ἄν, a particle indicating that something can or could occur on certain conditions, or by the combination of certain fortuitous causes. In Lat. it has no equivalent ; nor do the Eng. haply, perchance, Germ. wohl (wol), etwa, exactly and everywhere correspond to it. The use of this particle in the N. T., illustrated by copious exx. fr: Grk. writ., is shown by W. § 42; [ef. B. 216 (186) 544. Its use in classic Grk. is fully exhibited (by Prof. Goodwin) in L. and S. s. v.]. It is joined 1. in the apodoses of hypothetical sentences 1. with the Impf., where the Lat. uses the impf. subjunctive, e. g. Lk. vii. 39 (ἐγίνωσκεν ἄν, sciret, he would know) ; Lk. xvii. 6 (ἐλέγετε ἄν ye would say) ; Mt. xxiii. 80 (non essemus, we should not have been); Jn. v. 46; vili.42; ix. 41; xv. 19; xviii. 36; 1 Co. xi. 31; Gal. i. 10; iii. 21 [but WH mrg. br.]; Heb. iv. 8; viii. 4, 7.. 2. with the indic. Aor. (where the Lat. uses the plpf. subj. like the fut. pf. subj., J would have done it), to express what would have been, if this or that either were (εἰ with the impf. in the protasis preceding), or had been (e? with the aor. or plpf. preceding): Mt. xi. 21 and Lk. x. 13 (ἄν μετενόησαν they would have repented); Mt. xi. 23; xii. 7 (ye would not have condemned); Mt. xxiv. 48 (he would have watched), 22 and Mk. xiii. 20 (no one would have been saved, i.e.all even now would have to be regarded as those who had perished ; ef. W. 304 (286)); Jn. iv. 10 (thou wouldst have asked); xiv. 2 (εἶπον ἄν I would have said so); 28 (ye would have rejoiced); Ro. ix. 29 (we should have become); 1 Co. ii. 8; Gal. iv. 15 (RG); Acts xviii. 14. Sometimes the condition is not expressly stated, but is easily gathered from what is said: Lk. xix. 23 and Mt. xxv. 27 (1 should have received it back with interest, sc. if thou hadst given it to the bankers). 3. with the Plupf.: Jn. xi. 21 [R Tr mrg.] (οὐκ ἂν ἐτεθνήκει [LT Tr txt. WH ἀπέθανεν “ av would not have died, for which, in 32, the aor. οὐκ ἂν ἀπέθανεν ; Jn. xiv. 7 [not Tdf.] (εἰ with the plpf. preceding); 1 Jn. ii. 19 (they would have remained with us). Sometimes (as in Grk. writ., esp. the later) ἄν is omitted, in order to intimate that the thing wanted but little (impf.) or had wanted but little (plpf. or aor.) of being done, which yet was not done because the condition was not fulfilled (ef. Alex. Btim. in the Stud. u. Krit. for 1858, p- 489 sqq.; [N. T. Gram. p. 225 (194)]; Fritzsche on Rom. vol. ii. 33; W. § 42, 2 p. 305 (286)), 6. g. Jn. viii. 39 (where the ἄν is spurious); xv. 22, 24; xix. 11; Acts xxvi. 32; Ro. vii. 7; Gal. iv. 15 (ἄν before ἐδώκατε has been correctly expunged by LT Tr WH). II. Joined to relative pronouns, relative adverbs, and adverbs of time and quality, it has the same force as the Lat. cumque or cunque, -ever, -soever, (Germ. irgend, etwa). 1. foll. by a past tense of the Indicative, when some matter of fact, something certain, is spoken οἵ; where, “when the thing itself which is said to have been done is certain, the notion of uncertainty involved in ἄν belongs rather to the relative, whether pronoun or particle” (Klotz ad Dev. p. 145) [ef. W. § 42, 3.a.]; ὅσοι ἄν as many as: Mk. vi. 56 (ὅσοι ἂν ἥπτοντο [ἥψαντο L txt. T Tr txt. WH] αὐτοῦ as many as touched him (cf. B. 216 (187)]); Mk. xi. 24 (ὅσα ἂν προσευχόμενοι αἰτεῖσθε [Grsb. om. dv], but L txt. T Tr WH have rightly restored ὅσα προσεύχεσθε κ. αἰτεῖσθε). καθότι av in so far or so ofien as, according as, (Germ. je nachdem gerade) : Acts ii. 45; iv. 35. ὡς ἄν: 1 Co. xii. 2 (in whatever manner ye were led [ef. B. § 139, 13; 383(329)sq.]). 