John 13

CHAPTER 13. Here commences the closing part of the gospel. It exhibits the manifestation of Christ’ s glory in suffering and death. The first division embraces John 13-17, in which the faith of the believing is confirmed and unbelief [Judas] cast out.

John 13:1

John 13:1. Πρὸδὲτῆςἑορτῆςτοῦπάσχα, “ before the feast of the Passover,” and therefore it was not the Paschal supper which is now described. According to John, though not in agreement with the Synoptists, Jesus suffered as the Paschal Lamb on the day of the Passover, which in all Jewish households was terminated by the Paschal supper. How long before the Feast the supper here mentioned occurred is not explicitly stated, but the narrative shows it was the eve of the Passover. The note of time has an ethical rather than an historical intention. It is meant to mark that this was the last night of Jesus’ life. Therefore it is followed up by a full description of the entire situation and motives.

The main action is expressed in ἐγείρεται of the fourth verse; but to set his reader in the right point of view for perceiving the significance of this action the Evangelist points out three particulars regarding the mind and feeling of Jesus, and two external circumstances. (1) εἰδὼς … αὐτούς, “ Jesus, knowing that the hour had come that He should pass [for the construction ὥραἵνα see John 12:23; μεταβῇ emphasises the change in condition implied] out of this world to the Father, having loved His own who were in the world [τοὺςἰδίους, a more restricted and more sympathetic class than the οἱἴδιοι of John 1:11. His especial and peculiar friends.

The designation τοὺςἐντῷκόσμῳ is added in contrast to ἐκτοῦκόσμου which described His future condition, and it suggests the difficulties they are left to cope with and the duties they must do. They are to represent Him in the world: and this appeals to Him], He loved them” εἰςτέλος, which is translated “ in the highest degree” by Chrys., Euthymius [σφόδρα], Cyr.-Alex. [τελειοτάτηνἀγάπησιν], Godet, Weiss; but Godet is wrong in saying that εἰςτέλος never means “ unto the end,” see Matthew 10:22. Melanchthon renders “ perduravit donec pateretur” . He loved them through all the sufferings and to all the issues to which His love brought Him. The statement is the suitable introduction to all that now looms in view. His love remained steadfast, and was now the ruling motive.

The statement is further illustrated by the disappointing state of the disciples. [Wetstein quotes from Eurip., Troad., 1051, οὐδεὶςἐράστηςὅστιςοὐκἀεὶφιλεῖ; and from the Anthol., τούτουςἐξἀρχῆςμέχριτέλουςἀγαπῶ, and cf. Shakespeare’ s Sonnets, cxvi., “ Love … bears it out even to the edge of doom” .] (2) καὶδείπνουγενομένου, “ supper having arrived,” “ supper having been served,” cf. γενομένουσαββάτου, the Sabbath having come, πρωῒαςγενομένης, Matthew 27:1, morning having dawned.

In John 10:22 the phrase ἐγένετοτὰἐγκαίνια means “ the Dedication had arrived” . So here the meaning is “ supper having come,” and not “ supper being ended,” or “ while supper was proceeding” . If we read γινομένου the meaning is substantially the same, “ supper arriving,” “ at supper time” . This also is essential to the understanding of the incident. Feet-washing, pleasant and customary before a meal, would have been disagreeable and out of place in the course of it. [The custom is abundantly illustrated by Wetstein, Doughty and others. See especially Becker’ s Charicles.] The feet, either bare, or sandalled, or with shoes, were liable to be heated by the fine dust of the roads, and it was expected that the host would furnish means of washing them, see Luke 7:44.

When our Lord and His disciples supped together, this office would be discharged by the youngest, or by the disciples in turn; but this evening the disciples had been disputing which of them was the greatest, Luke 22:24, and consequently no one could stoop to do this menial office for the rest. (3) τοῦδιαβόλου … παραδῷ [or παραδοῖ], “ the devil having now put into the heart,” etc. For the expression βεβληκότοςεἰςτὴνκαρδίαν see especially Pindar, Olymp., xiii. 16, πολλὰδʼ ἐνκαρδίαιςἀνδρῶνἔβαλονὯραικ. τ. λ.

