Arranged, with an Introduction on her “Analysis of Motives.” By NATHAN SHEPPARD, author of “Shut up in Paris,” “Readings from George Eliot,” etc. Paper, 25 cents, fine cloth, $1.00.

(This is the first appearance of these Essays in book form in England or America.)

Substitute for this book “Talks to Farmers,” by Rev. CHARLES H. SPURGEON. Same price.

Examiner, New York: “These essays ought to be read by any one who would understand this part of George Eliot’s career; and, indeed, they furnish the key to all her subsequent literary achievements.”

The Critic, New York: “Messrs. Funk & Wagnalls have done a real service to George Eliot’s innumerable admirers by reprinting in their popular STANDARD LIBRARY, the great novelist’s occasional contributions to the periodical press.”

88. Charlotte Bronte. (Holloway.)

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| | SECTIONS | PAGE | | — | — | — | | Acts of the Apostles | 190-234 | 5 | | Romans | 235-257 | 194 | | 1 Corinthians | 258-276 | 276 | | 2 Corinthians | 277-290 | 345 | | Galatians | 291-296 | 391 | | Ephesians | 297-304 | 414 | | Philippians | 305-308 | 444 | | Colossians | 309-312 | 466 | | 1 Thessalonians | 313-317 | 484 | | 2 Thessalonians | 318-320 | 498 | | 1 Timothy | 321-326 | 504 | | 2 Timothy | 327-330 | 527 | | Titus | 331-333 | 543 | | Philemon | 334 | 551 | | Hebrews | 335-349 | 554 | | James | 350-355 | 617 | | 1 Peter | 356-361 | 643 | | 2 Peter | 362-364 | 669 | | 1 John | 365-369 | 680 | | 2 John | 370 | 703 | | 3 John | 371 | 704 | | Jude | 372 | 707 | | Revelation | 373-386 | 712 |

Summarized Topics:

| Christ the Center of Christian Theology | 387 | 787 | | — | — | — | | The Priesthood of Christ | 388 | 788 | | Christ the Center and Solution of Human History | 389 | 792 | | Christianity—as History, as Truth, and as Life | 390 | 793 | | Three Distinctive Features of Christianity | 391 | 796 | | Christianity a Religion of Facts | 392 | 800 | | Three Opponents of Primitive Christianity | 393 | 801 | | The Spread and Achievements of Christianity | 394 | 807 | | Intimations of the Final Supremacy of Christianity | 395 | 809 | | The Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures | 396 | 813 | | Faith and Revelation | 397 | 819 | | The Church | 398 | 821 | | Considerations Respecting Christian Missions | 399 | 824 | | Authors Cited, and Key to Abbreviations | | 828 |

