Menu

Proverbs 18:19 — Word Study

Depth

WLCאָ֗ח נִפְשָׁ֥ע מִקִּרְיַת־ עֹ֑ז וּ֝מִדְיָנִ֗ים כִּבְרִ֥יחַ אַרְמֽוֹן׃

BSAAn offendedpâshaʻ [hurt or wronged] brother [is harder to win]ʼâch [close relative or friend, regain or reconcile] than a fortifiedʻôz [strong and secure] cityqiryâh [town or urban center] and disputesmâdôwn [contentions or arguments] are like the barsbᵉrîyach [bolts or locks] of a castleʼarmôwn [citadel or high palace]

Word
Listen & take awayProverbs 18
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 19 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration ('ar.Mon) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Proverbs 18:19quick helps
In a sentenceProverbs teaches that reconciling with an offended brother is more difficult than breaching a fortified city.
Who is speakingThe author of Proverbs, reflecting on human relationships.
Where we areIn the wisdom literature of the Old Testament, focusing on interpersonal conflict.
The hard wordנִפְשָׁ֥ע
Take awayRestoration in relationships can be more challenging than overcoming strong defenses.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectמִדְיָן verbפָּשַׁע The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Proverbs 18:19

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Wisdom of Proverbsgenerated

18Casting the lot ends quarrels and separates strong opponents.
19An offended brother is harder to win than a fortified city, and disputes are like the bars of a castle.
20From the fruit of his mouth a man’s belly is filled; with the harvest from his lips he is satisfied.
21Life and death are in the power of the tongue, and those who love it will eat its fruit.

Proverbs 18:19 illustrates the difficulty of mending relationships, particularly when one party feels wronged. This verse emphasizes the challenges of reconciliation, likening it to the formidable nature of a fortified city. The surrounding verses explore themes of conflict resolution and the power of words, as seen in Proverbs 18:18 and Proverbs 18:20.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Proverbs 6:19a false witness who gives false testimony, and one who stirs up discord among brothers.
2Genesis 4:5–8but He had no regard for Cain and his offering. So Cain became very angry, and his countenance fell.
3Genesis 27:41–45Esau held a grudge against Jacob because of the blessing his father had given him. And Esau said in his heart, “The days of mourning for my father are at hand; then I will kill my brother Jacob.”
4Genesis 32:6–11When the messengers returned to Jacob, they said, “We went to your brother Esau, and now he is coming to meet you—he and four hundred men with him.”
5Genesis 37:3–5Now Israel loved Joseph more than his other sons, because Joseph had been born to him in his old age; so he made him a robe of many colors.

The Key Word אָח, 'Achgenerated

The word אָח ('Ach) means 'brother' and encompasses relationships beyond mere siblings, including close relatives and friends. It signifies a bond that can be deeply affected by offense, highlighting the emotional weight of familial ties.

This term appears frequently in the Old Testament, often illustrating the importance of unity and reconciliation within families and communities. The parsing as a masculine singular noun indicates a specific individual, emphasizing the personal nature of the offense.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The translations agree on the rendering of the key terms, particularly regarding the relationship between an offended brother and the difficulty of reconciliation.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verb in this verse is implied in the structure, with the subject being אָח ('Ach) and the predicate describing the difficulty of winning him back. The sentence is complex, with two main ideas linked by 'and', detailing both the difficulty of reconciliation and the nature of disputes.

The structure emphasizes the comparison between the offended brother and a fortified city, illustrating the strength of barriers in relationships.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, אָח is rendered as ἀδελφὸς (adelphos), maintaining the familial connection. This choice reinforces the idea of close relationships being strained by offense.

The translation captures the essence of conflict within familial bonds, suggesting that such relationships are both significant and vulnerable.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Proverbs 18:19 teaches that it is harder to win back a brother who feels offended than to conquer a fortified city. Disputes are compared to strong barriers, emphasizing the difficulty of resolving conflicts in close relationships.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that an offended brother is harder to win?

