Deuteronomy 28:18 — Word Study
WLCאָר֥וּר פְּרִֽי־ בִטְנְךָ֖ וּפְרִ֣י אַדְמָתֶ֑ךָ שְׁגַ֥ר אֲלָפֶ֖יךָ וְעַשְׁתְּר֥וֹת צֹאנֶֽךָ׃
BSAThe fruitpᵉrîy [offspring, children] of your wombbeṭen [belly, seat of emotions] will be cursedʼârar [execrated, wished harm upon] as well as the producepᵉrîy [fruit, crops] of your landʼădâmâh [earth, soil] the calvessheger [young, increase] of your herdsʼeleph [cattle, oxen] and the lambsʻashtᵉrâh [young, flock] of your flockstsôʼn [sheep, goats]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| אָר֥וּר | [will be] cursed | Verb, Qal, participle (passive) masculine singular |
| פְּרִֽי־ | [the] fruit of | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| בִטְנְךָ֖ | womb your | Noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
| וּפְרִ֣י | and [the] fruit of | Conjunction, noun common masculine singular construct |
| אַדְמָתֶ֑ךָ | ground your | Noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
| שְׁגַ֥ר | [the] young of | Noun common, feminine singular construct |
| אֲלָפֶ֖יךָ | cattle your | Noun common masculine plural construct, suffix |
| וְעַשְׁתְּר֥וֹת | and [the] young ones of | Conjunction, noun common feminine plural construct |
| צֹאנֶֽךָ׃ | sheep your | Noun common both singular construct, suffix |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | The fruit of your womb will be cursed, as well as the produce of your land, the calves of your herds, and the lambs of your flocks. |
| KJV | Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep. |
| ASV | Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, the increase of thy cattle, and the young of thy flock. |
| YLT | 'Cursed [is] the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, increase of thine oxen, and wealth of thy flock. |
| WEB | The fruit of your body, the fruit of your ground, the increase of your livestock, and the young of your flock will be cursed. |
| BBE | A curse will be on the fruit of your body, and on the fruit of your land, on the increase of your cattle, and the young of your flock. |
Translations agree on the meaning of אָר֥וּר as cursed.
The structure consists of a main clause followed by several additional clauses that elaborate on the subjects of the curse.
6 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, Ellicott & more — read them ›
clause
verbאָרַר
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Deuteronomy 28:18
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Curses for Disobediencegenerated
Deuteronomy 28:18 is part of a larger passage where Moses outlines the consequences of turning away from God's commands. The curses serve as a warning to the Israelites about the repercussions of their actions, affecting their families and livelihoods. This section emphasizes the seriousness of obedience to God's laws and the resulting blessings or curses.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Deuteronomy 28:4 | The fruit of your womb will be blessed, as well as the produce of your land and the offspring of your livestock— the calves of your herds and the lambs of your flocks. |
| 2 | Deuteronomy 5:9 | You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on their children to the third and fourth generations of those who hate Me, |
| 3 | Job 18:16–19 | The roots beneath him dry up, and the branches above him wither away. |
| 4 | Psalm 109:9–15 | May his children be fatherless and his wife a widow. |
| 5 | Lamentations 2:11–12 | My eyes fail from weeping; I am churning within. My heart is poured out in grief over the destruction of the daughter of my people, because children and infants faint in the streets of the city. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 11 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — אָר֥וּר, 'a.Rurgenerated
The verb אָרַר ('arar) means to curse and is used here in a passive participle form, indicating that the subjects will be the recipients of the curse. It conveys a sense of being wished harm upon, aligning with the broader theme of judgment for disobedience.
This word appears frequently in the Hebrew Bible, often in contexts of divine judgment. The passive construction emphasizes that the curses are not self-inflicted but are imposed as a consequence of actions against God's commands.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
Translations generally agree on the meaning of אָר֥וּר, rendering it as cursed in the BSB, KJV, ASV, YLT, WEB, and BBE.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The main verb אָר֥וּר governs the entire clause, indicating the curse. The structure presents a series of noun phrases that enumerate the subjects of the curse: the fruit of the womb, the produce of the land, the calves of the herds, and the lambs of the flocks.
The Hebrew word order places emphasis on the subjects of the curse, highlighting the comprehensive nature of the consequences that affect both personal and agricultural life.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates אָר֥וּר as ἐπικατάρατα (ekatárata), which conveys a similar meaning of being cursed. This choice aligns with the Hebrew intent but also reflects the translators' understanding of the implications of divine judgment.
This rendering maintains the focus on the seriousness of the curse, emphasizing that it is a divine pronouncement rather than a mere statement of misfortune.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Deuteronomy 28:18 warns that if the Israelites disobey God's commands, their children and their agricultural produce will be cursed. This highlights the serious consequences of turning away from God's laws.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
It signifies that the children born will face hardship or misfortune as a consequence of disobedience to God's commands.
The curse extends to the crops and livestock, indicating that disobedience will affect not just individuals but the entire community's sustenance.
Cursing in this context serves as a warning of the severe consequences of turning away from God, emphasizing the importance of obedience.
This verse teaches the importance of following God's commands and the potential consequences of disobedience in our lives.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- In what areas of my life do I need to ensure I am following God's commands to avoid negative consequences?
- How can I support others in understanding the importance of obedience to God?
- What are some practical ways I can cultivate a life that bears good fruit, as opposed to facing curses?
- How does this warning about curses shape my understanding of God's justice and mercy?
Commentators on this verse — 6 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Deuteronomy 28:18 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleCursed [shall be] the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep. [See comments on Deuteronomy 28:4]. [See comments on Deuteronomy 28:16].
Read John Gill on Deuteronomy 28 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryCursed shalt thou be in the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field. No JFB commentary on these verses.
Read Robert Jamieson on Deuteronomy 28 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsDeuteronomy 28:18 Cursed [shall be] the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep. Ver. 18.
Read John Trapp on Deuteronomy 28 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(16-19) Cursed. . . .—Here we have the counterpart of Deu 28:3-6, inclusive. The only difference is in the position of “the basket and the store” which come one place earlier in the curses than in the blessings.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Deuteronomy 28 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges15–46. The Curses The opening Deuteronomy 28:15-20, correspond to the blessings in Deuteronomy 28:1-7, except that there are no antitheses to Deuteronomy 28:1 b and Deuteronomy 28:2 b, and that the curse on basket and kneading-bowl precedes that on fruit of thy body, etc. Then the Discourse leaves the limits it had observed in the remainder of the blessings, Deuteronomy 28:8-14, and while here and there it gives the exact contrast of these blessings (cp. Deuteronomy 28:23 f. with Deuteronomy 28:12 a, Deuteronomy 28:25 with Deuteronomy 28:7 b, Deuteronomy 28:37 and Deuteronomy 28:46 with Deuteronomy 28:10, Deuteronomy 28:43 f. with Deuteronomy 28:12 b, Deuteronomy 28:13 a), the rest is a…
Read Cambridge on Deuteronomy 28 →Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible16-19. Cursed… in the city… field… basket… store… fruit of body… land… kine… sheep… comest in… goest out — The curses here enumerated stand in contrast with the blessings in 3-6.
Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Deuteronomy 28 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
The fruit of your womb will be cursed, as well as the produce of your land, the calves of your herds, and the lambs of your flocks.
The fruit of your body, the fruit of your ground, the increase of your livestock, and the young of your flock will be cursed.
The fruit of your womb will be cursed, as well as the produce of your land, the calves of your herds, and the lambs of your flocks.
Your children will be cursed, as well as the produce of your soil, the calves of your herds, and the lambs of your flocks.
Tyndale line
Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.
Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, the increase of thy cattle, and the young of thy flock.
Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, the increase of thy kine, and the young of thy flock.
Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.
Cursed shall be the fruite of thy body, and the fruite of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flockes of thy sheepe.
Strictly literal
Cursed shall be the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy ground, the offspring of thy kine, and the increase of thy sheep.
'Cursed [is] the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, increase of thine oxen, and wealth of thy flock.
Cursed [is] the fruit of your body, and the fruit of your land, the increase of your oxen, and the wealth of your flock.
Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy cattle, and the young of the flocks.
Cursed will be the fruit of your body, the fruit of your ground, the increase of your cattle, and the young of your flock.
From the Latin
Cursed shall be the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy ground, the herds of thy oxen, and the flocks of thy sheep.
Simplified
You will be cursed by not having children, and by not having good harvests, and by your cattle not having calves, and your sheep not having lambs.
A curse will be on the fruit of your body, and on the fruit of your land, on the increase of your cattle, and the young of your flock.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text is supported by the Septuagint in most respects, with 7 out of 9 words matching. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs by using the word בהמתך (your cattle) instead of the Masoretic אֲלָפֶ֖יךָ (your cattle). The Dead Sea Scrolls show some variations, with partial restorations indicating the text's transmission history.
אָר֥וּר פְּרִֽי־ בִטְנְךָ֖ וּפְרִ֣י אַדְמָתֶ֑ךָ שְׁגַ֥ר אֲלָפֶ֖יךָ וְעַשְׁתְּר֥וֹת צֹאנֶֽךָ׃
7 of the 9 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
ארור פרי בטנך ופרי אדמתך ופרי בהמתך שׁגר אלפיך ועשׁתרות צאנך
1 word differs from the Masoretic Text: בהמתך (cattle)
[ארור] [פרי] [בטנ׳ך] [ופרי] אדמת׳ך שגר אלפי׳ך [ועשתרות] [צאנ׳ך]
2 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 6 supplied entire by an editor.
ארור פרי בטנ׳ך [ופרי] [אדמת׳ך] [שגר] [אלפי׳ך] ועשתרות צאנ׳ך
3 words on the leather — 2 partly restored, 4 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Deuteronomy 28:18
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
אָרַר (arar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to curse. It encompasses various forms, including the act of cursing (Qal), being cursed (Niphal), and putting a curse on someone (Piel). The entries indicate that it can also imply being made a curse (Hophal). There is a consistent focus on the concept of cursing throughout the definitions.
[אָרַר] vb. curse
Qal curse
Niph. cursed
Pi. curse, lay under a curse
Hoph. be cursed
base
H779 אָרַר curse .curse
. cursed
. curse, lay under a curse
. be cursed
779 'arar aw-rar'
a primitive root; to execrate:--X bitterly curse.
אָרַר (a.rar) — to curse.
1) to curse
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to curse
1a2) cursed be he (participle used as in curses)
1b) (Niphal) to be cursed, cursed
1c)(Piel) to curse, lay under a curse, put a curse on
1d) (Hophal) to be made a curse, be cursed
V-Qal-Inf-c — Verb · Qal · participle (passive) masculine singularHVqsmsa
פְּרִי (priy) means 'fruit' and encompasses various meanings, including the literal fruit of the ground, offspring or children, and figurative fruit representing the consequences of actions. It is derived from a root that emphasizes the concept of produce or reward.
פְּרִי 119 n.m. fruit
fruit of the ground, of produce in gen.
= offspring, fruit of womb
fig. of fruit of actions, i.e. their consequences
base
H6529 פְּרִי fruit . fruit of the ground, of produce in gen.
. = offspring, fruit of womb
. fig. of fruit of actions, i.e. their consequences
6529 priy per-ee'
from 6509; fruit (literally or figuratively):--bough,
((first-)) fruit((-ful)), reward.
see HEBREW for 06509
פְּרִי (pe.ri) — fruit.
1) fruit
1a) fruit, produce (of the ground)
1b) fruit, offspring, children, progeny (of the womb)
1c) fruit (of actions) (fig.)
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
The Hebrew word בֶּ֫טֶן (*beten*) primarily means 'belly,' 'body,' or 'womb.' It is derived from a root suggesting hollowness and encompasses various uses, including the physical abdomen and metaphorical meanings, such as the seat of hunger or mental faculties. The lexicons consistently highlight these aspects without significant disagreement.
בֶּ֫טֶן n.f. belly, body, womb
base
H990 בֶּ֫טֶן belly, body, womb
990 beten beh'-ten
from an unused root probably meaning to be hollow; the belly,
especially the womb; also the bosom or body of anything:--
belly, body, + as they be born, + within, womb.
בֶּ֫טֶן (be.ten) — belly: abdomen.
: abdomen
1) belly, womb, body
1a) belly, abdomen
1a1) as seat of hunger
1a2) as seat of mental faculties
1a3) of depth of Sheol (fig.)
1b) womb
בֶּ֫טֶן (be.ten) — belly: womb.
: womb/pregnancy
1) belly, womb, body
1a) belly, abdomen
1a1) as seat of hunger
1a2) as seat of mental faculties
1a3) of depth of Sheol (fig.)
1b) womb
בֶּ֫טֶן (be.ten) — belly: hump.
: hump
1) belly, womb, body
1a) belly, abdomen
1a1) as seat of hunger
1a2) as seat of mental faculties
1a3) of depth of Sheol (fig.)
1b) womb
בֶּ֫טֶן (be.ten) — belly: body.
: body
1) belly, womb, body
1a) belly, abdomen
1a1) as seat of hunger
1a2) as seat of mental faculties
1a3) of depth of Sheol (fig.)
1b) womb
N-fs | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffixHNcfsc/Sp2ms
פְּרִי (priy) means 'fruit' and encompasses various meanings, including the literal fruit of the ground, offspring or children, and figurative fruit representing the consequences of actions. It is derived from a root that emphasizes the concept of produce or reward.
פְּרִי 119 n.m. fruit
fruit of the ground, of produce in gen.
= offspring, fruit of womb
fig. of fruit of actions, i.e. their consequences
base
H6529 פְּרִי fruit . fruit of the ground, of produce in gen.
. = offspring, fruit of womb
. fig. of fruit of actions, i.e. their consequences
6529 priy per-ee'
from 6509; fruit (literally or figuratively):--bough,
((first-)) fruit((-ful)), reward.
see HEBREW for 06509
פְּרִי (pe.ri) — fruit.
1) fruit
1a) fruit, produce (of the ground)
1b) fruit, offspring, children, progeny (of the womb)
1c) fruit (of actions) (fig.)
Conj | N-ms — Conjunction · noun common masculine singular constructHC/Ncmsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
אֲדָמָה (adamah) refers to ground or land, encompassing meanings such as tilled soil, a specific plot of land, and the earth's visible surface. It can denote territory or the whole inhabited earth, and it is also the name of a city in Naphtali. The word is derived from a root meaning 'red,' likely referring to the color of soil.
אֲדָמָה 224 n.f. ground, land (as tilled)
ground (as tilled, yielding sustenance)
piece of ground, landed property
earth as material substance
ground as earth's visible surface
land, territory, country
whole earth, inhabited earth
n. pr. loc. city in Naphtali
base
H127 אֲדָמָה ground, land . ground (as tilled, yielding sustenance)
. piece of ground, landed property
. earth as material substance
. ground as earth's visible surface
. land, territory, country
. whole earth, inhabited earth
. n. pr. loc. city in Naphtali
127 'adamah ad-aw-maw'
from 119; soil (from its general redness):--country, earth,
ground, husband(-man) (-ry), land.
see HEBREW for 0119
אֲדָמָה (a.da.mah) — land: soil.
: soil
1) ground, land
1a) ground (as general, tilled, yielding sustenance)
1b) piece of ground, a specific plot of land
1c) earth substance (for building or constructing)
1d) ground as earth's visible surface
1e) land, territory, country
1f) whole inhabited earth
1g) city in Naphtali
אֲדָמָה (a.da.mah) — land: country.
: country
1) ground, land
1a) ground (as general, tilled, yielding sustenance)
1b) piece of ground, a specific plot of land
1c) earth substance (for building or constructing)
1d) ground as earth's visible surface
1e) land, territory, country
1f) whole inhabited earth
1g) city in Naphtali
אֲדָמָה (a.da.mah) — land: planet.
: planet
1) ground, land
1a) ground (as general, tilled, yielding sustenance)
1b) piece of ground, a specific plot of land
1c) earth substance (for building or constructing)
1d) ground as earth's visible surface
N-fs | Suff — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffixHNcfsc/Sp2ms
שֶׁ֫גֶר (sheger) refers to offspring or young of beasts, derived from a root likely meaning to eject. The term encompasses the idea of an increase or what comes forth, specifically in the context of animal progeny.
שֶׁ֫גֶר n.[f.] offspring, young of beasts
base
H7698 שֶׁ֫גֶר offspring, young of beasts
7698 sheger sheh'-ger
from an unused root probably meaning to eject; the fetus (as
finally expelled):--that cometh of, increase.
שֶׁ֫גֶר (she.ger) — offspring.
offspring, young or offspring of beasts
N-ms — Noun common · feminine singular constructHNcfsc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
אֶ֫לֶף (eleph) refers to cattle, specifically in the plural form, encompassing oxen and cows. It is associated with farming and possession, indicating a family of livestock. The word is derived from a root meaning to yoke or tame, linking it to domesticated animals.
[אֶ֫לֶף] n.m. only pl. cattle
base
H504 [אֶ֫לֶף] only pl. cattle
504 'eleph eh'-lef
from 502; a family; also (from the sense of yoking or taming)
an ox or cow:--family, kine, oxen.
see HEBREW for 0502
אֶ֫לֶף (e.leph) — cattle.
1) cattle, oxen
1a) in farming
1b) as a possession
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffixHNcmpc/Sp2ms
עַשְׁתָּרוֹת (ashtrah) is interpreted primarily as referring to 'ewes' or 'young.' It is likely derived from a root meaning 'increase,' suggesting a connection to flocks. The entries indicate some variability in interpretation, but they generally align on these meanings.
[עַשְׁתָּרוֹת] usu. interpr. either as
= ewes (Thes) or as
= young
base
H6251 [עַשְׁתָּרוֹת] usu. interpr. either as . = ewes (Thes) or as
. = young
6251 `ashtrah ash-ter-aw'
probably from 6238; increase:--flock.
see HEBREW for 06238
עַשְׁתָּרוֹת (ash.te.rah) — young.
ewe, flock, increase, young
Conj | N-proper — Conjunction · noun common feminine plural constructHC/Ncfpc
ov:
(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.
OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]
1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.
I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.
For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.
It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.
Lamentations 3:1.
The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.
Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.
That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.
Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…
צֹאן (tso'n) refers to small cattle, specifically sheep and goats, and is used to denote a flock or flocks. It can also be used metaphorically to describe a multitude. The term appears in contexts such as Psalm 144:13, where it emphasizes the collective nature of these animals.
צֹאן 273 n.coll.f. small cattle, sheep and goats, flock, flocks
base
H6629 צֹאן small cattle, sheep and goats, flock, flocks
6629 tso'n tsone
or tsaown (Psalm 144:13) {tseh-one'}; from an unused root
meaning to migrate; a collective name for a flock (of sheep or
goats); also figuratively (of men):--(small) cattle, flock
(+ -s), lamb (+ -s), sheep((-cote, -fold, -shearer, -herds)).
צֹאן (tson) — flock.
1) small cattle, sheep, sheep and goats, flock, flocks
1a) small cattle (usually of sheep and goats)
1b) of multitude (simile)
1c) of multitude (metaphor)
צֹאן (tson) — Sheep (Gate).
This name means sheep and goats
Also named: probatikos (προβατικός "Sheep Gate" G4262)
N-cs | Suff — Noun common both singular construct · suffixHNcbsc/Sp2ms