Similar expressions are frequent in Homer. It is perhaps rather stronger than “ suggest,” “ the devil having already put in the heart” ; the idea had been entertained, if we cannot say that the purpose was already formed. His presence was another disturbing element in the feast. But had Jesus unmasked him before such fiery spirits as John and Peter, Judas would never have left that room alive. Peter’ s sword would have made surer work than with Malchus. Judas therefore is included in the feet-washing. “ Jesus at the feet of the traitor, what a picture, what lessons for us” (Astié).

John 13:3

John 13:3. (4) εἰδὼς … χεῖρας, this consciousness on the part of Jesus is mentioned to bring out the condescension of the action to be related. (5) So too is the accompanying consciousness, ὅτιἀπὸΘεοῦ … ὑπάγει. It was not in forgetfulness of His true dignity but because conscious that He was supreme and God’ s ambassador that He did what He did. [“ All things,” says Melanchthon, “ condere testamentum promissum in Scripturis” : “ omnia, adeoque peccatum et mortem” .]

John 13:4

John 13:4. This person, and in this mood and in these circumstances, on the brink of His own passion, is free to attend to the wants of unworthy men, and ἐγείρεται … διεζωσμένος. “ He rises,” having reclined at the table in expectation that one or other of the disciples would do the feet-washing.—καὶτίθησιτὰἱμάτια, “ and lays aside His garments,” i.e., His Tallith, appearing in His χιτών, similar to our “ in His shirt sleeves” . τίθημι is similarly used in τίθημιτὴνψυχήν, John 10:11, etc. [See also Kypke on Luke 19:21.—καὶλαβὼνλέντιονδιέζωσενἑαυτόν, “ and having taken a linteum,” a towel or long linen cloth, “ He girt Himself,” tying the towel round Him. Cf. ἐγκομβώσασθε, 1 Peter 5:5. The middle διεζώσατο is used in John 21:7; the expression here more emphatically indicates that He was the sole Agent. The condescension is understood in the light of what Suetonius tells of Caligula (Cal. 26), that he was fond of making some of the senators wait at his table “ succinctos linteo,” that is, in the guise of waiters.

John 13:5

John 13:5 εἶτα … νιπτῆρα. Each step in the whole astounding scene is imprinted on the mind of John. “ Next He pours water into the basin,” the basin which the landlord had furnished as part of the necessary arrangements, [νιπτῆρα is only found here; but ποδανιπτήρ is not so rare; see Plut., Phocion, 20, where ποδονιπτῆρες filled with wine were provided for the guests.]—καὶἤρξατονίπτειν … “ nihil ministerii omittit” (Grotius). [Plutarch says of Favonius that he did for Pompey ὅσαδεσπόταςδοῦλοιμεχρὶνίψεωςποδῶν.] He “ began” to wash the feet of the disciples; “ began,” perhaps because, as Meyer suggests, the washing was interrupted, but this is not certain.

John 13:6

John 13:6. ἔρχεταιοὖν, apparently in the order in which they happened to be sitting, and having first washed some of the other disciples, He comes to Simon Peter, who draws up his feet out of reach and exclaims, Κύριε, σύμουνίπτειςτοὺςπόδας; The σύμου are brought together for the sake of the contrast.

John 13:7

John 13:7. This was a right impulse and honourable to Peter; and therefore Jesus treats it tenderly. ὃἐγὼποιῶ … μετὰταῦτα, “ what I am doing thou dost not at present comprehend, but thou shalt learn as soon as I am finished” . The pronouns are emphatic, that Peter may understand that Jesus may have much to do which the disciple cannot comprehend. The first requisite in a disciple or follower is absolute trust in the wisdom of his Master. μετὰταῦτα refers to the immediate future; see John 13:12, where the explanation of the action is given. [οὐκεἰςμακρὰνἐρεῖ, Euthymius.]

John 13:8

John 13:8. Peter, however, cannot accept the disciple’ s attitude, but persists, Οὐμὴνίψῃςμουτοὺςπόδαςεἰςτὸναἰῶνα, “ never shalt Thou wash my feet” . The εἰςτὸναἰῶνα was prompted by the μετὰταῦτα. No future explanation can make this possible. Peter’ s humility is true enough to allow him to see the incongruity of Jesus washing his feet: not deep enough to make him conscious of the incongruity of his thus opposing and dictating to his Master. To this characteristic utterance Jesus, waiting with the basin, replies, ἐὰνμὴνίψωσε … ἐμοῦ.