It suggests that repairing a relationship with someone who feels wronged is very challenging, often requiring significant effort and humility.

Why are disputes compared to bars of a castle?

This metaphor indicates that arguments and conflicts create strong barriers that prevent reconciliation, much like physical locks secure a fortress.

How can we apply this wisdom in our lives?

We can strive to resolve conflicts quickly and seek reconciliation with those we have offended, recognizing the difficulties involved.

What is the significance of the brotherly relationship in this verse?

It highlights the importance of familial bonds and the impact of offense on those relationships, urging us to value and protect them.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. In what ways have I experienced difficulty reconciling with someone I care about?
  2. How can I better handle conflicts with close friends or family members?
  3. What steps can I take to prevent disputes from arising in my relationships?
  4. How does understanding the nature of offense help me in my interactions with others?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early Church Fathers reflect on the themes of unity and conflict in this verse, emphasizing the strength of brotherly bonds and the dangers of disputes.

John ChrysostomDISCOURSES AGAINST JUDAIZING CHRISTIANS 3:1.3 c. 347–407
Do you see the great strength which comes from concord? And do you see the great harm caused by contentiousness? A kingdom in revolt destroys itself.
Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 18 →
John ChrysostomCOMMENTARY ON THE PROVERBS OF SOLOMON, FRAGMENT 18:19 c. 347–407
“A brother helped by his brother is like a fortified and elevated city: and is as strong as a well fortified palace of kings.” The disciples of Christ were of the same mind, like brothers,
Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 18 →
Cyril of AlexandriaLETTER 30:2 c. 376–444
Truly spiritual affection is a strong city not able to be overcome or besieged by the devil either by undermining or by scaling.
Early Church Fathers on Proverbs 18 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Proverbs 18:19 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

A brother offended [is harder to be won] than a strong city,.... A fortified city may sooner be taken by an enemy, than one brother offended can be reconciled to another; their resentments against

Read John Gill on Proverbs 18 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city: and their contentions are like the bars of a castle.

Read Robert Jamieson on Proverbs 18 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Offended, to wit, by his brother’ s unkindness or injury. Is harder to be won; or, is stronger, which is sufficiently understood by the mention of a strong city, to which he is compared; such ellipses being frequent in the Hebrew, as hath been noted before. Than a strong city; which is hardly to be conquered. Like the bars of a castle; which are very strong, and not to be broken, and make the castle strong, and hardly to be won. The truth of this assertion is confirmed by the testimony of Aristotle and other learned authors, who affirm the same fixing; and the reason of it is evident, because the nearness of the relation greatly heightens the provocation, and love abused frequently turns to…

Read Matthew Poole on Proverbs 18 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Proverbs 18:19 A brother offended [is harder to be won] than a strong city: and [their] contentions [are] like the bars of a castle.Ver. 19. A brother offended is harder to be won, &c.] Whether it be a brother by race, place, or grace; Corruptio optimi pessima: those oft that loved most dearly, if once the devil cast his club between them, they hate most deadly. See this exemplified in Cain and Abel, Esau and Jacob, Polynices and Eteocles, Romulus and Remus, Caracalla and Geta, the two sons of Severus the Emperor, Robert and Rufus, the sons of William the Conqueror, the civil dissensions between the houses of York and Lancaster, wherein were slain eighty princes of the blood royal, the…

Read John Trapp on Proverbs 18 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(19) A brother offended.—Or rather, wronged. Their contentions.—Of such as have once been friends, “are like the bars of a castle,” or palace, forming an almost impassable barrier to reconciliation. The bitterness of quarrels between friends is proverbial.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Proverbs 18 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 19. A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city] Almost all the versions agree in the following reading: "A brother assisted by a brother, is like a fortified city; and their decisions are like the bars of a city." Coverdale is both plain and terse: "The unitie of brethren is stronger then a castell, and they that holde together are like the barre of a palace." The fable of the dying father, his sons, and the bundle of faggots, illustrates this proverb. Unity among brethren makes them invincible; small things grow great by concord. If we take the words according to the common version, we see them express what, alas! we know to be too generally true: that when brothers…

Read AdamClarke on Proverbs 18 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

19. offended] or injured, R.V. marg. like the bars of a castle] forming an impassable barrier to reconciliation.

