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Isaiah 19:10 — Word Study

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WLCוְהָי֥וּ שָׁתֹתֶ֖יהָ מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים כָּל־ עֹ֥שֵׂי שֶׂ֖כֶר אַגְמֵי־ נָֽפֶשׁ׃

BSAThe workers in clothshâthâh [laborers, those who toil, fabric, textile goods] will behâyâh dejecteddâkâʼ [crushed, broken in spirit] and allkôl [every single one] the hiredseker workersʻâsâh [those who work for wages, earn a living] will be sickʼâgêm [grieved, heavy] at heartnephesh [soul, inner being]

Word
Listen & take awayIsaiah 19
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 10 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (Na.fesh) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Isaiah 19:10quick helps
In a sentenceThe workers in cloth are deeply affected by their circumstances, feeling crushed and grieved.
Who is speakingThe prophet Isaiah, describing the plight of laborers in Egypt.
Where we areIn a prophecy concerning Egypt's downfall and its impact on the workforce.
The hard wordמְדֻכָּאִ֑ים
Take awayThe emotional state of the workers reflects the broader despair in society.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbהָיָה The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

1 of 8 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Isaiah 19:10

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Consequences of Egypt's Judgmentgenerated

9The workers in flax will be dismayed, and the weavers of fine linen will turn pale.
10The workers in cloth will be dejected, and all the hired workers will be sick at heart.
11The princes of Zoan are mere fools; Pharaoh’s wise counselors give senseless advice. How can you say to Pharaoh, “I am one of the wise, a son of eastern kings”?
12Where are your wise men now? Let them tell you and reveal what the LORD of Hosts has planned against Egypt.

Isaiah 19:10 describes the despair of workers in Egypt as they face the consequences of the nation's judgment. The verse highlights the emotional toll on laborers, particularly those in the textile industry, as they grapple with their difficult circumstances. This passage fits within a larger context where Isaiah speaks of Egypt's impending downfall and the resulting social and economic turmoil, as seen in the preceding verses.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Exodus 7:19And the LORD said to Moses, “Tell Aaron, ‘Take your staff and stretch out your hand over the waters of Egypt—over their rivers and canals and ponds and reservoirs—that they may become blood.’ There will be blood throughout the land of Egypt, even in the vessels of wood and stone.”
2Exodus 8:5And the LORD said to Moses, “Tell Aaron, ‘Stretch out your hand with your staff over the rivers and canals and ponds, and cause the frogs to come up onto the land of Egypt.’”
3Deuteronomy 11:10For the land that you are entering to possess is not like the land of Egypt, from which you have come, where you sowed your seed and irrigated on foot, like a vegetable garden.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 3 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים, me.du.ka.'Imgenerated

The word מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים (me.du.ka.'Im) is a passive participle derived from the root דָּכָא (daka'), meaning 'to crush.' It conveys a sense of being crushed or oppressed, often used in contexts that highlight emotional or physical distress.

As a participle, it describes the state of the workers in this verse, emphasizing their crushed spirits as a result of their circumstances. The use of this word illustrates not just a physical condition but also a deep emotional impact on the laborers.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb in this verse is וְהָי֥וּ, and they will be, which governs the entire statement. The structure indicates that the emotional state of the workers is the focus, with the subject being the workers and the predicate describing their condition.

The Hebrew word order places emphasis on the workers' emotional state first, followed by their condition, which intensifies the sense of despair conveyed in the verse.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates וְהָי֥וּ as ἔσονται (esontai), meaning 'they will be.' This choice maintains the future tense and reflects a similar emphasis on the state of being.

The Greek word δυστυχούντων is used to convey the sense of being distressed or unfortunate, which aligns with the emotional weight of the Hebrew term מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Isaiah 19:10 describes how the workers in cloth are feeling crushed and dejected due to their difficult circumstances. This verse highlights the emotional impact of Egypt's judgment on its laborers, showing that all who work for wages are also feeling heavy at heart.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that the workers are 'dejected'?

It means that the workers are feeling crushed or broken in spirit due to their circumstances.

Why are all hired workers mentioned in this verse?

The verse emphasizes that the emotional distress affects every single hired worker, indicating a widespread impact on those who earn a living.

How does this verse relate to the overall message of Isaiah?

This verse illustrates the consequences of Egypt's judgment, showing how it affects not just leaders but also the common laborers.

What can we learn from the emotional state of the workers?