Superficially these words might mean that unless Peter allowed Jesus to wash him, he could not sit at table with Him. But evidently Peter found in them a deeper significance, and understood them as meaning: Unless I wash you, you are outcast from my fellowship and cease to share in my kingdom and destiny. Here the symbolic significance of the eating together and of the washing begins dimly to appear. That Peter saw that this deeper meaning was intended appears from the eagerness of his answer.

John 13:9

John 13:9. Κύριε … κεφαλήν. A moment ago he told his Master He was doing too much: now he tells Him He is doing too little. Self-will gives place slowly. Yet this was the unmistakable expression of devotion. If washing is any requirement for fellowship with Thee, wash me wholly. [“ Non pedes solum, quos soli ministri vident; sed manus et caput, quod convivae adspiciunt.” Wetstein.] He is still in error.

John 13:10

John 13:10. Ὁλελουμένος … ὅλος. “ He that has been in the bath has no need to wash save his feet, but is all clean.” His feet may be soiled by walking from the public bath to the supper chamber, and it is enough that they be washed. “ Ad convivium vocati solebant prius in balneo lavari; in domo vero convivatoris nonnisi pedes, quibus in via pulvis aut sordes adhaeserant, a servis abluebantur, ne lecti, super quibus accumbebant, macularentur.” Wetstein. He supports the statement by many references. The added clause discloses that a spiritual sense underlies the symbol: ὑμεῖςκαθαροίἐστε, ἀλλʼ οὐχὶπάντες, “ ye are clean, but not all” . All had been washed: the feet of Judas were as clean as those of Peter. But Judas was not clean.

John 13:11

John 13:11. That Judas was meant is at once said in John 13:11. Ἤιδει … ἐστε. Jesus thus shows that He distinguishes between the offence of the rest and the sin of Judas. All that they required was to have the soil of their present evil temper and jealousy removed: they were true in heart, they had been in the bath and had only contracted a slight stain. But Judas had not been in the bath: he had no genuine and habitual loyalty to Christ.

John 13:12

John 13:12. Ὅτε … ὑμῖν: “ when, then, He had washed their feet and taken His garments [cf. τίθησιτὰἱμάτια of John 13:4] and reclined again He said to them: Know ye what I have done to you?” Do you perceive the meaning of this action? By washing their feet He had washed their heart. By stooping to this menial service He had made them all ashamed of declining it. By this simple action He had turned a company of wrangling, angry, jealous men into a company of humbled and united disciples.

John 13:13

John 13:13. ὑμεῖςφωνεῖτέμε, “ ye call me,” in addressing me (φωνεῖν, not καλεῖν), ὁδιδάσκαλοςκαὶὁκύριος “ Teacher” and “ Lord” ; the nominativus tituli, see Winer, 226. Perhaps “ Rabbi” would convey better the respect involved in διδάσκαλος. καὶκαλῶςλέγετε, εἰμὶγάρ. Jesus, humble and self-suppressing as He was, clearly recognised His own dignity and on occasion asserted it. Here the point of the lesson lay in His consciousness of being their Lord.

John 13:14

John 13:14. Hence the a fortiori argument: εἰοὖνἐγὼἔνιψα … πόδας, “ if I then, Lord and Teacher, washed your feet, ye also ought (ὀφείλετε denoting moral obligation) to wash one another’ s feet” . “ It is not the act itself, but its moral essence, which after His example He enjoins upon them to exercise.” Meyer. This has sometimes been considered a command enjoining the literal washing of the feet of poor saints: and was practised in England until 1731 by the Lord High Almoner, and is still practised by the Pope on Maundy Thursday (Dies Mandati), the day before Good Friday. See also Church’ s Anselm, p. 49. The ancient practice is discussed in Augustine’ s Letters, 55, to Januarius, c. 33. It at once took its place as symbolic of all kindly care of fellow-Christians, see 1 Timothy 5:10.

John 13:15

John 13:15. ὑπόδειγμα … ποιῆτε. ὑπόδειγμα is condemned by Phrynichus, who recommends the Attic παράδειγμα. See Rutherford’ s interesting note, New Phryn., p. 62. The purpose, ἵνα, of His action was that they might act in the same humble, loving spirit, in all their conduct to one another.