Read Cambridge on Proverbs 18 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

The meaning of the first clause is obtained in the King James Version by the insertion of the words in italics, and it seems on the whole to be the best.

Read Albert Barnes on Proverbs 18 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

An offended brother is harder to win than a fortified city, and disputes are like the bars of a castle.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

A brother offended is more difficult than a fortified city. Disputes are like the bars of a fortress.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

An offended brother is harder to win than a fortified city, and disputes are like the bars of a castle.

NETBNew English Translation2006

A relative offended is harder to reach than a strong city, and disputes are like the barred gates of a fortified citadel.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city: and their contentions are like the bars of a castle.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city; And such contentions are like the bars of a castle.

RVARevised Version, American1894

A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city: and such contentions are like the bars of a castle.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city: and their contentions are like the bars of a castle.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

A brother offended is harder to winne then a strong citie, and their contentions are like the barre of a palace.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

A brother offended is [harder to be won] than a strong city; and contentions are as the bars of a palace.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

A brother transgressed against is as a strong city, And contentions as the bar of a palace.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

A brother transgressed against is as a strong city, || And contentions as the bar of a palace.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

A brother offended is harder [to be won] than a strong town; and quarrels [among brothers] are like the bars of a castle.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

An offended brother is harder to be won than a strong city, and quarreling is like the bars of a castle.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

A brother that is helped by his brother, is like a strong city: and judgments are like the bars of cities.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

A brother you've offended is harder to win back than a fortified town. Arguments keep people apart like bars on the doors of a fortress.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

A brother wounded is like a strong town, and violent acts are like a locked tower.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausenoun phrase · subjectאָ֗חa.brotherנִפְשָׁ֥עtransgressedprepositional phrase · predicateמִ[is].morenoun phraseקִּרְיַתthan.a.townעֹ֑זof.strengthוּ֝andclausesubjectמִדְיָנִ֗יםcontentionsprepositional phrase · predicateכִּ[are].like.[the]noun phraseבְרִ֥יחַbarאַרְמֽוֹןof.a.fortress

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree on the wording of this verse, maintaining a consistent message about the challenges of reconciling with an offended brother. The Septuagint matches the Hebrew word-for-word, affirming the integrity of the original text.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

אָ֗ח נִפְשָׁ֥ע מִקִּרְיַת־ עֹ֑ז וּ֝מִדְיָנִ֗ים כִּבְרִ֥יחַ אַרְמֽוֹן׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
אָ֗חἀδελφὸςנִפְשָׁ֥עβοηθούμενοςמִקִּרְיַת־πόλιςעֹ֑זὀξυρὰוּ֝מִדְיָנִ֗יםἰσξύειכִּבְרִ֥יחַτεθεμελιωμένονאַרְמֽוֹן׃βασίλειον

7 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Proverbs 18:19אָחa brothera brotherאָחפָּשַׁעtransgressetransgressedפָּשַׁעקִרְיָה[is] more t[is] more than קִרְיָהעֹזstrengthstrengthעֹזדִּיןand contentand contentionsדִּיןבְּרִיחַ[are] like [are] like [theבְּרִיחַאַרְמוֹןa fortressa fortressאַרְמוֹןקָרָהto meetto meetקָרָהעָזַזbe strongbe strongעָזַזבָּרַחto fleeto fleeבָּרַחאָבfatherfatherאָבפָּשַׂעto stepto stepפָּשַׂעמָדוֹןstrifestrifeמָדוֹןהַרְמוֹןHarmonHarmonהַרְמוֹןעֵשָׂו(Mount) Es(Mount) EsauעֵשָׂויוֹסֵףJosephJosephיוֹסֵףלִבְנָהLibnahLibnahלִבְנָהאֱדוֹםEdomEdomאֱדוֹםעַלִּיזjubilantjubilantעַלִּיזשָׂגַבto exaltto exaltשָׂגַבמַחְסֶּהrefugerefugeמַחְסֶּהגָּאוֹןprideprideגָּאוֹןחֲבַרfellowfellowחֲבַרפִּנָּהcornercornerפִּנָּהמַנְעוּלboltboltמַנְעוּל
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Proverbs 18:19