2. foll. bya Subjunctive, a. the Present, concerning that which may have been done, or is usually or constantly done (where the Germ. uses mégen); ἡνίκα av whensoever, as oflen as: 2 Co. iii. 15 LT Tr WH; ὃς ἄν whoever, be he who hemay: Mt. xvi. 25 (LT Tr WH ἐάν) ; [Mk. viii. 35 (where T Tr WII fut. indic.; see WH. App. p. 172)]; Lk. x. 5 (L T Tr WH aor.), 8; Gal. v.17 (T Tr WH ἐάν, Lbr. ἐάν); 1 Jn. ii. 5; iii. 17; Ro. ix. 15 (Ex. xxxiii. 19) ; xvi. 2; 1 Co. xi. 27, ete. ὅστις av: 1 Co. xvi. 2 [Tr WH ἐάν; WH mre. aor.]; Col. iii. 17 (Ltxt. Tr WH ἐάν). ὅσοι av: Mt. vii. 12 (T WH ἐάν); xxii. 9 (LT Tr WH ἐάν). ὅπου ἄν whithersoever: Lk. ix. 57 (L Tr ἐάν) ; Rev. xiv. 4 (L Tr [T ed. 7 not 8, WH] have adopted ὑπάγει, defended also by B. 228 (196)); Jas. iii. 4 (RGLTrmrg. in br.). ὁσάκις ἄν how oflen soever: 1 Co. xi. 25 sq. (where LT Tr WH ἐάν). ὡς ἄν in what way soever: 1 Th. ii. 7 ({ef. Ellic. ad loc.; B. 232 (200)], LT Tr WH ἐάν). Ὄ. the Aorist, where the Lat. uses the fut. pf.; ὃς av: Mt. v. 21, 22 (εἴπῃ whoever, if ever any one shall have said) ; 31 sq. [in vs. 32 L T Tr WH read πᾶς ὁ ἀπολύων]; x. 11; xxvi. 48 (Tdf. ἐάν); Mk. 111. 29, 35; ix.41,ete. ὅστις av: Mt. x. 33 [L Tr WH txt. om. ay]; xii. 50; Jn. xiv. 13 [Tr mrg. WH pres.]; Acts iii. 23 (Tdf. ἐάν), ete. ὅσοι ἄν: Mt. xxi. 22 (Tres. ἐάν) ; xxiii. 8 (T WH ἐάν); Mk. iii. 28 (Tr WH éav); Lk. ix. 5 (LT Tr WH pres.) ; Jn. xi. 22; Acts ii. 39 (Lehm. ods); iii. 22. ὅπου av: Mk. xiv. 9 (T WH ἐάνν; ix. 18 (LT Tr WH ἐάν). ἄχρις οὗ ἄν until (donec): 1 Co. xv. 25 Rec.; Rev. ii. 25. ἕως ἄν | ιέρος], (Polyb. 4, 20, 10 ἀνὰ μέρος ἄδειν). ἜΝ ανα until (usque dum): Mt. ii. 18; x. 11; xxii. 44; Mk. vi. 10; Lk. xxi. 32; 1 Co. iv. 5, ete. ἡνίκα ἄν, of fut. time, not until then, when .. .or then at length, when ...: 2Co. iii. 16 (T WH txt. ἐάν) [ef. Kiihner ii. 951; Jelf ii. 565]. ὡς ἄν as soon as [B. 232 (200)]: 1 Co. xi. 34; Phil. ii. 23. ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἂν ἐγερθῇ, Lk. xiii. 25 (from the time, whatever the time is, when he shall have risen up). But ἐάν (q. v-) is also joined to the pronouns and adverbs mentioned, instead of av; and in many places the Mss. and edd. fluctuate between ἄν and ἐάν, (exx. of which have already been adduced); [ef. Tdf. Proles. p. 96; WH. App. p. 173 “ predominantly ἄν is found after consonants, and ἐάν after vowels’’]. Finally, to this head must be referred ὅταν (i. 4. ὅτε ἄν) with the indic. and much oftener with the subj. (see ὅταν), and ὅπως ἄν, although this last came to be used as a final conjunction in the sense, that, if it be possible: Lk. ii. 85; Acts iii. 20 (19); xv.17; Ro. 111. 4 ; see ὅπως, II.1b. [Cf. W.309 (290 sq.); B. 234 (201).] 111. ἄν is joined to the Optat. [W. 303 (284); B. 217 (188)]; when a certain condition is laid down, as in wishes, 7 would that ete.: Acts xxvi. 29 (εὐξαίμην [Tdf. εὐξάμην ἄν I could pray, se. did it depend on me) ; in direct questions [W.1.c.; B. 254 (219)]: Acts viii. 31 (πῶς ἂν δυναίμην ; i.e. on what condition, by what possibility, could I? cf. Xen. oee. 11, 5); Acts xvii. 18 (τί ἂν θέλοι . . . λέγειν what would he say ? it being assumed that he wishes to utter some definite notion or other); Acts ii. 12RG; in dependent sentences and indirect questions in which the narrator introduces another’s thought [W. § 42,4; B.l.e.]: Lk. i. 62; vi. 11; ix.46; [xv. 26 L br. Tr WH;; cf. xviii. 36 Lbr. Trbr. WH mrg.]; Acts v. 24; x. 17; xvii. 20 RG. IV. dvis found without a mood in 1 Co. vii. 5 (εἰ μή τι ἄν [WH br. ἄν], except perhaps, sc. γένοιτο, [but cf. Bttm. as below]). ὡς ἄν, adverbially, tanquam (so already the Vule.), as if: 2 Co. x. 9 (like ὥσπερ ἄν in Grk. writ. ; cf. Kiihner ii. 210 [§ 398 Anm. 4; Jelf § 430]; B. 219 (189); [L. and S. 8. v. D. 111.7).

