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Genesis 16:14 — Word Study

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WLCעַל־ כֵּן֙ קָרָ֣א לַבְּאֵ֔ר בְּאֵ֥ר לַחַ֖י רֹאִ֑י הִנֵּ֥ה בֵין־ קָדֵ֖שׁ וּבֵ֥ין בָּֽרֶד׃

BSAThereforeʻal [on account of this, for this reason] the wellbᵉʼêr [spring, water source] was calledqârâʼ [named, designated as] Beer-lahai-roiBᵉʼêr la-Chay Rôʼîy [the well of the Living One seeing me, the well of the One who sees, between Kadesh and Bered, in the area of Kadesh and Bered] It is locatedhinnêh [situated, found] betweenbêyn [in the midst of, among] KadeshQâdêsh [a holy place, a city in southern Judah] and BeredBered [a place in southern Palestine]

Word
Listen & take awayGenesis 16
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 14 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (Ba.red) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Genesis 16:14quick helps
In a sentenceThe well was named Beer-lahai-roi because Hagar encountered God there.
Who is speakingThe narrative involves Hagar, who names the well after her experience.
Where we areThis verse describes the location of the well in the desert.
The hard wordבְּאֵר
Take awayThe naming of the well signifies a divine encounter.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbקָרָא The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Genesis 16:14

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Hagar and the Wellgenerated

13So Hagar gave this name to the LORD who had spoken to her: “You are the God who sees me, ” for she said, “Here I have seen the One who sees me!”
14Therefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi. It is located between Kadesh and Bered.
15And Hagar bore Abram a son, and Abram gave the name Ishmael to the son she had borne.
16Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to him.

Genesis 16:14 recounts how Hagar, after being seen by God, names the well Beer-lahai-roi, which means 'the well of the Living One seeing me.' This moment highlights Hagar's recognition of God's presence and care for her, as she acknowledges having encountered the One who sees her. The narrative is set in the wilderness, emphasizing themes of survival and divine provision.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Genesis 21:31So that place was called Beersheba, because it was there that the two of them swore an oath.
2Genesis 24:62Now Isaac had just returned from Beer-lahai-roi, for he was living in the Negev.
3Genesis 25:11After Abraham’s death, God blessed his son Isaac, who lived near Beer-lahai-roi.
4Numbers 13:26and they went back to Moses, Aaron, and the whole congregation of Israel in the Wilderness of Paran at Kadesh. They brought back a report for the whole congregation and showed them the fruit of the land.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 4 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word בְּאֵר, la.be.'Ergenerated

The Hebrew word בְּאֵר (*be'er*) refers to a well or pit, often created by digging, and can denote a spring as well. In this context, it signifies a vital water source in the desert, emphasizing the importance of water for life and survival.

The use of בְּאֵר here is significant as it connects to Hagar's experience of divine revelation. The well is not just a physical location but also a spiritual marker of her encounter with God, who sees and cares for her.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The verse is rendered similarly across translations, with all versions referring to the well as Beer-lahai-roi.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb is קָרָ֣א, someone called, which governs the entire clause. The structure is straightforward, with the verb leading into the naming of the well and its location.

The sentence flows logically, first stating the action of naming, followed by the well's designation and its geographical context, which is typical in Hebrew narrative style.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, the Hebrew קָרָ֣א is rendered as ἐκάλεσεν, which means 'called.' This choice reflects a direct translation of the action of naming, maintaining the focus on the significance of the well's name.

The Greek term emphasizes the act of calling, similar to the Hebrew, but does not carry additional interpretive weight, indicating a straightforward translation.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Genesis 16:14 tells us that Hagar named the well Beer-lahai-roi after she encountered God, who saw her in her distress. This well is located between Kadesh and Bered, marking a significant moment in her life as she recognized God's presence.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does Beer-lahai-roi mean?

Beer-lahai-roi means 'the well of the Living One seeing me,' reflecting Hagar's experience of divine sight.

Why did Hagar name the well?