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

a brother transgressed [is] more than a town of strength and contentions [are] like [the] bar of a fortress
אָ֗ח'Ach a brother H251 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
630× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means a brother or male sibling, but it can also refer to a close relative, friend, or someone with a similar relationship. It is used to describe the bond between brothers, like the relationship between Cain and Abel in Genesis.
Amplified meaning
close relative or friend, regain or reconcile
Tyndale gloss
brother: male-sibling
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָח (ach) means 'brother' and encompasses a broad range of relationships, including literal siblings, half-brothers, and metaphorical kinship. It can refer to any male relative or compatriot, and it may also imply resemblance or reciprocal relationships. The term is used in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, highlighting both familial and figurative connections.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָח 630 n.m. brother

brother, born of same mother (& father)

indef. = relative

fig. of resemblance

in phr. one … another

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H251 אָח brother

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

251 'ach awkh

a primitive word; a brother (used in the widest sense of

literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or resemblance

(like 1)):--another, brother(-ly); kindred, like, other.

Compare also the proper names beginning with "Ah-" or "Ahi-".

see HEBREW for 01

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָח (ach) — brother: male-sibling.

: male-sibling

1) brother

1a) brother of same parents

1b) half-brother (same father)

1c) relative, kinship, same tribe

1d) each to the other (reciprocal relationship)

1e) (fig.) of resemblance

אָח (ach) — brother: male-relative.

: male-relative

1) brother

1a) brother of same parents

1b) half-brother (same father)

1c) relative, kinship, same tribe

1d) each to the other (reciprocal relationship)

1e) (fig.) of resemblance

אָח (ach) — brother: compatriot.

: compatriot

1) brother

1a) brother of same parents

1b) half-brother (same father)

1c) relative, kinship, same tribe

1d) each to the other (reciprocal relationship)

1e) (fig.) of resemblance

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

bruth'-er ('ach; adelphos = kin by birth, from the same parents or parent): Used extensively in both Old Testament and New Testament of other relations and relationships, and expanding under Christ's teaching to include the universal brotherhood of man. Chiefly employed in the natural sense, as of Cain and Abel (Ge 4:8); of Joseph and his brethren (Ge 42:3); of Peter and Andrew, of James and John (Mt 10:2). Of other relationships:

(1) Abram's nephew, Lot, is termed "brother" (Ge 14:14);

(2) Moses' fellow-countrymen are "brethren" (Ex 2:11; Ac 3:22; compare

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Brother

(1.) In the natural and common sense (Matt. 1:2; Luke 3:1, 19).

(2.) A near relation, a cousin (Gen. 13:8; 14:16; Matt. 12:46; John 7:3; Acts 1:14; Gal. 1:19).