ἄν an 166x

For the various constructions of this particle, and their significance, consult a grammar. At the beginning of a clause, it is another form of ἐάν, if, Jn. 20:23

ἄν, conditional particle, which cannot usually be separately translated in English, its force depending on the constructions which contain it (see further, LS, s.v.; WM, §xlii; M, Pr., 165 ff.; MM, VGT, s.v.). In apodosis, c. indic, impf. or aor., expressing what would be or would have been if (εἰ c. impf., aor. or plpf.) some condition were or had been fulfilled: Lk 7:39 17:6, Jo 5:46, Ga 1:10, Mt 12:7 24:43, I Co 2:8, Ac 18:14, I Jo 2:19, al. The protasis is sometimes understood (as also in cl.): Mt 25:27, Lk 19:23. In hypothetical sentences, expressing unreality, ἄν (as often in late writers, more rarely in cl.) is omitted: Jo 8:39 15:24 19:11, Ro 7:7, Ga 4:15;

c. opt., inf., ptcp. (cl.; v. LS, s.v.; M, Int., §275; M, Pr., 167:4).

In combination with conditional, relative, temporal, and final words; as in cl., c. subj., in protasis with εἰ, in Attic contr. ἐάν, q.v.;

in conditional, relative, and temporal clauses (coalescing with ὅτε, ἐπεί, etc.; v.s. ὅταν, ἐπάν, etc.), ever, soever; c. pres., ἡνίκα, II Co 3:15; ὃς ἄν, Ro 9:15(LXX) 16:2, al.; ὅσοι ἄν, Lk 9:5; ὡς ἄν, Ro 15:24 (M, Pr., 167);

c. aor., ὃς ἄν, Mt 5:21, 22, 31; ἕως ἄν, until, Mt 2:13, Mk 6:10, al.; ὡς ἄν, as soon as (M, Pr., 167), I Co 11:34, Phl 2:23. On the freq. use of ἐάν for ἄν with the foregoing words, v.s. ἐάν;

in late Gk., when some actual fact is spoken of, c. indic.: ὅταν (q.v.); ὅπου ἄν, Mk 6:56 (M, Pr., 168); καθότι ἄν, Ac 2:45 4:35; ὡς ἄν, I Co 12:2.