Hagar named the well to commemorate her encounter with God, who acknowledged her plight.

What is the significance of the location of the well?

The location between Kadesh and Bered signifies a place of refuge and divine provision in the wilderness.

How does this verse connect to the broader narrative?

This verse highlights God's care for Hagar and her son, Ishmael, amidst their struggles in the wilderness.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How can I recognize moments in my life where I have felt seen or cared for by God?
  2. What does it mean for me to acknowledge God's presence in difficult situations?
  3. In what ways can I share my experiences of God's provision with others?
  4. How does understanding the significance of names in the Bible deepen my faith?

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Genesis 16:14 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Wherefore the well was called Beerlahairoi,.... That is, the fountain where the angel found her, Genesis 16:7; this, from the appearance of God to her at it, was afterwards called by her and others

Read John Gill on Genesis 16 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Wherefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi; behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered. Wherefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi - well of life of vision; i:e., of life after seeing God.

Read Robert Jamieson on Genesis 16 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

This name may have respect, either, 1. To God, The well of him that liveth (i.e. of the true and living God) and seeth me, i.e. taketh care of me. Or, 2. To Hagar, The well of her that liveth, i.e. who though she gave up herself for dead and lost, yet now is likely to live, both in her person and in her posterity, and seeth, or did see, namely, God present with her.

Read Matthew Poole on Genesis 16 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Genesis 16:14 Wherefore the well was called Beerlahairoi; behold, [it is] between Kadesh and Bered.Ver. 14. Beer-lahai-roi,] i.e., "The well of him that liveth and seeth me," that is, of the living God, who hath seen to my safety. So rich men are "charged" to "trust not in uncertain riches, but in God," who both "liveth" and "giveth".

Read John Trapp on Genesis 16 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(14) Beer-lahai-roi.—That is, Well of the living-seeing (of God), the well where God has been seen, and the beholder still lives. It became afterwards a favourite dwelling-place of Isaac (Genesis 25:11), and was probably, therefore, surrounded by pastures, but its site has not been identified. For Kadesh see Genesis 14:7. Bered is absolutely unknown.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Genesis 16 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 14. Wherefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi] It appears, from Genesis 16:7, that Hagar had sat down by a fountain or well of water in the wilderness of Shur, at which the Angel of the Lord found her; and, to commemorate the wonderful discovery which God had made of himself, she called the name of the well אר לחי ראי beer-lachai-roi, "A well to the Living One who seeth me." Two things seem implied here: 1. A dedication of the well to Him who had appeared to her; and, 2. Faith in the promise: for he who is the Living One, existing in all generations, must have it ever in his power to accomplish promises which are to be fulfilled through the whole lapse of time.

Read AdamClarke on Genesis 16 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

14. Beer-lahai-roi] The R.V. marg. the well of the living one who seeth me is an impossible translation of the text. Another rendering is, “Well of the Seeing alive,” i.e. “Where one sees God and remains alive.” The popular belief was, that he who saw God would die. See previous note. Probably the name Beer-lahai-roi was explained by a popular etymology which connected its pronunciation with the sound of the Hebrew words ḥ ?ai = “living” and roi = “vision.” A well, or spring, in a desert was generally deemed by the early nomad peoples to be frequented by a Divine presence. between Kadesh and Bered] For Kadesh, see note on Genesis 14:7. Bered has not been identified. Hagar’s well is commonly…

Read Cambridge on Genesis 16 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

14. Beer-lahai-roi — αΰψμηιψΰι, well of life of sight, or, well of living vision; that is: well where one saw God and remained alive after the vision. This well is mentioned again in Genesis 24:62; Genesis 25:11.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Genesis 16 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Therefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi. It is located between Kadesh and Bered.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi. Behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Therefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi. It is located between Kadesh and Bered.

NETBNew English Translation2006

That is why the well was called Beer Lahai Roi. (It is located between Kadesh and Bered.)