(3.) Simply a fellow-countryman (Matt. 5:47; Acts 3:22; Heb. 7:5).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

The Hebrew word is used in various senses in the Old Testament, as, Any kinsman, and not a mere brother; e.g. nephew, (Genesis 13:8; 14:16) husband, (Solomon 4:9) One of the same tribe. (2 Samuel 19:13) Of the same people, (Exodus 2:11) or even of a cognate people. (Numbers 20:14) An ally. (Amos 1:9) Any friend, (Job 5:15) One of the same office. (1 Kings 9:13) A fellow man. (Leviticus 19:17) Metaphorically of any similarity, as in (

Signifies in Scripture the son of the same parent or parents, Mt 1:2 Lu 6:14; a cousin or near kinsman, Ge 13:8 14:16 Joh 7:3 Ac 1:14; one of the same stock or country, Mt 5:47 Ac 3:22 Heb 7:5; a fellow-man, and equal, Mt 5:23 7:3; one beloved, 2Sa 1:26; Christians, as sons of God, Ac 9:30 11:29. In

a brother transgressed [is] more than a town of strength and contentions [are] like [the] bar of a fortress
נִפְשָׁ֥עnif.Sha' transgressed H6586 Verb · Niphal · participle (active) masculine singular
41× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To transgress means to break away from authority, like rebelling or revolting against God or others, as seen in Psalm 51:1. It involves intentional disobedience. This concept is key in understanding sin and guilt.
Amplified meaning
hurt or wronged
Tyndale gloss
to transgress
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פָּשַׁע (pasha`) means to rebel or transgress, indicating a break from authority. It encompasses actions like revolt and apostasy, and can also refer to being offended in a relational context. The term appears in various forms, including Qal and Niphal, suggesting both active rebellion and passive offense.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פָּשַׁע vb. rebel, transgress

Qal

rebel, revolt, of nations

transgress against

Niph. a brother (who has been) offended

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6586 פָּשַׁע rebel, transgress

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6586 pasha` paw-shah'

a primitive root (identical with 6585 through the idea of

expansion); to break away (from just authority), i.e.

trespass, apostatize, quarrel:--offend, rebel, revolt,

transgress(-ion, -or).

see HEBREW for 06585

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פָּשַׁע (pa.sah) — to transgress.

1) to rebel, transgress, revolt

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to rebel, revolt

1a2) to transgress

1b) (Niphal) to be rebelled against

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Niphal — Verb · Niphal · participle (active) masculine singular
HVNrmsa
a brother transgressed [is] more than a town of strength and contentions [are] like [the] bar of a fortress
מִקִּרְיַת־mi.kir.yat- [is] more than a town of H7151 Preposition · noun common feminine singular construct
29× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to a town or city, a place where people live and work. It is used in the Bible to describe various urban areas.
Amplified meaning
town or urban center
Tyndale gloss
town
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קִרְיָה (qiryah) means 'town' or 'city' and is derived from the root associated with building. It covers general, specific, collective, and indefinite uses of the term. The Aramaic equivalent is also קִרְיָה (qir.yah).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קִרְיָה n.f. town, city

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7151 קִרְיָה town, city

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7151 qiryah kir-yaw'

from 7136 in the sense of flooring, i.e. building; a

city:--city.

see HEBREW for 07136

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קִרְיָה (qir.yah) — town.

1) city, town

1a) in general

1b) in specific

1c) collective

1d) indefinite

Aramaic equivalent: qir.yah (קִרְיָה "town" H7149)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular construct
HR/Ncfsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

a brother transgressed [is] more than a town of strength and contentions [are] like [the] bar of a fortress
עֹ֑ז'Oz strength H5797 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
92× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Describes strength or might, including physical power, social status, or boldness, like the strength of God or a strong leader.
Amplified meaning
strong and secure
Tyndale gloss
strength
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֹז (oz) refers to strength or might, encompassing material, physical, personal, social, and political dimensions. It can denote boldness or impudence and is associated with the might of God. The word is built from the root related to strength and power, with various applications noted in the entries.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֹז, and (rarely) עוֹז n.m. strength, might

material and physical

personal, social, and political

might of י׳

= boldness, impudence

= stronghold

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5797 עֹז, and (rarely) עוֹז strength, might . material and physical

. personal, social, and political

. might of י׳

. = boldness, impudence

. = stronghold

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5797 `oz oze

or (fully) rowz {oze}; from 5810; strength in various

applications (force, security, majesty, praise):--boldness,

loud, might, power, strength, strong.

see HEBREW for 05810

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֹז (oz) — strength.