in iterative construction, c. impf. and aor. indic. (M, Pr., 167): Ac 2:45 4:35, I Co 12:2.

c. optat., giving a potential sense to a question or wish: Ac 8:31 26:29.

Elliptical constructions: εἰ μή τι ἄν (M, Pr., 169), I Co 7:5; ὡς ἄν, c. inf., as it were (op. cit. 167), II Co 10:9.

ἊΝ ἢ το Teil i., von E. Mayser. Berlin u. Leipzig, 1926. Meecham Lefters...... = Light from Ancient Letters. By Henry G. Meecham. London, [1923]. Meisterhans Gy....... = Grammatik der attischen Inschrifzen, von K. Meisterhans. Dritte Auflage von E, Schwyzer. Berlin, 1900. Meél, Chatelain........ = Mélanges offerts ἃ M. Emile Chatefain. Paris, 1910. πα ECOL Cen nesac ene = Mélanges... offerts a Jules Nicole. Geneva, 1905. = Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta, Ill. Ed. Th. Kock. Leipzig, 1888. Selections = Selections from Menander, edited Menander Fragm. ... ” by W. G. Waddell, M.A. Oxford, 1927. Menandred...........6. = Menandrea ex papyris et membrants vetustissimis. Ted. A. Korte. Leipzig, 1912. WEAN EZ τοῦτος = Griechtsche Grammatik®, von Gustav Meyer. Leipzig, 1896. Meyer Heerwesen.... = Das Heerwesen der Plolemder und Romer in Agypten, von Paul M. Meyer. Leipzig, 1900. Jur, Pap. ..... = Juristische Papyri. Erklirung von Orkunden zur Einftihrung in die Juristiche Papyruskunde. von Paul M. Meyer. Berlin, 1920. πα = Modern Greek. Milligan Documents = The New Testament Documents: Their Origin and Larly History, ” by George Milligan. London, 1913. [Out of print.] Ὥς eters and There...... = Here and There among the Papyri, by the same. London, 1923. [Out of print.] » Selections ... = Selections from the Greek Papyri, by the same. New edit. Cambridge, 1927. Thess. «νννννν = St. Pauls Epistles to the Thessalonians, by the same. London, 1908. Mitteis or Wilcken Papyruskunde..... = Grundztige und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde 1. i. ed. U. Wilcken, and II. i. ed. L. Mitteis Leipzig and Berlin, 1912. See also Abbreviations II. Papyri σι. Chrest. ; Modica /ntroduzione = Introduzione allo Studio della Papirologia Gturidica, by M. Modica. Milan, [1913]. IMIGEXIS Ceresracenenecte= = Moeridis Alticistae Lexicon Atticum. Ed. J. Pierson. Leiden, 1759. Moulton Proleg....... = A Grammar of New Testament Greek. Vol. I. Prolegomena’, by James Hope Moulton. Edinburgh, 1908, (Ex Wrongs = A Grammar of New Testament Greek. Vol. 11. Accidence and Word-Formation with an Appendix on Semitisms in the New Testament, by James Hope Moulton and Wilbert Francis Howard. Edinburgh, 1929. =) Egyptian Rubbish-heaps = From Egyptian Rubbish-heaps, by James Hope Moulton. London, 1916. » LHinlettung.. = Einlettung in die Sprache des Neuen Testaments. (Translated with additions from the third edition of Prolegomena.) Heidelberg, 1011. MiusoniuS:..secessecenseh = C. Musonii Rufi Religuiae. Ed. O. Hense. Leipzig, 1905. Nachmanson .........- = Laute und Formen der Magnettschen Inschriften, von E. Nachmanson. Uppsala, 1903. INTE) 1 ooo so npancpecces = Der Wortschatz des Apostels Paulus, von Th. Nageli. Gottingen, 1905. Norden Agnostos LEAD robescesconcencce = Agnostos Theos, von Eduard Norden. Leipzig und Berlin, 1913. Oertel Liturgie ...... = Die Liturgie. Studien zur Ptolemaischen und Karserlichen Verwaltung Acyptens, von F. Oertel. Leipzig, 1917. OltosPrzestercee. ese = Priester und Tempel im Hellenistischen Agypten, von Walter Otto, 2 vols. Leipzig and Berlin, 1905, 1908. Pelagia-Legenden..... = Legenden der heiligen Pelagia. Ed. H. Usener. Bonn, 1879. Plaumann Ptolemais. = Ptolemais in Oberagyplten. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Hellenismus in Agypten, von Gerhard Plaumann. Leipzig, 1910. XXV Poland Vereinswesen = Geschichte des Griechischen Vereinsqwesens, von Franz Poland. Leipzig, 1909. ᾿ Preisigke Fachworter = Fachworter des offentlichen Verwaltungsdienstes Acyplens tn den griechischen Papyrusurkunden der ptolematsch-romischen Zeit, von Friedrich Preisigke. Οδιtingen, 1015. Namenbuch = Namenbuch enthaltend alle griechischen, lateintschen, dgyptischen, hebratschen, arabischen und sonstigen semilischen und nichtsemzttschen Menschennamen, sowett ste in griechischen Urkunden (Papyri, Ostraka, Inschriften, Mumienschildern usw.) Agyptens sich vorfinden, von Friedrich Preisigke. Heidelberg, 1922. Worterbuch = Worterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden, von Friedrich Preisigke (und E. Kiessling). Vols. I. 11. IIT. i. Berlin, 1925-29. »” ” Preuschen-Bauer /Vé7LEKOUCH seen ccs ec υτν = Griechisch-Deutsches Worterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments (being an entirely new edition of E. Preuschen’s Handworterbuch 2u den Schriften des Neuen Testaments), von W. Bauer. Giessen, 1928. ΖΞ τὸς οτϑδοοβοδοσσοσροοτζσσς See under Moulton. salts Gore essence cies = Grammatik der Byzantinischen Chroniken (being Forschungen zur griechischen und lateinischen Grammatik, 2), von Stamatios B. Psaltes. Gottingen, 1913. Radermacher Gry. and Ογ.5..ὁἀνννννννχνννννν = Meutestamentliche Grammatik (being Handbuch zum Neuen Testament I. i.), von L. Radermacher. Tiibingen, 1911 and 1925. Ramsay Citzes......... — The Citzes of St. Paul, by W. M. Ramsay. London, 1907. » CRE......... = The Church in the Roman Empire before 4.D. 170, by the same. Fifth edition. London, 1897. Bot LLCLLOT Stace = The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia, by thesame. London, 1904. » LURE .......... = Luké the Physician, by the same. London, 1908. fh. Pee en 5... τὸν, =S. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen, by the same. Third edition. London, 1897. Fee cent ΖΟΣῈ covery...... = The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament, by the same. London, 1915. > Stud. in the E. Rom. Prov. = Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire (being Aberdeen University Studies, 20), edited by the same. Aberdeen, 1906. » Teaching..... = The Teaching of Paul in Terms of the Present Day, by the same. London, [1913]. = Contribution ἃ PEtude des Prépositions dans la Langue du Nouveau Testament, par Paul F. Regard. Paris, 1919. REGr ..... React = Revue des Etudes Grecques. Paris, 1888-ReinhOldiccsccereessces = De Graecitate Patrum Apfostolicorum Librorumque Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti Quaestiones Grammaticae (being Diss. Phil. Hal. xiv.