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Wherefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi; behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Wherefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi; behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Wherefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi; behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Wherefore the well was called Beer-la-hai-roi; behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Wherefore the well was called, Beerlahai-roi. lo, it is betweene Kadesh and Bered.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Therefore the well was named Beer-lahai-roi: behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

therefore hath one called the well, 'The well of the Living One, my beholder;' lo, between Kadesh and Bered.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Therefore has one called the well, “The well of the Living One, my beholder”; behold, between Kadesh and Bered.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Wherefore the well was called Beerlachai-roi: behold, it is between Kadesh and Bared.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi; behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Therefore she called that well, The well of him that liveth and seeth me. The same is between Cades and Barad.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

That's why the well is called “the Well of the Living One who Sees Me.” It's still there, between Kadesh and Bered.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

So that fountain was named, Fountain of Life and Vision: it is between Kadesh and Bered.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

conjunction phraseprepositional phraseעַלthereforeכֵּן֙clauseverbקָרָ֣אsomeone.calledprepositional phrase · prepositionalלַ(to)noun phrasetheבְּאֵ֔רwellclauseclauseהִנֵּ֥הthere!clauseprepositional phrase · predicateprepositional phraseבֵין[it.is].betweenקָדֵ֖שׁKadeshוּandprepositional phraseבֵ֥יןbetweenבָּֽרֶדBered

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Samaritan Pentateuch differ slightly, with the Samaritan version using קראה (called) instead of קָרָ֣א, and לחי ראה (Beer Lahai Roi) instead of בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי. The Septuagint aligns closely with the Masoretic Text, with most words matching.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

עַל־ כֵּן֙ קָרָ֣א לַבְּאֵ֔ר בְּאֵ֥ר לַחַ֖י רֹאִ֑י הִנֵּ֥ה בֵין־ קָדֵ֖שׁ וּבֵ֥ין בָּֽרֶד׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
עַל־ἕνεκενכֵּן֙τούτουקָרָ֣אἐκάλεσενלַבְּאֵ֔רφρέαρהִנֵּ֥הἰδοὺבֵין־μέσονקָדֵ֖שׁκαδηςוּבֵ֥יןμέσονבָּֽרֶד׃βαραδ

9 of the 12 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

על כן קראה לבאר באר לחי ראה הנה בין קדשׁ ובין ברד

2 words differ from the Masoretic Text: קראה (call), לחי ראה (Beer Lahai Roi)

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Genesis 16:14עַלthere-there-עַלכֵּן-fore-foreכֵּןקָרָאsomeone calsomeone calledקָרָאבְּאֵרthe wellthe wellבְּאֵרבְּאֵרBeerBeerבְּאֵרבְּאֵרLahaiLahaiבְּאֵרבְּאֵרRoiRoiבְּאֵרהִנֵּהthere!there!הִנֵּהבַּ֫יִן[it is] bet[it is] betweenבַּ֫יִןקָדֵשׁKadeshKadeshקָדֵשׁבַּ֫יִןand betweenand betweenבַּ֫יִןבֶּ֫רֶדBeredBeredבֶּ֫רֶדבְּאֵרwellwellבְּאֵרבִּיןto understto understandבִּיןכּוּןto establito establish: pכּוּןבארto make plto make plainבארבָּרַדto hailto hailבָּרַדעַלheightheightעַלקָרָאto encountto encounter: mקָרָאהֵןlook!look!הֵןקָדֵשׁmale cult male cult prostקָדֵשׁקָדֵשׁKadesh-barKadesh-barneaקָדֵשׁבָּדַלto separatto separateבָּדַלכִּפֶּרto atoneto atoneכִּפֶּרכִּסֵּאthronethroneכִּסֵּאכֹּהthusthusכֹּהאָדוֹןLordLordאָדוֹןצוֹםfastfastצוֹםשֵׁםnamenameשֵׁםחָפַרto searchto searchחָפַר
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Genesis 16:14