| Frontispiece: MAP FOR THE ACTS, EPISTLES, AND REVELATION. | | SECTION | PAGE | | — | — | — | — | | EASTERN SEABOARD OF THE MEDITERRANEAN. Map | | 204 | 61 | | DAMASCUS. Illustration | | 204 | 62 | | WINDOWS ON THE WALL—DAMASCUS. Illustration | | 205 | 66 | | MODERN TARSUS. Illustration | | 205 | 67 | | LYDDA—THE MODERN VILLAGE. Illustration | | 206 | 69 | | JAFFA—ANCIENT JOPPA. Illustration | | 206 | 70 | | RUINS OF CESAREA. Illustration | | 207 | 73 | | CYRENE. Illustration | | 209 | 80 | | PLAN OF ANTIOCH | | 209 | 81 | | MODERN ANTIOCH. Illustration | | 209 | 83 | | PAUL’S GATE. DISTANT VIEW OF ANTIOCH. Illustrations | | 211 | 89 | | ISLAND OF CYPRUS. Map | | 211 | 91 | | ANCIENT ALEXANDRIA. Ground-plan | | 211 | 93 | | PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR. Map | | 212 | 94 | | ANTIOCH IN PISIDIA. Illustration | | 212 | 99 | | KONIEH—ANCIENT ICONIUM. Illustration | | 213 | 101 | | ANCIENT LYSTRA. Illustration | | 213 | 103 | | NORTHERN SHORES OF THE ÆGEAN SEA. Map | | 215 | 112 | | SALONICA—ANCIENT THESSALONICA. Illustration | | 217 | 119 | | ATHENS—THE ACROPOLIS. Illustration | | 218 | 122 | | PLAN OF ATHENS, SHOWING THE AGORA, PNYX, AREOPAGUS, ACROPOLIS, AND MUSEUM | | 218 | 123 | | THE AREOPAGUS AND THE ACROPOLIS. Illustration | | 218 | 124 | | ANCIENT ALTARS. Illustrations | | 218 | 125 | | GREECE PROPER AND PELOPONNESUS. Map | | 219 | 129 | | CORINTH AND THE ACROCORINTHUS. Illustration | | 219 | 130 | | SITE OF EPHESUS. Illustration | | 220 | 135 | | COIN OF EPHESUS. Illustration | | 221 | 139 | | VIEW OF THE THEATRE AT EPHESUS. Illustration | | 221 | 141 | | TROAS, FROM TENEDOS. Illustration | | 222 | 143 | | INTERIOR OF ORIENTAL HOUSE. RUINS OF ASSOS. Illustrations | | 222 | 144 | | RUINS OF MILETUS. Illustration | | 223 | 146 | | RUINS OF TYRE. Illustration | | 224 | 150 | | RUINS OF CESAREA. Illustration | | 229 | 166 | | STERN PORTION OF ANCIENT VESSEL. Illustration | | 231 | 174 | | SOUTHWEST COAST OF CRETE, AND THE ISLAND CLAUDA. Coast-chart | | 231 | 176 | | PART OF ISLAND OF MELITA, WITH COURSE OF VESSEL, etc. Coast-chart | | 231 | 179 | | ST. PAUL’S BAY, MALTA. SALMONETTA IN THE DISTANCE. Illustration | | 232 | 181 | | FROM MELITA TO ROME. Map | | 233 | 185 | | ROME—THE FORUM. Illustration | | 234 | 187 | | PLAN OF ANCIENT ROME | | 234 | 188 | | COLOSSE. Illustration | | 309 | 468 | | THE TABERNACLE AND INCLOSURE. THE HOLY PLACES. Illustrations | | 343 | 587 | | SUPPOSED FORM OF THE ALTAR OF INCENSE. Illustration | | 343 | 588 | | ALTAR OF BURNT OFFERING, FROM SURENHUSIUS’S Mishna. Illustration | | 344 | 592 | | PATMOS. Illustration | | 374 | 720 | | SMYRNA. Illustration | | 375 | 726 | | PERGAMOS. Illustration | | 376 | 729 | | THYATIRA. Illustration | | 376 | 730 | | RUINS OF SARDIS. Illustration | | 377 | 732 | | PHILADELPHIA. Illustration | | 377 | 734 | | RUINS OF LAODICEA. Illustration | | 377 | 735 |

THE

THE general effect of the manifestation which is made in the Gospels is such as almost necessitates further disclosures. One shining with the glory of the Only-Begotten of the Father, but clothed in the poverties and infirmities of man, has walked before us in power and weakness, in majesty and woe. He has come close to us, and drawn us close to him; has touched every chord of our hearts; has secured our implicit trust, and become the object of adoration and love: then he has hung upon a cross, has sunk into a grave, has risen, has ascended, and is gone. It was a brief dispensation, and is finished once for all. What did it mean? What has it done? What are our relations with him now? and in what way has this brief appearance affected our position before God and the state and destiny of the soul? What is the nature of the redemption which he has wrought, of the salvation which he has brought, of the kingdom of God which he has opened to all believers? These were questions left for the disciples when Jesus was gone; and, when the reader of the gospel story reaches its close, these questions remain for him. The doctrine delivered in the Gospels appears to need, and to promise, further explanations, combinations, and developments. It has not the appearance of being final, and it explicitly declares that it is not complete. When it was ended, it was to be followed by a new testimony from God, in order that many things might be spoken which had not been spoken then. The testimony came; the things were spoken; and in the apostolic writings we have their enduring record. In those writings we find the fulfillment of an expectation which the Gospels raised, and recognize the performance of a promise which the Gospels gave. T. D. B.