The emotional state of the workers reflects the broader despair in society, reminding us of the human cost of national calamities.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. How can we support those who are feeling crushed or dejected in our communities?
  2. What are some ways we can address the emotional impact of difficult circumstances on ourselves and others?
  3. In what ways can we ensure that the voices of laborers and workers are heard during times of national distress?
  4. How does understanding the plight of the workers in this verse help us empathize with those in similar situations today?

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Isaiah 19:10 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof,.... Meaning either the persons that work in flax, or in making nets; who shall be disappointed in their views, expectations, and designs, in bringing

Read John Gill on Isaiah 19 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices and ponds for fish. They shall be broken in the purposes thereof - i:e., of Egypt (the Hebrew suffix is feminine).

Read Robert Jamieson on Isaiah 19 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Thereof, i.e. of Egypt, or of the Egyptians. They shall lose their ends and hopes; for the fishes in them shall die for want of water.

Read Matthew Poole on Isaiah 19 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Isaiah 19:10 And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices [and] ponds for fish.Ver. 10. And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof.] Heb., In the foundations, as Psalms 11:3. Purposes are the foundation of practices, but are oft disappointed. And ponds for fish.] Heb., Ponds of fowl, stagna voluptaria (Tremellius), standing pools of desire. In Hebrew, the word used elsewhere for a pond or fish pool signifieth a blessing also. Berecha.

Read John Trapp on Isaiah 19 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(10) And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof.—Better, the pillars thereof (i.e., the props and columns of the state) shall be broken in pieces, and all those who work for wages (i.e., the great masses of the people) shall be troubled in mind. The word translated “purposes,” occurs in the sense here given in Psalms 11:3, and is there translated “foundations.” (Compare the like figure in Ezekiel 30:4; Galatians 2:9.)

Read Charles John Ellicott on Isaiah 19 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 10. And they shall be broken, c. - "Her stores"] שתתיה shathotheyha, αποθηκαι, granaries. - Aquila. All that make sluices and ponds for fish - "All that make a gain of pools for fish."] This obscure line is rendered by different interpreters in very different manners. Kimchi explains אגמי agmey as if it were the same with אגמה agemah, from Job 30:25, in which he is followed by some of the rabbins, and supported by the Septuagint: and שכר secher, which I translate gain, and which some take for nets or inclosures, the Septuagint render by ζυθον, strong drink or beer, which it is well known was much used in Egypt and so likewise the Syriac, retaining the Hebrew word שכרא sekra. I submit…

Read AdamClarke on Isaiah 19 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

10. Translate as R.V. And her pillars shall be broken in pieces, all they that work for hire shall be grieved in soul. The expressions, however, are very obscure, and the sense is doubtful. The word for “pillars” is found in Psalms 11:3 (“foundations”), but it is disputed whether the capitalists or the labourers are here regarded as the foundations of society. In the second clause A.V. follows Jewish authority in keeping up the reference to fishing (cf. “networks” in the previous verse), but its “sluces and ponds for fish” is altogether wrong. LXX. errs in the opposite direction by dragging in the liquor trade (“manufacturers of strong drink” [shçkâr] instead of “workers for hire” [seker]).

Read Cambridge on Isaiah 19 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

And they shall be broken - There has been a great variety of opinion in regard to the interpretation of this verse, and much difficulty in the construction of the Hebrew words.

Read Albert Barnes on Isaiah 19 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

The workers in cloth will be dejected, and all the hired workers will be sick at heart.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

The pillars will be broken in pieces. All those who work for hire will be grieved in soul.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

The workers in cloth will be dejected, and all the hired workers will be sick at heart.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Those who make cloth will be demoralized; all the hired workers will be depressed.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices and ponds for fish.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

And the pillars of Egypt shall be broken in pieces; all they that work for hire shall be grieved in soul.

RVARevised Version, American1894

And her pillars shall be broken in pieces, all they that work for hire shall be grieved in soul.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices and ponds for fish.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

For their nettes shalbe broken, and all they, that make pondes, shalbe heauie in heart.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

And her pillars shall be broken in pieces, and all workers for hire shall be sad of soul.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

And its foundations have been smitten, All making wages [are] afflicted in soul.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

And its foundations have been struck, || All making wages [are] afflicted in soul.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

And its foundations shall be beaten down, all that build sluices shall be grieved in soul.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

The cloth workers of Egypt will be crushed; all who work for hire will be grieved within themselves.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

And its watery places shall be dry, all they shall mourn that made pools to take fishes.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

The cloth workers will be depressed, and everyone who earns a wage will feel sick inside.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