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
עַל־'al- there- H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Amplified meaning
on account of this, for this reason
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
כֵּן֙ken -fore H3651 Adverb
771× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means 'so' or 'thus', often used to show agreement or confirmation, like in the book of Genesis. It can also mean 'rightly' or 'justly', as in doing something the correct way. It appears in various forms throughout the Old Testament.
Tyndale gloss
right
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word כֵּן (*ken*) is built from the root meaning 'set upright.' It functions as an adjective meaning 'right,' 'veritable,' or 'honest,' and as an adverb meaning 'so,' 'therefore,' or 'thus.' It appears in various contexts, often indicating manner or relation, and is used in phrases like 'forasmuch as.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֵּן adj. right, veritable, honest

right

veritable, true

pl. concr. honest (men)

base

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

כֵּן adv. so

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3651a כֵּן adj. right, veritable, honest H3651b כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as H3651c כֵּן so

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3651 ken kane

from 3559; properly, set upright; hence (figuratively as

adjective) just; but usually (as adverb or conjunction)

rightly or so (in various applications to manner, time and

relation; often with other particles):--+ after that

(this, -ward, -wards), as ... as, + (for-)asmuch as yet, + be

(for which) cause, + following, howbeit, in (the) like

(manner, -wise), X the more, right, (even) so, state,

straightway, such (thing), surely, + there (where)-fore, this,

thus, true, well, X you.

see HEBREW for 03559

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֵּן (ken) — right.

adv

adj

1) right, just, honest, true, veritable

1a) right, just, honest

1b) correct

1c) true, veritable

[כִּי עַל] כֵּן ([ki al] ken) — as.

adv

forasmuch as, since

כֵּן (ken) — so.

adv

1) so, therefore, thus

1a) thus, so

1b) just so

1c) therefore

1d) so...as (paired with adv)

1e) then

1f) forasmuch as (in phrase)

1g) (with prep)

1g1) therefore, this being so (specific)

1g2) hitherto

1g3) therefore, on this ground (general)

1g4) afterwards

1g5) in such case

Aramaic equivalent: ken (כֵּן "thus" H3652)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HD — Adverb
HD
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
קָרָ֣אka.Ra' someone called H7121 Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
733× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to call out to someone or something, often by name. It's used in many situations, like calling for help or reading aloud. In Genesis, God calls out to Adam in the Garden.
Amplified meaning
named, designated as
Tyndale gloss
to call: call to
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word קָרָא (qara') is a primitive root meaning to call, proclaim, or read. It encompasses a range of actions including calling out, crying for help, reading aloud, and summoning. The word can also imply being called or named in various contexts. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קָרָא 724 vb. call, proclaim, read

Qal

call, cry, utter a loud sound

call, cry

call unto some one

cry for help

proclaim

read aloud

read to oneself

summon

call = name

Niph.

reflex.

pass. be called

Pu. be called

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7121 קָרָא call, proclaim, read .. . call, cry, utter a loud sound

. call, cry

. . call unto some one

. cry for help

. proclaim

. . read aloud

. read to oneself

. summon

. call = name

. . reflex.

. pass. be called

. be called

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7121 qara' kaw-raw'

a primitive root (rather identical with 7122 through the idea

of accosting a person met); to call out to (i.e. properly,

address by name, but used in a wide variety of

applications):--bewray (self), that are bidden, call (for,

forth, self, upon), cry (unto), (be) famous, guest, invite,

mention, (give) name, preach, (make) proclaim(- ation),

pronounce, publish, read, renowned, say.

see HEBREW for 07122

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָרָא (qa.ra) — to call: call to.

: call_to/invite/entreat

1) to call, call out, recite, read, cry out, proclaim

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to call, cry, utter a loud sound

1a2) to call unto, cry (for help), call (with name of God)

1a3) to proclaim

1a4) to read aloud, read (to oneself), read

1a5) to summon, invite, call for, call and commission, appoint, call and endow

1a6) to call, name, give name to, call by

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to call oneself

1b2) to be called, be proclaimed, be read aloud, be summoned, be named

1c) (Pual) to be called, be named, be called out, be chosen

קָרָא (qa.ra) — to call: call by.