1) might, strength

1a) material or physical

1b) personal or social or political

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Nave's Topical Bible

→ A title given to Jehovah 1Sa 15:29

a brother transgressed [is] more than a town of strength and contentions [are] like [the] bar of a fortress
וּ֝מִדְיָנִ֗יםu.me.do.nim and contentions H4079 Conjunction · noun common masculine plural absolute
10× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Means contention or strife, describing a quarrel or dispute, as seen in the KJV translation of brawling or contention.
Tyndale gloss
contention
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מִדְיָן (midyan) refers to strife or contention, indicating a state of disagreement or conflict. The term is associated with brawling and is derived from a variation of another Hebrew word for contention. It appears in contexts relating to disputes or arguments.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מָדוֹן n.m. strife, contention

strife, contention

object of contention

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4079 דִּין, דּוּן

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4079 midyan mid-yawn'

a variation for 4066:--brawling, contention(-ous).

see HEBREW for 04066

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מִדְיָן (mid.yan) — contention.

strife, contention

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/Ncmpa — Conjunction · noun common masculine plural absolute
HC/Ncmpa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
a brother transgressed [is] more than a town of strength and contentions [are] like [the] bar of a fortress
כִּבְרִ֥יחַkiv.Ri.ach [are] like [the] bar of H1280 Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct
40× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A bar or bolt, often made of wood, used to secure city gates or as a symbol of tribulation. It represents a fortress or a prison.
Amplified meaning
bolts or locks
Tyndale gloss
bar
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בְּרִיחַ (briyach) refers to a bar, particularly one made of wood, often associated with city gates. It can also metaphorically denote tribulation or a fortress, suggesting confinement or protection. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to bolt' or 'secure'.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בְּרִיחַ n.m. bar

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1280 בְּרִיחַ bar

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1280 briyach ber-ee'-akh

from 1272; a bolt:--bar, fugitive.

see HEBREW for 01272

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בְּרִיחַ (be.ri.ach) — bar.

1) bar

1a) of wood

1b) of city gates

2) of tribulation, a fortress, of the earth as a prison (fig.)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular construct
HR/Ncmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

a brother transgressed [is] more than a town of strength and contentions [are] like [the] bar of a fortress
אַרְמֽוֹן׃'ar.Mon a fortress H759 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
32× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for a high palace or fortress, like a citadel, appears in the Bible as a place of strength and power. It is often translated as castle or palace in the KJV. This word is used to describe the strongholds of kings and rulers.
Amplified meaning
citadel or high palace
Tyndale gloss
citadel: palace
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אַרְמוֹן (armown) refers to a citadel, castle, or palace, indicating a structure that is elevated or fortified. This term is primarily found in the prophetic books of the Old Testament, particularly in Amos and Jeremiah, and it is noted that it was not used before the royal period. The entries consistently emphasize its meanings related to fortifications and royal residences.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אַרְמוֹן n.m. citadel—citadel, castle, palace, not used before royal period, mostly in prophets, esp. common in Am & Je

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H759 אַרְמוֹן citadel—citadel, castle, palace, not used before royal period, mostly in prophets, esp. common in Am & Je

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

759 'armown ar-mone'

from an unused root (meaning to be elevated); a citadel (from

its height):--castle, palace. Compare 2038.

see HEBREW for 02038

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אַרְמוֹן (ar.mon) — citadel: palace.

: palace

citadel, palace, fortress

Also means: ar.mon (אַרְמוֹן ": fortress" H0759H)

אַרְמוֹן (ar.mon) — citadel: fortress.

: palace

citadel, palace, fortress

A sub-meaning of ar.mon (אַרְמוֹן ": palace" H0759)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

Everything we make is available for free because of a generous community of supporters.

Donate