And the makers of twisted thread will be crushed, and those who ... will be sad in heart.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וְandclauseverbהָי֥וּthey.will.benoun phrase · subjectשָׁתֹתֶ֖יfoundationsהָitsobjectמְדֻכָּאִ֑יםcrushedclausenoun phrase · subjectכָּלallnoun phraseעֹ֥שֵׂי[those.who].workשֶׂ֖כֶרof.wage[s]noun phrase · predicateאַגְמֵי[will.be].grievedנָֽפֶשׁof.soul

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text reads וְהָי֥וּ שָׁתֹתֶ֖יהָ מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים כָּל־ עֹ֥שֵׂי שֶׂ֖כֶר אַגְמֵי־ נָֽפֶשׁ׃, and this is largely supported by the Dead Sea Scrolls, which show similar wording. The Septuagint matches 5 of the 8 words, indicating a close relationship with the Hebrew text, despite some differences in word order and articles.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וְהָי֥וּ שָׁתֹתֶ֖יהָ מְדֻכָּאִ֑ים כָּל־ עֹ֥שֵׂי שֶׂ֖כֶר אַגְמֵי־ נָֽפֶשׁ׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וְהָי֥וּἔσονταιשָׁתֹתֶ֖יהָοἱכָּל־πάντεςעֹ֥שֵׂיοἱנָֽפֶשׁ׃ψυξὰς

5 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q56a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

והיו שותתי׳ה מדכאים ׳׳׳׳׳׳׳ כל עשי [שכר] [אגמי] [נפש]

5 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 3 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Qisaaa copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

והיו שותתי׳ה מדכאים כל עושי שכר אגמי נפש

8 words on the leather.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 1Q8a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

והיו שתתי׳ה מדכאים [כל] [עשי] [שכר] [אגמי] [נפש]

2 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 5 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Isaiah 19:10הָיָהand they wiand they will bהָיָהשָׁתfoundationsfoundations itsשָׁתדָּכָאcrushedcrushedדָּכָאכֹּלallallכֹּלעָשָׂה[those who][those who] worעָשָׂהשֶׂ֫כֶרwage[s]wage[s]שֶׂ֫כֶראָגֵם[will be] g[will be] grievאָגֵםנֶ֫פֶשׁsoulsoulנֶ֫פֶשׁשִׁיתto set: mato set: makeשִׁיתכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלסָכַרto hireto hireסָכַרנָפַשׁbe refreshbe refreshedנָפַשׁהָוָאto fallto fallהָוָאדָּכָהto crushto crushדָּכָהאֲגַםpoolpoolאֲגַםעָנִיafflictedafflictedעָנִיזְרוֹעַarmarmזְרוֹעַעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָהעֲבֹדָהserviceserviceעֲבֹדָהמְלָאכָהworkworkמְלָאכָהתּוֹעֵבַהabominatioabominationתּוֹעֵבַהבָּקַשׁto seekto seekבָּקַשׁחַיalivealiveחַי
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Isaiah 19:10

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and they will be foundations its crushed all [those who] work of wage[s] [will be] grieved of soul
וְהָי֥וּve.ha.Yu and they will be H1961 Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person common plural
3,562× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for to be means to exist or come into being. It is used to describe something that happens or comes to pass, like in Genesis where God creates the world.
Tyndale gloss
to be
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be

Qal

Fall out, happen

occur, take place, come about, come to pass

esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass

וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

Come into being, become

abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

sq. prep.

become

sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

sq. pred. adj.

become like

sq. pred. לְ pers.

sq. לְ pred.

oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.

with עַל and לְ

sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)

exist, be in existence

abide, remain, continue

with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie

as copula, joining subj. & pred.

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen

. occur, take place, come about, come to pass

. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

. sq. prep.

. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

. sq. pred. adj.

. become like

. sq. pred. + לְ pers.

. sq. לְ pred.

. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.

. with עַל and לְ

. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence

. abide, remain, continue

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1961 hayah haw-yaw

a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,

come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or

auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,

committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,

fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit

(one-)self, require, X use.

see HEBREW for 01933

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.

1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out

1a) (Qal)

1a1) ---

1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass

1a1b) to come about, come to pass

1a2) to come into being, become

1a2a) to arise, appear, come

1a2b) to become

1a2b1) to become

1a2b2) to become like

1a2b3) to be instituted, be established

1a3) to be

1a3a) to exist, be in existence

1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)

1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)

1a3d) to accompany, be with

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about

1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-3cp — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person common plural
Hc/Vqq3cp
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

See TESTAMENT.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ THE MENTAL FACULTY

Freedom of, recognized by God Ge 4:6-10; De 5:29; 1Ki 20:42; Isa 1:18-20; 43:26; Jer 36:3,7; Joh 7:17

See BLESSINGS, CONTINGENT UPON OBEDIENCE

See CHOICE

See CONTINGENCY

→ OF GOD, THE SUPREME RULE OF DUTY Mt 6:10; 12:50; 26:39,42; Mr 3:35; 14:36; Lu 11:2; 22:42; Joh 4:34; 5:30; 6:38-40; Ac…

and they will be foundations its crushed all [those who] work of wage[s] [will be] grieved of soul
שָׁתֹתֶ֖יהָsha.to.Tei.ha foundations its H8356 Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is about having a strong foundation or support, like a base that holds something up. In Psalm 11:3, it talks about the importance of a moral foundation.
Amplified meaning
laborers, those who toil, fabric, textile goods
Tyndale gloss
foundation
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁת (shath) refers to a foundation or support, particularly in a societal or moral context. It is derived from a root meaning 'basis' and encompasses concepts of political or moral support. The entries consistently highlight its role as a foundational element.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[שָׁת] n.m. foundation, stay (of society)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8356 [שָׁת] foundation, stay (of society)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8356 shathah shaw-thaw'

from 7896; a basis, i.e. (figuratively) political or moral

support:--foundation, purpose.

see HEBREW for 07896

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁת (sha.tah) — foundation.

foundation, support, stay

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-mp | Suff — Noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HNcmpc/Sp3fs
and they will be foundations its crushed all [those who] work of wage[s] [will be] grieved of soul
מְדֻכָּאִ֑יםme.du.ka.'Im crushed H1792 Verb · Pual · participle (passive) masculine plural
18× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to crush or bruise something, and can be used literally or figuratively. It is often translated as 'crush', 'bruise', or 'oppress' in English Bibles.
Amplified meaning
crushed, broken in spirit
Tyndale gloss
to crush
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

דָּכָא (daka') is a Hebrew verb meaning to crush or be crushed. It encompasses various forms, indicating actions like bruising, breaking, and being contrite. The entries highlight its use in different grammatical aspects, such as the Niphal (to be crushed) and Piel (to crush). The word conveys both literal and figurative senses of destruction and humility.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[דָּכָא] vb. crush, poet.

not in Qal;Niph. crushed, fig. = contrite ones

Pi. crush

Pu. crushed, broken in pieces, shattered

Hithp. crushed

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1792 דָּכָא crush poet. . crushed, fig. = contrite ones

. crush

. crushed, broken in pieces, shattered

. crushed

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1792 daka' daw-kaw'

a primitive root (compare 1794); to crumble; transitively, to

bruise (literally or figuratively):--beat to pieces, break (in

pieces), bruise, contrite, crush, destroy, humble, oppress,

smite.

see HEBREW for 01794

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

דָּכָא (da.kah) — to crush.

1) to crush, be crushed, be contrite, be broken

1a) (Niphal)

1a1) to be crushed

1a2) to be contrite (fig.)

1b) (Piel) to crush

1c) (Pual)

1c1) to be crushed, be shattered

1c2) to be made contrite

1d) (Hithpael) to allow oneself to be crushed

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Pual-Inf-c — Verb · Pual · participle (passive) masculine plural
HVPsmpa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and they will be foundations its crushed all [those who] work of wage[s] [will be] grieved of soul
כָּל־kol- all H3605 Noun common · masculine singular construct
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Amplified meaning
every single one
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ol: Used in various combinations, and with different meanings.

(1) All along, "Weeping all along as he went" (Jer 41:6), i.e. throughout the whole way he went, feigning equal concern with the men from Shiloh, etc., for the destruction of the Temple, so as to put them off their guard.

(2) All in all, "That God may be all in all" (1Co 15:28, Greek: panta en pasin, "all things in all (persons and) things"). "The universe, with all it comprises, will wholly answer to God's will and reflect His mind" (Dummelow).

(3) All one, "It is all one" (Job 9:22), "it makes no difference whether I live or die."

(4) At all, "If thy father miss me at all" (1Sa 20:6), "in any way," "in the least."