: call_by/name

1) to call, call out, recite, read, cry out, proclaim

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to call, cry, utter a loud sound

1a2) to call unto, cry (for help), call (with name of God)

1a3) to proclaim

1a4) to read aloud, read (to oneself), read

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Perf-3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
HVqp3ms
there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
לַבְּאֵ֔רla.be.'Er the well H875 Preposition · noun common feminine singular absolute
38× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A well or pit, like a water source, is what this word refers to. It can also mean a spring, and is often translated as a well or pit in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
spring, water source
Tyndale gloss
well
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בְּאֵר (be'er) refers to a well or pit, often created by digging. It can denote a spring as well. The term appears in Genesis 26:21 and is also used as a proper noun for a location in the desert, situated north of Eleutheropolis.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בְּאֵר n.f. Gn 26:21 well, pit

a well, often as made by digging

pit

as n.pr.loc.

a station of Isr. in desert

8 miles north of Eleutheropolis

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H875 בְּאֵר well, pit

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

875 'er be-ayr'

from 874; a pit; especially a well:--pit, well.

see HEBREW for 0874

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בְּאֵר (be.er) — well.

well, pit, spring

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absolute
HRd/Ncfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

(1) (be'er; compare Arabic bi'r, "well" or "cistern"; usually artificial: "And Isaac's servants digged (dug) in the valley, and found there a well of springing (margin "living") water" (Ge 26:19); some times covered: "Jacob .... rolled the stone from the well's mouth" (Ge 29:10). Be'er may also be a pit: "The vale of Siddim was full of slime pits" (Ge 14:10); "the pit of destruction" (Ps 55:23).

(2) (bor), usually "pit": "Let us slay him, and cast him into one of the pits" (Ge 37:20); may be "well": "drew water out of the well of Beth-lehem" (2Sa 23:16).

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Well

(Heb. beer), to be distinguished from a fountain (Heb. ‘ain). A “beer” was a deep shaft, bored far under the rocky surface by the art of man, which contained water which percolated through the strata in its sides. Such wells were those of Jacob and Beersheba, etc. (see Gen. 21:19, 25, 30, 31; 24:11; 26:15, 18-25, 32, etc.). In the Pentateuch this word beer, so rendered, occurs twenty-five times.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Wells in Palestine are usually excavated from the solid limestone rock, sometimes with steps to descend into them. (Genesis 24:16) The brims are furnished with a curb or low wall of stone, bearing marks of high antiquity in the furrows worn by the ropes used in drawing water. It was on a curb of this sort that our Lord sat when he conversed with the woman of Samaria, (John 4:6) and it was this, the usual stone cover, which the woman placed on the mouth of the well at Bahurim, (2 Samuel 17:19) where the Authorized Version weakens the sense by omitting the article. The usual methods for raising water are the following: The rope and bucket, or waterskin. (Genesis 24:14-20;

there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
בְּאֵ֥רbe.'Er Beer H883 Noun proper
9× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Amplified meaning
the well of the Living One seeing me, the well of the One who sees, between Kadesh and Bered, in the area of Kadesh and Bered
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי n.pr.loc. (lit. well of the living One that seeth me)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H883 בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי (lit. well of the living One that seeth me)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

883 B'er la-Chay Ro'iy be-ayr' lakh-ah'ee ro-ee'

from 875 and 2416 (with prefix) and 7203; well of a living

(One) my Seer; Beer-Lachai-Roi, a place in the

Desert:--Beer-lahai-roi.

see HEBREW for 0875

see HEBREW for 02416

see HEBREW for 07203

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי (be.er la.chay ro.i) — Beer-lahai-roi.