\.), by H. Reinhold. Halle, 18908. Regard Préposttions Reitzenstein PotmanONES snwedanacuetnecacn ee = FPoimandres: Studien zur Griechisch-Aoyptischen und FPriihchristlichen Literatur, von R. Reitzenstein. Leipzig, 1904. "ἢ fTellen, Mysterienrelig. = Die Hellenistischen Mysterienreltgtonen, thre Grundgedanken und Wirkungen, by the same. Leipzig, 1910. Revillout A7éanges.. = Mélanges sur la métrologte, Péconomie politique, et Chistotre de Vancienne Egyple, by Eugene Revillout. Paris, 1895. Robertson (7.5 ....... = A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research, by A. T. Robertson. New York, [1914]. FROSSDEL pa aseeseean= svete = De Praepositionum Graecarum in Chartis Aegyptiis Ptolemaecorum Aetatis Usu, by C. Rossberg. Jena, 1909. Rostovtzeff A Large I OSCE Soc cOn00R0OICA =A Large Estate in Egypt in the Third Century B.C. A Study ἦγε Economic History (being University of Wisconsin Studies zm the Social Sciences and History, 6), by Michael Rostovtzeff. Madison, 1922. = Kecherches sur les caractéres du grec dans le Nouveau Testamentad apres les inscriptions de Priene, par J. Roufhac. Paris, 1911. Rouffhiac Recherches Rutherford WP....... = The New Phrynichus, by W. G. Rutherford. London, 1881. See Wi ecosacoconasecdocsde = Studi della Scuola Papirologica, R. Accademia Scientifico-Letteraria tx Milano. Milano, 1915Schlageter ..... σρϑροῦτι = Der Wortschatz der ausserhalb Attikas gefundenen aattischen Lnschriften, von J. Schlageter. Strassburg, 1012. XXVI Schmid Aéfecismus... = Der Alticismus in seinen Hauptvertretern von Dionysius von Halikarnass bis auf den Zweiten Philostratus, by W. Schmid. 4 vols. and Register. Stuttgart, 1887-97. Schmidt Jos............ = De Flavit Josephi Elocutione Observationes Crtticae, by W. Schmidt. Leipzig, 1893. Schubart Buch,........ = Das Buch bei den Griechen und Rimern, von W. Schubart. Berlin, 1907. » Linftihrung = Einfiihrung in die Papyruskunde, von W. Schubart. Berlin, 1918. Schulze G7. Zaz,...... = Graeca Latina, scripsit Gulielmus Schulze. Gottingen. Schiirer Geschichte ... = Geschichte des Jiidischen Volkes im Zeitalter Iesu Christi, von ¥E. Schiirer. 3t¢u. qgte Aufl. Leipzig, Ι001. np ες = The above Hestory of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, translated from the second German edition. Edinburgh, 1890-1. Schweizer Perg. ...... = Grammatik der Pergamenischen Inschriften, von FE, Schweizer. Berlin, 1898. Searles Lexicographical Study ..........+. =A Lexicographical Study of the Greek Inscriptions (being Chicago Studies in Classical Philology. II.). By Helen M. Searles. Chicago, 1898. ΘΗ don cccnpteassuacenenes = The Epistle to the Romans, by W. Sanday and A. (Ὁ. Headlam. Fifth Edition. Edinburgh, 1902. Sharp 2f7c?........... = Epictetus and the New Testament, by Douglas S. Sharp. London, 1914. Slaten Qualitative ANCOTES eepcenocencceee = Qualitative Nouns in the Pauling Epistles and Their Translation in the Revised Version (being Historicaland Linguistic Studies in Literature related to the New Testament. Second Series, Vol. IV., Part 1), by Arthur Wakefield Slaten. Chicago, 1918. Sophocles Zex ........ = Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, by E. A. Sophocles. New York, 1887. ΘΟΠΕΟ ΧΦ nscuecrene = A Pocket Lexicon to the Greek New Testament, by A. Souter. Oxford, 1916. Stud. della Scuola Pap... See s.v. SAM. Sudhoff Aratliches ... = Arstliches aus griechischen Papyrus-Urkunden (being Studien sur Geschichte der Medizin, 5/6), von Karl Sudhoff. Leipzig, 1909. Suidas Lex..........00. = Suzdae Lexicon. Ed. I. Bekker. Berlin, 1854. Teles ed. