Deuteronomy 21:22
Deuteronomy 21:22 in Multiple Translations
If a man has committed a sin worthy of death, and he is executed, and you hang his body on a tree,
¶ And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree:
And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree;
If a man does a crime for which the punishment is death, and he is put to death by hanging him on a tree;
If someone commits a crime punishable by death, and the person is executed by hanging on a tree,
If a man also haue committed a trespasse worthy of death, and is put to death, and thou hangest him on a tree,
'And when there is in a man a sin — a cause of death, and he hath been put to death, and thou hast hanged him on a tree,
If a man has committed a sin worthy of death, and he is put to death, and you hang him on a tree,
And if a man shall have committed a sin worthy of death, and he must be put to death, and thou shalt hang him on a tree:
When a man hath committed a crime for which he is to be punished with death, and being condemned to die is hanged on a gibbet:
“If someone is executed for having committed a crime for which he deserves to die, and you hang his corpse on a post,
Berean Amplified Bible — Deuteronomy 21:22
BAB
Word Study
Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.
Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.
Deuteronomy 21:22 Interlinear (Deep Study)
BIB
HEB
וְ/כִֽי
יִהְיֶ֣ה
בְ/אִ֗ישׁ
חֵ֛טְא
מִשְׁפַּט
מָ֖וֶת
וְ/הוּמָ֑ת
וְ/תָלִ֥יתָ
אֹת֖/וֹ
עַל
עֵֽץ
וְ/כִֽי
kîy
H3588
for
Conj | Conj
יִהְיֶ֣ה
hâyâh
H1961
to be
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms
בְ/אִ֗ישׁ
ʼîysh
H376
man
Prep | N-ms
חֵ֛טְא
chêṭᵉʼ
H2399
sin
N-ms
מִשְׁפַּט
mishpâṭ
H4941
justice
N-ms
מָ֖וֶת
mâveth
H4194
death
N-ms
וְ/הוּמָ֑ת
mûwth
H4191
to die
Conj | V-Hophal-3ms
וְ/תָלִ֥יתָ
tâlâh
H8518
to hang
Conj | V-Qal-2ms
אֹת֖/וֹ
ʼêth
H853
Obj.
DirObjM | Suff
עַל
ʻal
H5921
upon
Prep
עֵֽץ
ʻêts
H6086
tree
N-ms
Hebrew Word Study
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Hebrew Word Reference — Deuteronomy 21:22
וְ/כִֽי
kîy
H3588
"for"
Conj | Conj
A conjunction used to show cause or connection, as in Genesis 2:23 where Adam says the woman is bone of his bone because she was taken out of him. It is often translated as 'for', 'because', or 'since'.
Definition: 1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since 1a) that 1a1) yea, indeed 1b) when (of time) 1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force) 1c) because, since (causal connection) 1d) but (after negative) 1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if 1f) but rather, but 1g) except that 1h) only, nevertheless 1i) surely 1j) that is 1k) but if 1l) for though 1m) forasmuch as, for therefore
Usage: Occurs in 3910 OT verses. KJV: and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet. See also: Genesis 1:4; Genesis 26:16; Genesis 42:15.
יִהְיֶ֣ה
hâyâh
H1961
"to be"
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms
The Hebrew word for to be means to exist or come into being. It is used to describe something that happens or comes to pass, like in Genesis where God creates the world.
Definition: 1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out 1a) (Qal) 1a1) --- 1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass 1a1b) to come about, come to pass 1a2) to come into being, become 1a2a) to arise, appear, come 1a2b) to become 1a2b1) to become 1a2b2) to become like 1a2b3) to be instituted, be established 1a3) to be 1a3a) to exist, be in existence 1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time) 1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality) 1a3d) to accompany, be with 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about 1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone
Usage: Occurs in 3131 OT verses. KJV: beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use. See also: Genesis 1:2; Genesis 17:4; Genesis 36:11.
בְ/אִ֗ישׁ
ʼîysh
H376
"man"
Prep | N-ms
The Hebrew word for man, referring to a male person or individual, is used in the Bible to describe humans in contrast to God or animals, as seen in Genesis and Psalms. It can also mean husband or servant. In the KJV, it is translated as man or male.
Definition: : man 1) man 1a) man, male (in contrast to woman, female) 1b) husband 1c) human being, person (in contrast to God) 1d) servant 1e) mankind 1f) champion 1g) great man 2) whosoever 3) each (adjective)
Usage: Occurs in 1851 OT verses. KJV: also, another, any (man), a certain, [phrase] champion, consent, each, every (one), fellow, (foot-, husband-) man, (good-, great, mighty) man, he, high (degree), him (that is), husband, man(-kind), [phrase] none, one, people, person, [phrase] steward, what (man) soever, whoso(-ever), worthy. Compare H802 (אִשָּׁה). See also: Genesis 2:23; Genesis 42:25; Exodus 32:23.
חֵ֛טְא
chêṭᵉʼ
H2399
"sin"
N-ms
Sin refers to a crime or its punishment, including guilt and offense. It is the result of missing the mark or going wrong, and can have serious consequences.
Definition: 1) sin 1a) sin 1b) guilt for sin 1c) punishment for sin Aramaic equivalent: cha.ti (חֲטָי "sin" H2408)
Usage: Occurs in 34 OT verses. KJV: fault, [idiom] grievously, offence, (punishment of) sin. See also: Genesis 41:9; 2 Kings 10:29; Psalms 51:7.
מִשְׁפַּט
mishpâṭ
H4941
"justice"
N-ms
Mishpat means justice or judgment, and is often used to describe God's righteous judgment, as well as human laws and decisions, in books like Deuteronomy and Isaiah.
Definition: : judgement/punishment 1) judgment, justice, ordinance 1a) judgment 1a1) act of deciding a case 1a2) place, court, seat of judgment 1a3) process, procedure, litigation (before judges) 1a4) case, cause (presented for judgment) 1a5) sentence, decision (of judgment) 1a6) execution (of judgment) 1a7) time (of judgment) 1b) justice, right, rectitude (attributes of God or man) 1c) ordinance 1d) decision (in law) 1e) right, privilege, due (legal) 1f) proper, fitting, measure, fitness, custom, manner, plan
Usage: Occurs in 406 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] adversary, ceremony, charge, [idiom] crime, custom, desert, determination, discretion, disposing, due, fashion, form, to be judged, judgment, just(-ice, -ly), (manner of) law(-ful), manner, measure, (due) order, ordinance, right, sentence, usest, [idiom] worthy, [phrase] wrong. See also: Genesis 18:19; 1 Kings 2:3; Psalms 1:5.
מָ֖וֶת
mâveth
H4194
"death"
N-ms
In the Bible, this word refers to death, whether natural or violent, and is used in books like Genesis and Isaiah. It can also mean the place of the dead, or a state of ruin. This concept is seen in the story of Moses, where death is a punishment for disobedience.
Definition: 1) death, dying, Death (personified), realm of the dead 1a) death 1b) death by violence (as a penalty) 1c) state of death, place of death Aramaic equivalent: mot (מוֹת "death" H4193)
Usage: Occurs in 153 OT verses. KJV: (be) dead(-ly), death, die(-d). See also: Genesis 21:16; Job 38:17; Psalms 6:6.
וְ/הוּמָ֑ת
mûwth
H4191
"to die"
Conj | V-Hophal-3ms
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means to die, either literally or as a punishment, and is used in books like Genesis and Exodus. It can also mean to perish or be killed. This concept is seen in the story of Adam and Eve, where death enters the world as a result of sin.
Definition: 1) to die, kill, have one executed 1a)(Qal) 1a1) to die 1a2) to die (as penalty), be put to death 1a3) to die, perish (of a nation) 1a4) to die prematurely (by neglect of wise moral conduct) 1b) (Polel) to kill, put to death, dispatch 1c) (Hiphil) to kill, put to death 1d) (Hophal) 1d1) to be killed, be put to death 1d1a) to die prematurely
Usage: Occurs in 695 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] at all, [idiom] crying, (be) dead (body, man, one), (put to, worthy of) death, destroy(-er), (cause to, be like to, must) die, kill, necro(-mancer), [idiom] must needs, slay, [idiom] surely, [idiom] very suddenly, [idiom] in (no) wise. See also: Genesis 2:17; Exodus 21:18; Numbers 35:21.
וְ/תָלִ֥יתָ
tâlâh
H8518
"to hang"
Conj | V-Qal-2ms
To hang something or someone is what this Hebrew word means, often used to describe punishment or display. It can also mean to hang an object, like a curtain or a sign. The word is used in Exodus and Numbers.
Definition: 1) to hang 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to hang 1a1a) to hang up (any object) 1a1b) to put to death by hanging 1b) (Niphal) to be hanged 1c) (Piel) to hang, hang up (for display)
Usage: Occurs in 27 OT verses. KJV: hang (up). See also: Genesis 40:19; Esther 7:9; Psalms 137:2.
אֹת֖/וֹ
ʼêth
H853
"Obj."
DirObjM | Suff
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Definition: sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)
Usage: Occurs in 6782 OT verses. KJV: (as such unrepresented in English). See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 10:8; Genesis 19:21.
עַל
ʻal
H5921
"upon"
Prep
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Definition: prep 1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against 1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards 1b) above, beyond, over (of excess) 1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence) 1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition) 1e) over (of suspension or extension) 1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity) 1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion) 1h) to (as a dative)
Usage: Occurs in 4493 OT verses. KJV: above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with. See also: Genesis 1:2; Genesis 24:13; Genesis 41:33.
עֵֽץ
ʻêts
H6086
"tree"
N-ms
This Hebrew word for tree or wood refers to a strong and firm object, like a tree or a wooden plank, as seen in the carpentry work of Jesus' earthly father Joseph in Matthew 13:55.
Definition: : wood 1) tree, wood, timber, stock, plank, stalk, stick, gallows 1a) tree, trees 1b) wood, pieces of wood, gallows, firewood, cedar-wood, woody flax
Usage: Occurs in 289 OT verses. KJV: [phrase] carpenter, gallows, helve, [phrase] pine, plank, staff, stalk, stick, stock, timber, tree, wood. See also: Genesis 1:11; Joshua 9:23; Psalms 1:3.
Study Notes — Deuteronomy 21:22
Show Verse Quote Highlights
- Context
- Cross References
- Deuteronomy 21:22 Summary
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Reflection Questions
- Gill's Exposition on Deuteronomy 21:22
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Deuteronomy 21:22
- Matthew Poole's Commentary on Deuteronomy 21:22
- Ellicott's Commentary on Deuteronomy 21:22
- Cambridge Bible on Deuteronomy 21:22
- Barnes' Notes on Deuteronomy 21:22
- Whedon's Commentary on Deuteronomy 21:22
- Sermons on Deuteronomy 21:22
Context — Cursed Is Anyone Hung on a Tree
20and say to the elders, “This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious; he does not obey us. He is a glutton and a drunkard.”
21Then all the men of his city will stone him to death. So you must purge the evil from among you, and all Israel will hear and be afraid.
22If a man has committed a sin worthy of death, and he is executed, and you hang his body on a tree,
23you must not leave the body on the tree overnight, but you must be sure to bury him that day, because anyone who is hung on a tree is under God’s curse. You must not defile the land that the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance.Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | John 19:31–38 | It was the day of Preparation, and the next day was a High Sabbath. In order that the bodies would not remain on the cross during the Sabbath, the Jews asked Pilate to have the legs broken and the bodies removed. So the soldiers came and broke the legs of the first man who had been crucified with Jesus, and those of the other. But when they came to Jesus and saw that He was already dead, they did not break His legs. Instead, one of the soldiers pierced His side with a spear, and immediately blood and water flowed out. The one who saw it has testified to this, and his testimony is true. He knows that he is telling the truth, so that you also may believe. Now these things happened so that the Scripture would be fulfilled: “Not one of His bones will be broken.” And, as another Scripture says: “They will look on the One they have pierced.” Afterward, Joseph of Arimathea, who was a disciple of Jesus (but secretly for fear of the Jews), asked Pilate to let him remove the body of Jesus. Pilate gave him permission, so he came and removed His body. |
| 2 | Acts 26:31 | On their way out, they said to one another, “This man has done nothing worthy of death or imprisonment.” |
| 3 | Luke 23:33 | When they came to the place called The Skull, they crucified Him there, along with the criminals, one on His right and the other on His left. |
| 4 | Matthew 26:66 | What do you think?” “He deserves to die,” they answered. |
| 5 | Acts 23:29 | I found that the accusation involved questions about their own law, but there was no charge worthy of death or imprisonment. |
| 6 | Deuteronomy 22:26 | Do nothing to the young woman, because she has committed no sin worthy of death. This case is just like one in which a man attacks his neighbor and murders him. |
| 7 | Joshua 10:26 | After this, Joshua struck down and killed the kings, and he hung their bodies on five trees and left them there until evening. |
| 8 | Mark 14:64 | You have heard the blasphemy. What is your verdict?” And they all condemned Him as deserving of death. |
| 9 | 2 Samuel 4:12 | So David commanded his young men, and they killed Rechab and Baanah. They cut off their hands and feet and hung their bodies by the pool in Hebron, but they took the head of Ish-bosheth and buried it in Abner’s tomb in Hebron. |
| 10 | 2 Samuel 21:9 | And he delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them on the hill before the LORD. So all seven of them fell together; they were put to death in the first days of the harvest, at the beginning of the barley harvest. |
Deuteronomy 21:22 Summary
Deuteronomy 21:22 is talking about what happens when someone commits a very bad sin and is executed as a punishment. If the person's body is hung on a tree, it's a public reminder of the consequences of sin, as seen in Deuteronomy 21:21. This is also a picture of what Jesus did for us on the cross, as seen in Galatians 3:13, where He became a curse for us by being hung on a tree. We can remember that God is both just and loving, and that He wants us to turn to Him for forgiveness and restoration, as seen in Psalm 103:8-10 and Romans 3:25.
Frequently Asked Questions
What kind of sin is worthy of death in Deuteronomy 21:22?
According to the Bible, sins worthy of death include murder, adultery, and idolatry, as seen in Deuteronomy 17:2-5 and Leviticus 20:10. These sins are considered so severe that they require the ultimate punishment, as stated in Deuteronomy 21:22.
Why would someone's body be hung on a tree after execution?
In ancient times, hanging a person's body on a tree was a way of publicly displaying the consequences of sin, as seen in Deuteronomy 21:22. This practice was also a warning to others, as stated in Deuteronomy 21:21, to fear and obey God's laws.
Is this verse related to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ?
Yes, Deuteronomy 21:22 is related to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, as stated in Galatians 3:13, where it says that Jesus became a curse for us by being hung on a tree. This verse is a foreshadowing of the sacrifice that Jesus would make on the cross, as seen in John 3:16.
What is the significance of the tree in this verse?
The tree in Deuteronomy 21:22 represents the curse of God, as stated in Deuteronomy 21:23. This is also seen in Acts 5:30, where the apostles refer to the cross of Christ as a tree, emphasizing the idea that Jesus bore the curse of God on our behalf, as seen in Romans 3:25.
Reflection Questions
- What are some ways that I can reflect on the severity of sin in my own life, and how can I turn to God for forgiveness and restoration?
- How can I balance the idea of God's justice with His love and mercy, as seen in Deuteronomy 21:22 and other verses like Psalm 103:8-10?
- In what ways can I publicly declare my faith and the consequences of sin, as seen in the practice of hanging a body on a tree in ancient times?
- What are some ways that I can remember the sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross, and how can I apply that to my daily life, as seen in Galatians 2:20?
Gill's Exposition on Deuteronomy 21:22
And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death,.... This before mentioned, or any other that deserves death, any kind of death, as strangling, killing with the sword, burning and stoning, to which
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Deuteronomy 21:22
And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree: If a man have committed a sin ... and thou hang him on a tree.
Matthew Poole's Commentary on Deuteronomy 21:22
Which was done after the malefactor was put to death some other way, this public shame being added to his former punishment. See 8:29 10:26 .
Ellicott's Commentary on Deuteronomy 21:22
Deuteronomy 21:22-23.—HANGING.(22) And he be put to death.—Better, and he hath been put to death. Hanging followed death in Israel (Joshua 10:26-27). (23) His body shall not remain all night.—Observed by Joshua, but broken by the Gibeonites (2 Samuel 22:9-10; 2 Samuel 22:14). He that is hanged is accursed of God.—In the LXX., “Cursed of God is every one that hangeth upon a tree,” and cited in this form by St. Paul (Galatians 3:13). We cannot see why he should be pronounced cursed, except for the sake of that which was designed by “the determined counsel and foreknowledge of God,” that His Son Jesus Christ should bear our sins in His own body on the tree, and redeem us from the curse of the Law, by being “made a curse for us.” Rashi’s note upon this shows how strangely the rays of truth are sometimes refracted in the Jewish mina: “‘He that is hanged is the curse of God’—that is, he is the King’s disgrace. For man was made in the likeness of His image. And Israel are his children. There were two twin brothers, who were much alike. One was made king, the other was taken up for highway robbery, and was hanged.
Every one who saw him said, ‘There hangs the king!’” From this note it is clear that Rashi takes the words to mean, “He that is hanged is God’s disgrace,” because man is “made after the similitude of God.” There is no doubt as to the shame of the punishment which our Lord endured and despised. Thou shalt in any wise bury him that day.—Another law, remarkably and providentially fulfilled in our Lord’s death. We do not read that the robbers who were crucified with Him were buried, though their bodies were removed from the cross. It is not improbable that this law was also intended to prevent the barbarous practice of leaving men impaled op sharp stakes or suspended upon crosses from day to day until they died of pain and thirst. It certainly is a disgrace to the Divine image to treat it thus.
Cambridge Bible on Deuteronomy 21:22
22 f. Of the Exposed Corpse of a Criminal A corpse exposed after execution shall be buried before night; cursed of God it must not be left to defile the land. In the Sg. address and closing with a deuteronomic formula. Hanging (or impalement? see below) was not the form of the criminal’s death but was subsequent to the execution and an aggravation of its dishonour. This is clear not only from Deuteronomy 21:22, but from Joshua 8:29; Joshua 10:26, 1 Samuel 31:10, 2 Samuel 4:12 and is perhaps intended also in Genesis 40:19 (and by consequence in Deuteronomy 21:22, Genesis 41:13). Compare the similar treatment of the corpses of traitors and other notorious criminals in Europe till within recent times. In early Israel bodies thus exposed were buried before night and under or behind great stones, as though finally to suppress and get rid of the spirit of the criminal, which otherwise would continue to haunt the neighbourhood. If that was the original idea, it is ignored by D and this other substituted, that the hanged thing was under God’s curse and unburied might infect His holy land with His wrath. 22. if a man, etc.] Cp. Deuteronomy 21:15; Deuteronomy 21:18; lit. if there be against a man a sin, a sentence (mishpaṭ ?), of death. This compound phrase seems a fusion of a sin of death, a capital sin, Deuteronomy 22:26, and a sentence of death, a capital charge, Deuteronomy 19:6.
Or mishpaṭ ? is a gloss. and thou hang him on a tree] Not necessarily tree but something wooden (see Deuteronomy 19:5), LXX ἐπὶξύλου. It may have been a stake or pole, Esther 7:9, EVV. gallows. Of the cross in Galatians 3:13. So also hang, LXX κρεμάσητε, may be both here and in passages cited above affix or impale, Esther 7:9, LXX σταμροῦν (but this was in Persia, for which cp. the ἀνασκολοπίζειν of Herod. i. 128). Impalement is implied in Ezra 6:11; and probably in 2Ma 15:35, Jdt 14:1, Lamentations 5:12. As their sculptures illustrate, Assyrians and Babylonians frequently impaled the bodies of their enemies.
Barnes' Notes on Deuteronomy 21:22
There were four methods of execution in use among the ancient Jews; stoning (Exodus 17:4; Deuteronomy 13:10, etc.), burning Leviticus 20:14; Leviticus 21:9, the sword Exodus 32:27, and strangulation.
Whedon's Commentary on Deuteronomy 21:22
22. If a man… be put to death — Capital punishment among the Hebrews was usually inflicted by stoning. See Exodus 17:4; Deuteronomy 13:10; John 10:31; Acts 14:5. Burning, in early times, was the punishment for unchastity.
Sermons on Deuteronomy 21:22
| Sermon | Description | |
|---|---|---|
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(Following the Footsteps of Christ) the Crucifixion by Willie Mullan | In this sermon, the preacher starts by expressing his love for singing and mentions that they will be focusing on the first and fourth verses of a particular song. The song talks a |
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Evangelism Conference - Part 2 by Henry Blackaby | In this sermon, the speaker emphasizes the importance of the songs we sing in worship. He shares his experience of being moved to tears by the hymns that describe the mighty deeds |
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(Trees in the Christian Experience) 3. the Man on the Tree by Roy Hession | In this sermon, the preacher discusses the concept of revival in the lives of believers. He emphasizes that revival is not just about conviction and repentance, but also about rejo |
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Blood Water and Light by Richard E. Bieber | Richard E. Bieber preaches about the importance of having a clear conscience, using the story of Nicodemus coming to Jesus by night as an example of inner unrest despite outward ap |
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The Burial of Jesus John 19:31-42; Matthew 27:61-66 by R.A. Torrey | R.A. Torrey explores the burial of Jesus, emphasizing the certainty of His death and the significance of the events surrounding it. He discusses the meticulous precautions taken by |
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Seven Words From the Cross - Forgiveness by Warren Wiersbe | In this sermon, the speaker focuses on the statement made by Jesus on the cross, "Father, forgive them for they know not what they do." He highlights the four wonders of this state |
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The Cost of Worship by Leonard Ravenhill | In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the humility and simplicity of Jesus Christ. He compares Jesus to the apostle Paul, who often said "finally" but continued to write more cha |