§ Beer-lahai-roi = "well of the Living One seeing me"

a well west of Kadesh, south of Israel

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

be'-er (be'er; phrear; Latin puteus = "well"):

(1) A station on the march of the Israelites to the North of the Arnon (Nu 21:16). Here it was that they sang round the well this song: `Spring up O well; greet it with song, Well, that the princes have dug, The nobles of the people have bored, With the scepter--with their staves' (Nu 21:16 ff). The place is not identified.

(2) The town to which Jotham fled from his brother Abimelech after declaring his parable from Mt. Gerizim (Jud 9:21). This may be identical with BEEROTH, which see.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Beer

Well. (1.) A place where a well was dug by the direction of Moses, at the forty-fourth station of the Hebrews in their wanderings (Num. 21:16-18) in the wilderness of Moab. (See WELL.)

(2.) A town in the tribe of Judah to which Jotham fled for fear of Abimelech (Judg. 9:21). Some have identified this place with Beeroth.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(a well). One of the latest halting-places of the Israelites, lying beyond the Arnon. (Numbers 21:16-18) This is possibly the BEER-ELIM of (Isaiah 15:8) A place to which Jotham, the son of Gideon, fled for fear of his brother Abimelech. (Judges 9:21)

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

A well,

1. A station of the Hebrews in Moab, where God gave them water, Nu 21:16-18; Isa 15:8.

2. A town in Judah, according to Eusebius and Jerome a few miles west of Jerusalem, near Beth-shemesh. Jotham took refuge there from his brother Abimelech, Jud 9:21.

there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
לַחַ֖יla.Chai Lahai H883 Noun proper
9× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי n.pr.loc. (lit. well of the living One that seeth me)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H883 בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי (lit. well of the living One that seeth me)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

883 B'er la-Chay Ro'iy be-ayr' lakh-ah'ee ro-ee'

from 875 and 2416 (with prefix) and 7203; well of a living

(One) my Seer; Beer-Lachai-Roi, a place in the

Desert:--Beer-lahai-roi.

see HEBREW for 0875

see HEBREW for 02416

see HEBREW for 07203

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי (be.er la.chay ro.i) — Beer-lahai-roi.

§ Beer-lahai-roi = "well of the Living One seeing me"

a well west of Kadesh, south of Israel

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpl — Noun proper
HNpl
there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
רֹאִ֑יro.'I Roi H883 Noun proper
9× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי n.pr.loc. (lit. well of the living One that seeth me)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H883 בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי (lit. well of the living One that seeth me)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

883 B'er la-Chay Ro'iy be-ayr' lakh-ah'ee ro-ee'

from 875 and 2416 (with prefix) and 7203; well of a living

(One) my Seer; Beer-Lachai-Roi, a place in the

Desert:--Beer-lahai-roi.

see HEBREW for 0875

see HEBREW for 02416

see HEBREW for 07203

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי (be.er la.chay ro.i) — Beer-lahai-roi.

§ Beer-lahai-roi = "well of the Living One seeing me"

a well west of Kadesh, south of Israel

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpl — Noun proper
HNpl
there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
הִנֵּ֥הhi.Neh there! H2009 Particle
843× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is an expression that means 'behold' or 'look', often used to draw attention to something. It appears in Genesis and Isaiah, and is translated as 'behold' or 'lo' in the KJV.
Amplified meaning
situated, found
Tyndale gloss
behold
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הִנֵּה (hinneh) is a Hebrew word meaning 'behold' or 'lo!' It serves as a demonstrative particle used to draw attention, appearing in contexts such as Genesis 19:2. The word is derived from a prolongation of another Hebrew term, but the entries do not provide further details on its usage beyond this.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הִנֵּה, once הִנֶּה־ Gn 19:2, demonstr.part. lo!, behold!

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2009 הִנֵּה, הִנֶּה־ lo!, behold!