THE difference between the historical books of the New Testament consists in this, that while the four Gospels record the history of the revelation of the kingdom of heaven, and of its foundation in the person and the work of the Lord Jesus, the Book of Acts describes the royal administration of Christ as manifested in planting his kingdom in and for the world, by the power of the Holy Ghost working through the apostles. Lange.

It is not the function of an historical record to work out expositions of doctrine, but such a book may be expected to present the general character which the doctrine bore, and to clear to our view the agencies and the stages by which it was matured. This is precisely what is done in the Book of Acts. It is the purpose of the book to do it; a purpose which ought to be more fully recognized than it is. T. D. B.

This “second treatise,” or Book of Luke, records the descent of the Holy Ghost according to the promise of the Father, and the resulting diffusion of the gospel among Jews and Gentiles. It traces the founding, early training, and the expansion of the Christian Church from Jerusalem, the capital of Judea, to Rome, the metropolis of the world. It covers the whole period of transition from the old dispensation to the new, and details those providential measures by which the infant company of believers attained its independent organization, was gradually released from the shackles of the past, was brought to a consciousness of its true character and mission, and was fairly embarked upon its new career, equipped for its work, and secure of its destiny. It is in form a sequel to the gospel written by the same author, who thus intimates the close connection between what is here narrated and the personal ministry of Christ. And it stands in almost perpetual relation with the epistles, upon whose occasion and design it sheds much welcome light, while receiving from them incidental corroboration of many of its statements, and important aid for the more exact understanding of others. An.

This book describes what Christ, the invisible head of the Church, “does,” or “makes,” by the visible instrumentality, or “actings,” of apostles, who are his chief ministers. The title is “Actings of the Apostles,” and two of the apostles are selected as specimens of the rest, and certain acts of theirs are chosen as specimens of their operations. The one, Peter, was called by Christ on earth; the other,

Paul, was called by Christ from heaven. One had denied Christ; the other had persecuted Christ. One was an unlettered fisherman of Galilee; the other a learned Pharisee, brought up at Jerusalem. Therefore, in the choice of Peter and Paul as special instruments for propagating the gospel of Christ, his power is signally glorified. The plan, then, of this divine book is to enlarge our view of Christ’s ministry; to prevent us from confining it to his brief bodily sojourn on earth; to reveal to us Christ sitting in heaven, not like one of the deities of the heathen world, indifferent to human affairs and controlled by destiny, but enthroned King of kings and Lord of lords, and ever ruling all things by his word, for the advancement of his gospel and the establishment of his kingdom. This book may be called the sum and substance of all Church History. In it we see the laws by which Christ, who is unchangeable, works; in it we see what he has done, and from it we may infer what he will continue to do, even to the end. Thus this divine history is also a divine prophecy. Thence we learn that all persecutions without, and all perils within, the Church, will be overruled by the power of Christ for the triumph of the gospel; that all things, however adverse, shall be made subservient to himself. Therefore, from reading this book, we may raise our eyes to heaven, and look for that blessed time when all things will be made subject to Christ, and then he will reign King of kings and Lord of lords. W.

The history of the Christian Church under the apostles runs in two streams, one Jewish, the other Gentile. The Jewish stream for the most part follows the track of the twelve apostles; the Gentile, mainly that of Paul. The earlier part of the Book of Acts presents chiefly the one; the latter, chiefly the other. Religion now becomes, much more prominently than before, a dispensation of the Holy Spirit. It is by a divine power sent from heaven—by a baptism of the Holy Ghost—that men are drawn to God. It had always been so, indeed, and the later prophets had dwelt much on this subject; but now the reality of spiritual agency becomes more obvious, and the third person of the Holy Trinity stands out more conspicuously before the Church, as the great agent in the conversion of men. W. G. B.