John 13:16

John 13:16. And as confirmatory of this example and in rebuke of their pride, He adds: οὐκἔστιδοῦλος … αὐτόν. In Matthew 10:24 a similar saying occurs; cf. also Luke 6:40, and Luke 22:27. The slave whose function it is to serve is not “ greater,” μείζων, than his lord, who may expect to receive service, and therefore the slave may well stoop to the offices which the lord himself discharges and count on no exemptions the lord does not claim.

John 13:17

John 13:17. These are obvious first principles in Christian discipleship, but the mere knowledge of them is not enough: εἰταῦταοἴδατε, μακάριοίἐστεἐὰνποιῆτεαὐτά. ταῦτα refers to what Jesus had just declared to be the significance of His action. εἰοἴδατε, “ if ye know,” as you do know; ἐὰνποιῆτε, a supposition. “ The knowing is objectively granted, the doing subjectively conditioned.” Meyer. On the double protasis see Burton, 268. μακάριοι is usually translated “ blessed,” Matthew 5:3, John 20:29, and should be so here.

John 13:18

John 13:18. This blessedness, He knew, could not attach to all of them: οὐπερὶπάντωνὑμῶνὑμῶνλέγω, “ I speak not of you all,” I do not expect all of you to fulfil the condition of blessedness, ἐγὼοἶδαοὓςἐξελεξάμην, “ I for my part (in contrast to the disciples who were in ignorance) know the men whom I have chosen as Apostles,” and am therefore not taken by surprise by the treachery of one of them. For the choice of Judas see John 6:70, where the same word ἐξελεξάμην is used. ἀλλʼ ἵνα … The simplest construction is: “ but I chose Judas in order that,” etc. This may not, however, involve that Jesus consciously chose Judas for this purpose. That is not said, and can scarcely be conceived. The Scripture which waited for fulfilment is Psalms 40:9, ὁἐσθίωνἄρτουςμουἐμεγάλυνενἐπʼ ἐμὲπτερνισμόν.

Eating bread together is in all countries a sign, and in some a covenant or pledge of friendship. Cf. Kypke on ὁμοτράπεζος and Trumbull’ s Blood Covenant, p. 313, and Oriental Life, p. 361. Here the fact of Judas’ eating bread with Jesus is introduced as aggravating his crime. “ To lift the heel” is to kick, whether originally used of a horse or not; and expresses violence and contempt.

John 13:19

John 13:19. This grave announcement was made at this point and not previously, ἀπʼ ἄρτι, “ from henceforth” (as if the knowledge resulting from the announcement rather than the announcement itself were dictating the expression) “ I tell you before it happens, that when it has happened you may know that I am He,” i.e., the Messiah in whom these predictions were destined to be fulfilled.

John 13:20

John 13:20. But lest this announcement should weaken their confidence in one another and in their own call to the Apostolate (“ probabile est voluisse Christum offendiculo mederi” . Calvin) He hastens to add: ἀμὴν … πέμψαντάμε [ἄντινα better than ἐάντινα]. He gives the assurance that those whom He sends as His apostles will be identified with Himself and with God.

John 13:21

John 13:21. Ταῦταεἰπὼν … παραδώσειμε. Two elements in the company had prevented Jesus from freely uttering His last counsels to the Twelve. (1) They had manifested dissension which would prevent them from acting together when He was gone, and a temper which would prevent them from receiving His words. And (2) there was among them a, traitor. The first element of discord had been removed by the feet-washing. He now proceeds to eliminate the second. But to have at once named the traitor would have been fatal.

Peter and the rest would have taken steps to defeat, if not to put an end to Judas. Therefore He merely says, εἶςἐξὑμῶνπαραδώσειμε. This it was which troubled His spirit, that one of the Twelve whom He had so cherished should turn traitor, using the familiarity and knowledge of intimacy to betray Him.

John 13:22

John 13:22. The disciples had no idea who was meant. Ἔβλεπον … λέγει, Judas could scarcely be “ at a loss to know of whom He spoke” .