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2009 hinneh hin-nay'

prolongation for 2005; lo!:--behold, lo, see.

see HEBREW for 02005

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הִנֵּה (hin.neh) — behold.

behold, lo, see, if

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTj
there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
בֵין־vein- [it is] between H996 Prep
407× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Between is the meaning of this preposition, used to show a location or a choice, like either or, as seen in Exodus where it describes the space between two objects.
Amplified meaning
in the midst of, among
Tyndale gloss
between
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בַּ֫יִן (beyn) is a noun meaning 'interval' or 'space between.' It primarily functions as a preposition meaning 'between' or 'among,' and can also indicate distinctions or choices. The dual form בֵּנַ֫יִם refers specifically to the space between two entities, such as armies. The entries do not indicate any significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בַּ֫יִן subst. prop. interval, space between

always (exc. dual) as prep. in the interval of, between

Dual בֵּנַ֫יִם space between two armies

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H996 בַּ֫יִן subst. prop. interval, space between . always (exc. dual) as prep. in the interval of, between

. Dual בֵּנַ֫יִם space between two armies

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

996 beyn bane

(sometimes in the plural masculine or feminine); properly,

the constructive form of an otherwise unused noun from 995; a

distinction; but used only as a prep, between (repeated before

each noun, often with other particles); also as a conjunction,

either...or:--among, asunder, at, between (-twixt...and), +

from (the widest), X in, out of, whether (it be...or), within.

see HEBREW for 0995

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בַּ֫יִן (ba.yin) — between.

: between

between, among, in the midst of (with other preps), from between

בַּ֫יִן (ba.yin) — between: among.

: among

between, among, in the midst of (with other preps), from between

A sub-meaning of ben (בַּ֫יִן ": between" H0996)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Prep
HAcmsc
there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
קָדֵ֖שׁka.Desh Kadesh H6946 Noun proper
18× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Kadesh refers to a holy place in the desert, mentioned in the Bible as a city in southern Judah. It is also known as Kedesh and Kadesh-barnea. The name means 'holy' and is associated with the Israelites' journey in the wilderness.
Amplified meaning
a holy place, a city in southern Judah
Tyndale gloss
Kadesh
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קָדֵשׁ (Qadesh) refers to a sanctuary or a holy place, specifically a city located in the southern region of Judah. It is identified with Kadesh-barnea and is noted for its sacred significance. The entries highlight its connection to the concept of holiness and its geographical importance, but do not present any significant disagreements among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קָדֵשׁ n.pr.loc. (sacred)

in S. of Judah = ק׳ בַּרְנֵעַ

Hittite capital on the Orontes, N. of Damascus, towards Hamath

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6946 קָדֵשׁ (sanctuary)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6946 Qadesh kaw-dashe'

the same as 6945; sanctuary; Kadesh, a place in the

Desert:--Kadesh. Compare 6947.

see HEBREW for 06945

see HEBREW for 06947

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָדֵשׁ (qa.desh) — Kadesh.

§ Kadesh = "holy"

a city in the extreme south of Judah

same as 'Kedesh' and 'Kadesh-barnea'

קָדֵשׁ (qa.desh) — (Meribath)-kadesh.

Combined with me.ri.vah (מְרִיבָה "Meribah" H4809H)

§ Kadesh = "holy"

a city in the extreme south of Judah

same as 'Kedesh' and 'Kadesh-barnea'

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

See KADESH-BARNEA.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Kadesh

The sacred city of the Hittites, on the left bank of the Orontes, about 4 miles south of the Lake of Homs. It is identified with the great mound Tell Neby Mendeh, some 50 to 100 feet high, and 400 yards long. On the ruins of the temple of Karnak, in Egypt, has been found an inscription recording the capture of this city by Rameses II. (See PHARAOH.) Here the sculptor “has chiselled in deep work on the stone, with a bold execution of the several parts, the procession of the warriors, the battle before Kadesh, the storming of the fortress, the overthrow of the enemy, and the camp life of the Egyptians.” (See HITTITES.)