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and they will be foundations its crushed all [those who] work of wage[s] [will be] grieved of soul
עֹ֥שֵׂי'O.sei [those who] work of H6213 Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine plural common
2,629× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to make or do something, and is used over 2,600 times in the Bible. It is first used in Genesis 1:7 to describe God's creation of the world and is also used in Exodus 31:5 to describe the work of skilled craftsmen.
Amplified meaning
those who work for wages, earn a living
Tyndale gloss
to make
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עָשָׂה (asah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to do or make, encompassing a wide range of actions such as producing, preparing, and observing. It can refer to both concrete and abstract activities, including making offerings and attending to tasks. The verb also has forms indicating passive meanings, such as being made or offered. Notably, the Piel form refers to pressing or squeezing.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עָשָׂה 2622 vb. do, make

Qal 2524

do (1560 t.)

deal with

oft. in phr. do kindness with

abs. act, act with effect

make (670 t.)

produce, yield

prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food

make offering

attend to, put in order

observe, celebrate, religious festival

acquire property of various kinds

appoint priests

bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance

use

spend, pass, days of life

Niph.

97be done

be made, of concr. things

be produced from vine

be prepared, of food

be offered

be observed, passover

be used

Pu. I was made

base

[עָשָׂה] vb. Pi. press, squeeze

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6213a עָשָׂה do, make .. . do (1560 + t.)

. deal with

. oft. in phr. do kindness with

. abs. act, act with effect

. . make (670 + t.)

. produce, yield

. prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food

. make offering

. attend to, put in order

. observe, celebrate, religious festival

. acquire property of various kinds

. appoint priests

. bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance

. use

. spend, pass, days of life

. . be done

. . be made, of concr. things

. be produced from vine

. be prepared, of food

. be offered

. be observed, passover

. be used

. I was made

H6213b עָשָׂה Pi. press, squeeze

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6213 `asah aw-saw'

a primitive root; to do or make, in the broadest sense and

widest application (as follows):--accomplish, advance,

appoint, apt, be at, become, bear, bestow, bring forth,

bruise, be busy, X certainly, have the charge of, commit, deal

(with), deck, + displease, do, (ready) dress(-ed), (put in)

execute(-ion), exercise, fashion, + feast, (fight-)ing man, +

finish, fit, fly, follow, fulfill, furnish, gather, get, go

about, govern, grant, great, + hinder, hold ((a feast)), X

indeed, + be industrious, + journey, keep, labour, maintain,

make, be meet, observe, be occupied, offer, + officer, pare,

bring (come) to pass, perform, pracise, prepare, procure,

provide, put, requite, X sacrifice, serve, set, shew, X sin,

spend, X surely, take, X thoroughly, trim, X very, + vex, be

(warr-)ior, work(-man), yield, use.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make: do.

: do/perform

1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to do, work, make, produce

1a1a) to do

1a1b) to work

1a1c) to deal (with)

1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect

1a2) to make

1a2a) to make

1a2b) to produce

1a2c) to prepare

1a2d) to make (an offering)

1a2e) to attend to, put in order

1a2f) to observe, celebrate

1a2g) to acquire (property)

1a2h) to appoint, ordain, institute

1a2i) to bring about

1a2j) to use

1a2k) to spend, pass

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be done

1b2) to be made

1b3) to be produced

1b4) to be offered

1b5) to be observed

1b6) to be used

1c) (Pual) to be made

עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to press.

(Piel) to press, squeeze

עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make.

: make(OBJECT)

1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to do, work, make, produce

1a1a) to do

1a1b) to work

1a1c) to deal (with)

1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect

1a2) to make

1a2a) to make

1a2b) to produce

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine plural common
HVqrmpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and they will be foundations its crushed all [those who] work of wage[s] [will be] grieved of soul
שֶׂ֖כֶרSe.kher wage[s] H7938 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
2× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Hire or wages paid for work, as mentioned in Deuteronomy 24:15. This word refers to the payment received for labor. It is also translated as reward in some contexts.
Tyndale gloss
hire
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שֶׂ֫כֶר (se.kher) means hire or wages, referring to payment for work. It is derived from the root word for 'reward' and is used in contexts related to compensation. The entries consistently define it as a form of remuneration without significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שֶׂ֫כֶר n.[m.] hire, wages

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7938 שֶׂ֫כֶר hire, wages

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7938 seker seh'-ker

from 7936; wages:--reward, sluices.

see HEBREW for 07936

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שֶׂ֫כֶר (se.kher) — hire.