John 13:23

John 13:23. ἦν … Ἰησοῦς, the disciple whom Jesus loved lay next Him, ἐντῷκόλπῳ. Two arrangements of guests at a table were in vogue. They either lay at right angles to the table and parallel to one another, each resting on his left elbow and having his right hand free (see Rich’ s Dict., s. v. Trielinium, Lectus, Accubo); or they lay obliquely, the second reaching with his head to “ the sinus of the girdle (κόλπος)” of the first, and with the feet of the first at his back; while the third occupied the same posture relatively to the second (see the engraving in Becker’ s Charicles, 327, and Lightfoot, p. 1095, who says that this second arrangement prevailed in Palestine in the time of Christ). John was lying, then, next to Jesus, his position being inside that of Jesus. To him Peter νεύει, “ beckons” (cf. νεύσωμέντοιἐγὼκεφαλῇ, Od., xvi. 283), taking the initiative as usual, but not himself asking, perhaps because he had made so many mistakes that evening already, perhaps because a private matter might better be transacted in a whisper from John.

John 13:25

John 13:25. That disciple, ἐκεῖνος, when thus appealed to, ἀναπεσὼνἐπὶτὸστῆθοςτοῦἸησοῦ, “ having leant back towards the breast of Jesus” so as to speak more directly to Him and to be heard only by Him. On the difference between ἀνακείμενος and ἀναπεσών see Origen in Evang. Jo., ii. 191, Brooke.

John 13:26

John 13:26. But even in answer to John’ s question, τίςἐστιν; Jesus does not name Judas, but merely gives a sign by which John may recognise the traitor: Ἐκεῖνος … ἐπιδώσω, “ he it is for whom I shall dip the sop and give it him” . Some argue from the insertion of the article τὸψωμίον that this was the sop made up of a morsel of lamb, a small piece of unleavened bread, and dipped in the bitter sauce, which was given by the head of the house to each guest as a regular part of the Passover; and that therefore John as well as the Synoptists considered this to be the Paschal Supper. But not only is the article doubtful, see W.H[84], but it is an ordinary Oriental custom for the host to offer such a tid-bit to any favoured guest; and we are rather entitled to see in the act the last appeal to Judas’ better feeling. The very mark Jesus chooses to single him out is one which on ordinary occasions was a mark of distinctive favour. At any rate he is thus all the more effectually screened from the others. [84] Westcott and Hort.

John 13:27

John 13:27. But instead of moving Judas to compunction μετὰτὸψωμίον, τότεεἰσῆλθενεἰςἐκεῖνονὁΣατανᾶς. μετὰ “ after,” not “ with,” “ non cum offula,” Bengel and Cyril, who also says, οὐγὰρἔτισύμβουλονἔχειτὸνσατανᾶν, ἀλλʼ ὅληςἤδητῆςκαρδίαςδεσπότην. On ἐκεῖνον Bengel also has: “ Jam remote notat Judam” . Morally he is already far removed from that company. But what was it that thus finally determined Judas? Perhaps the very revulsion of feeling caused by taking the sop from Jesus: perhaps the accompanying words, Ὃποιεῖς, ποίησοντάχιον, “ what thou doest, do quickly” . τάχιον: “ to Attic writers θάσσων (θάττων) was the only comparative, and τάχιστος the only superlative” .

Rutherford, New Phryn., p. 150. The idea in the comparative is “ with augmented speed,” see Donaldson’ s Greek Gram., p. 390.

John 13:28

John 13:28. Τοῦτο … αὐτῷ. All heard the command given to Judas, but none of them knew its object, not even John; for although he was now aware that Judas was the traitor he did not connect the command “ Do it quickly” with the actual work of betrayal.

John 13:29

John 13:29. τινὲςγὰρἐδόκουν. Some supposed that Judas being treasurer of the company had been sent to buy what they needed for the feast, or to give something to the poor. That it was possible at so late an hour to make purchases appears from Matthew 25:9-11 (Holtzmann).

John 13:30

John 13:30. Judas on his part, having accepted the sop, ἐξῆλθενεὐθύς, the εὐθύς answering to τάχιον, John 13:27; he went out immediately, taking the purse with him no doubt. ἦνδὲνύξ, “ and it was night” . The sudden darkness succeeding sunset in the East suddenly fell on the room, impressing John’ s sensitive spirit and adding to the perturbation of the company. The note of time may however only result from John’ s desire to keep his narrative exact.

John 13:31-14

John 13:31 to John 14:31 comprise one continuous conversation, introduced by Jesus’ announcement (John 13:31-35) of His speedy departure.