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

holiness

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Also called KADESH-BARNEA

→ A city on the southern boundary of Palestine Jos 15:3

→ Struck down by Chedorlaomer Ge 14:7

→ Abraham lives beside the wells nearby Ge 20:1; with 14:7; 16:14

→ Israel encamps at Nu 12:16; 13:26; 20:1; 33:36

→ Canaanites defeated at Jos 10:41

there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
וּבֵ֥יןu.Vein and between H996 Conjunction
407× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Between is the meaning of this preposition, used to show a location or a choice, like either or, as seen in Exodus where it describes the space between two objects.
Tyndale gloss
between
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בַּ֫יִן (beyn) is a noun meaning 'interval' or 'space between.' It primarily functions as a preposition meaning 'between' or 'among,' and can also indicate distinctions or choices. The dual form בֵּנַ֫יִם refers specifically to the space between two entities, such as armies. The entries do not indicate any significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בַּ֫יִן subst. prop. interval, space between

always (exc. dual) as prep. in the interval of, between

Dual בֵּנַ֫יִם space between two armies

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H996 בַּ֫יִן subst. prop. interval, space between . always (exc. dual) as prep. in the interval of, between

. Dual בֵּנַ֫יִם space between two armies

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

996 beyn bane

(sometimes in the plural masculine or feminine); properly,

the constructive form of an otherwise unused noun from 995; a

distinction; but used only as a prep, between (repeated before

each noun, often with other particles); also as a conjunction,

either...or:--among, asunder, at, between (-twixt...and), +

from (the widest), X in, out of, whether (it be...or), within.

see HEBREW for 0995

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בַּ֫יִן (ba.yin) — between.

: between

between, among, in the midst of (with other preps), from between

בַּ֫יִן (ba.yin) — between: among.

: among

between, among, in the midst of (with other preps), from between

A sub-meaning of ben (בַּ֫יִן ": between" H0996)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/Acmsc — Conjunction
HC/Acmsc
there- -fore someone called the well Beer Lahai Roi there! [it is] between Kadesh and between Bered
בָּֽרֶד׃Ba.red Bered H1260 Noun proper
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Bered was a place in southern Palestine and also the name of an Israelite, a descendant of Ephraim, mentioned in 1 Chronicles 7:20.
Amplified meaning
a place in southern Palestine
Tyndale gloss
Bered
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בֶּ֫רֶד (Bered) refers to both a place near Kadesh in southern Palestine and a man from the tribe of Ephraim. The name means 'hail' and is associated with an Israelite mentioned in 1 Chronicles 7:20, who is a descendant of Shuthelah. The entries consistently identify Bered as both a geographical location and a personal name.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בֶּ֫רֶד

n.pr.loc. near Kadesh

n.pr.m. an Ephraimite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1260 בֶּ֫רֶד . near Kadesh

. an Ephraimite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1260 Bered beh'red

from 1258; hail; Bered, the name of a place south of

Palestine, also of an Israelite:--Bered.

see HEBREW for 01258

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בֶּ֫רֶד (be.red) — Bered.

§ Bered = "hail"

a place in the south of Palestine, near Kadesh, near the well Lahairoi

בֶּ֫רֶד (be.red) — Bered.

A man of the tribe of Ephraim living at the time of Egypt and Wilderness, only mentioned at 1Ch.7.20;

son of: Shuthelah (H7803);

brother of: Eran (H6197);

father of: Tahath (H8480I)

§ Bered = "hail"

1) a son or descendant of Ephraim

2) a place in the south of Palestine, near Kadesh, near the well Lahairoi

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Bered

Hail. (1.) A town in the south of Palestine (Gen. 16:14), in the desert of Shur, near Lahai-roi.

(2.) A son of Shuthelah, and grandson of Ephraim (1 Chr. 7:20).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(hail). A place in the south of Palestine, near the well Lahairoi. (Genesis 16:14) A son or descendant of Ephraim, (1 Chronicles 7:20) possibly identical with Becher in (Numbers 26:35)

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

hail

Nave's Topical Bible

1. A town in the south of Palestine Ge 16:14

2. A son of Shuthelah 1Ch 7:20

Probably same as BECHER Nu 26:35

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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