The Acts of the Apostles, in a narrative all alive with graphic details, and written in a style of animated simplicity and natural ease, carries us through a period of human history of incalculable interest and importance; one in which the effects of the manifestation of the Son of God were developed and tested; in which the life which he had introduced among men disclosed its nature and power, and the truth which he had left commenced its struggles and conquests; in which the Christian Church was constituted, gradually detached from its Jewish integuments, and brought to the consciousness of its freedom and catholicity; in which it verified its credentials, proved its arms, recognized its destinies, and commenced its victories; in which impulses were given which would never cease to vibrate and precedents were established to which distant ages would refer; in which solemn and exciting scenes, marvels and miracles, saintly and heroic characters, their labors, their conflicts, their sufferings, their journeyings, their collisions with all classes of men, seem to force upon the historian a confusing multiplicity of materials. Yet through all this he makes his way straight in one direction, as a man guided by that instinct of selection which belongs to the ruling presence of a definite purpose. It is just this definiteness of purpose which is apt to pass unobserved. It is nowhere announced, and the unconstrained freedom of manner and easy inartificial style suggest no thought of it.

But we know Luke’s intelligent, inquiring mind, his opportunities of information, his “perfect understanding of all things from the very first,” his personal intercourse with those “who from the beginning had been eye-witnesses and ministers of the Word.” We can not for a moment suppose that his acquaintance with the “Acts of the Apostles” was limited to the facts recorded in the book; that he knew nothing of the proceedings of John or James, or of the manifold movements and events which were going on by the side of those which he has related. In fact, there is not a book upon earth in which the principle of intentional selection is more evident to a careful observer. There is indeed no reason gives why one speech is reported and one event related at length, in preference to others which are passed over or slightly touched; yet when we reach the conclusion we see the reasons in the result. We find that by an undeviating course we have followed the development of the true idea of the Church of Christ, in its relations first to the Jewish system, out of which it emerges, and then to the great world, to which it opens itself. When the words and deeds of Philip or Stephen, of Peter or Paul, are implicated with this progress of things, we find ourselves in their company, but when we part from Peter without notice of his after-course, when we leave Paul abruptly at the commencement of his two years in Rome, we are given to understand that we have been reading, not their personal memoirs, but a higher history, which certain portions of their careers serve to embody or to illustrate. T. B. B.

The political condition of Palestine, at the time to which the New Testament narrative properly belongs, was one curiously complicated and anomalous; it underwent frequent changes, but retained through all of them certain peculiarities, which made the position of the country unique among the dependencies of Rome. The chief representative of the Roman power in the East—the President of Syria, the local governor, whether a Herod or a Roman procurator, and the High Priest, had each and all certain rights and a certain authority in the country. A double system of taxation, a double administration of justice, and even in some degree a double military command, were the natural consequence; while Jewish and Roman customs, Jewish and Roman words, were simultaneously in use, and a condition of things existed full of harsh contrasts, strange mixtures, and abrupt transitions. The New Testament narrative, however, falls into no error in treating of the period; it marks, incidentally and without effort or pretension, the various changes in the civil government; the sole kingdom of Herod the Great; the partition of his dominions among his sons; the reduction of Juden to the condition of a Roman province, while Galilee, Iturea, and Trachemitis continued under native princes; the restoration of the old kingdom of Palestine in the person of Agrippa the First, and the final reduction of the whole under Roman rule, and reestablishment of procurators as the civil heads. Again, the New Testament narrative exhibits in the most remarkable way the mixture in the government—the occa-

sional power of the President of Syria, as shown in Cyrenius’s “taxing”; the ordinary division of authority between the high priest and the procurator; the existence of two separate taxations—the civil and the ecclesiastical, the “census” and the “didrachm”; of two tribunals, two modes of capital punishment, two military forces, two methods of marking time; at every turn it shows, even in such little matters as verbal expressions, the coexistence of Jewish with Roman ideas and practices in the country—a coexistence which (it must be remembered) came to an end within forty years of our Lord’s crucifixion. G. R.