John 13:32

John 13:32. Necessarily therefore when He is glorified ὁΘεὸςἐδοξάσθηἐναὐτῷ. καὶὁΘεὸςδοξάσειαὐτὸνἐνἑαυτῷ. God is more definitely named as the source of the glorification of the Son of Man; and as God was glorified “ in” Jesus, so shall Jesus be glorified “ in” God. It is not only παρὰσεαυτῷ, as in John 17:5, but ἐνἑαυτῷ, which does not merely mean that He will be taken up into the eternal blessedness of God, but that His glory will be the Divine glory itself.

John 13:33

John 13:33. This result was to be forthwith achieved: εὐθὺςδοξάσειαὐτόν, which at once is interpreted to the discipies in the explicit statement Τεκνία, ἔτιμικρὸνμεθʼ ὑμῶνεἰμι. Τεκνία is frequent in 1 John; here only in the Gospel. Lightfoot (p. 1098) says: “ Discipulus cujusvis vocatur ejus filius” ; but here there is a tenderness in the expression not so accounted for. ἔτιμικρὸν, “ yet a little,” i.e., it is only for a little longer; cf. John 7:33. This announcement, formerly made to the Jews (John 7:33, John 8:21; John 8:24), He now, ἄρτι, makes to the disciples; arousing their attention to what follows, as His last injunctions. In view of the temper they had that evening displayed and the necessity for united action and unanimous testimony He first lays upon them the commandment to love one another.

John 13:34

John 13:34. ἐντολὴνκαινὴνδίδωμιὑμῖν, ἵναἀγαπᾶτεἀλλήλους: “ one another,” not “ all men,” which is a different commandment. So, rightly, Grotius: “Novum autem dicit quia non agit de dilectione communi omnium … sed de speciali Christianorum inter se qua tales sunt,” and Holtzmann: “ Es ist die φιλαδελφία im Unterschied von der allgemeinen ἀγάπη” . The necessity of love among those who were to carry on Christ’ s work had that night become apparent. It was “ new,” because the love of Christ’ s friends for Christ’ s sake was a new thing in the world. Therefore the kind rather than the degree of love is indicated in the clause καθὼςἠγάπησαὑμᾶςκ. τ. λ.

John 13:35

John 13:35. And this Christian love is to be the sole sufficing evidence of the individual’ s Christianity: ἐντούτῳ (emphatic) γνώσονται … ἀλλήλοις. Cf. Acts 4:32, 1 John 3:10; also Tertull., Apol., 39, “ vide, inquiunt, ut invicem se diligant” ; Clem. Alex., Strom., ii. 9; Min. Felix, Octavius, 9.

John 13:36

John 13:36. On this announcement of Jesus that He was shortly to leave them follow four characteristic utterances of the disciples. First as usual, λέγειαὐτῷΣίμωνΠέτρος, Κύριεποῦὑπάγεις; “ Lord, where are you going?” referring to John 13:33. The Vulgate renders “ Domine, quo vadis?” the words which the legend ascribes to Peter when withdrawing from persecution in Rome he met Jesus entering the city. Jesus does not needlessly excite them by plainly telling them of His death, for He has much to say to them which He wishes them to listen to undisturbed. He assures Peter that though he cannot now accompany his Master, he will afterwards follow, and so rejoin Him; cf. John 21:19.

John 13:37

John 13:37. This does not satisfy Peter. He sees it is some dangerous enterprise Jesus is undertaking, and he feels his courage discredited by the refusal to be allowed to accompany Him. Κύριεδιατί … θήσω. “ Putasne ulla itineris molestia me terreri?” Grotius. “ In the zeal of love he mistakes the measure of his moral strength.” Meyer. Mt. and Mk. represent all the disciples as making the same declaration (Matthew 26:35, Mark 14:31); which made it all the more necessary to expose its unconscious hollowness, painful as it must have been to Jesus to do so Τὴνψυχήνσου … τρίς. “ Wilt thou lay down …? So far from that, you will deny me thrice before the morning.” οὐμὴἀλέκτωρφωνήσει. “ Cock-crow” was used among the Jews as a designation of time (Lightfoot on Matthew 26:34); cf. Mark 13:35, where the night is divided into ὀψέ, μεσονύκτιον, ἀλεκτοροφωνία, πρωΐ.

At the equinox cock-crow would be between 2 and 4 A.M. See Greswell’ s Dissert., iii. 216. This was incomprehensible; how the night could bring circumstances so appalling as to tempt any of them, and compel the hardiest to deny Jesus, they could not conceive.