hire, wages

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
and they will be foundations its crushed all [those who] work of wage[s] [will be] grieved of soul
אַגְמֵי־'ag.mei- [will be] grieved of H99 Adj
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word describes a stagnant pond, and is also used figuratively to describe someone who is sad or grieved. It is used in the Bible to paint a picture of stillness and quietness. The KJV translates it as pond.
Amplified meaning
grieved, heavy
Tyndale gloss
grieved
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אַגֵם (agem) is an adjective meaning 'sad' or 'grieved,' and is associated with stagnant water, suggesting a sense of stillness or lack of vitality. The term appears in contexts such as Isaiah 19:10, where it is linked to emotional distress.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[אָגֵם] adj. sad (cf. Mish.) אַגְמֵי־נֶפֶשׁ Is 19:10.

done

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H99 [אָגֵם] sad

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

99 'agem aw-game'

probably from the same as 98 (in the sense of stagnant

water); figuratively, sad:--pond.

see HEBREW for 098

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָגֵם (a.gem) — grieved.

stagnant pond

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Adj — Adj
HAampc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and they will be foundations its crushed all [those who] work of wage[s] [will be] grieved of soul
נָֽפֶשׁ׃Na.fesh soul H5315 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
754× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for soul or living being, used in the Bible to describe the essence of a person or animal. It encompasses the ideas of life, breath, and vitality, and is translated as 'soul' or 'creature' in the KJV. This word is central to biblical concepts of humanity and existence.
Amplified meaning
soul, inner being
Tyndale gloss
soul
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word נֶ֫פֶשׁ (*nephesh*) broadly means 'soul' or 'living being,' encompassing concepts like life, self, person, desire, and emotion. It is derived from the root meaning 'to breathe' and signifies both physical and mental aspects of existence. The lexicons note its use in various contexts, including as the seat of appetites and emotions, though its application to will and character is uncertain.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

נֶ֫פֶשׁ 756 n.f. soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion

= that which breathes, the breathing substance or being

The נפשׁ becomes a living being

The נפשׁ is specif.

The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself

נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)

נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions

נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts

נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.

נפשׁ = character is still more dub.

נ׳ in D

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5315 נֶ֫פֶשׁ soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion . = that which breathes, the breathing substance or being

. The נפשׁ becomes a living being

. The נפשׁ is specif.

. The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself

. נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.)

. נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions

. נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts

. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.

. נפשׁ = character is still more dub.

. נ׳ in D

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5315 nephesh neh'-fesh

from 5314; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of

(abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal,

accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental):--any,

appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, X dead(-ly), desire,

X (dis-)contented, X fish, ghost, + greedy, he, heart(-y),

(hath, X jeopardy of) life (X in jeopardy), lust, man, me,

mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-,

thy-)self, them (your)-selves, + slay, soul, + tablet, they,

thing, (X she) will, X would have it.

see HEBREW for 05314

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul.

1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion

1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man

1b) living being

1c) living being (with life in the blood)

1d) the man himself, self, person or individual

1e) seat of the appetites

1f) seat of emotions and passions

1g) activity of mind

1g1) uncertain

1h) activity of the will

1h1) uncertain

1i) activity of the character

1i1) uncertain

נֶ֫פֶשׁ (ne.phesh) — soul: life.

1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion

1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man

1b) living being

1c) living being (with life in the blood)

1d) the man himself, self, person or individual

1e) seat of the appetites

1f) seat of emotions and passions

1g) activity of mind

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

sol (nephesh; psuche; Latin anima):

1. Shades of Meaning in the Old Testament:

(1) Soul, like spirit, has various shades of meaning in the Old Testament, which may be summarized as follows: "Soul," "living being," "life," "self," "person," "desire," "appetite," "emotion" and "passion" (BDB under the word). In the first instance it meant that which breathes, and as such is distinguished from basar, "flesh" (Isa 10:18; De 12:23); from she'er, "the inner flesh," next the bones (Pr 11:17, "his own flesh"); from beTen, "belly" (Ps 31:10, "My soul and my belly are consumed with grief"), etc.

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The ancients supposed the soul, or rather the animating principle of life, to reside in the breath, that it departed from the body with the breath. Hence the Hebrew and Greek words which, when they refer to man, in our Bibles are translated "soul," are usually rendered "life" or "breath" when they refer to animals, Ge 2:7 7:15 Nu 16:22 Job 12:10 34:14,15 Ps 104:29 Ec 12:7 Ac 17:25.

But together with this principle of life, which is common to men and brutes, and which in brutes perishes with the body, there is in man a spiritual, reasonable, and immortal soul, the…

Nave's Topical Bible

→ See SPIRIT

→ See IMMORTALITY

→ See MAN, A SPIRIT

→ See RIGHTEOUS, FUTURE STATE OF

→ See WICKED, PUNISHMENT OF

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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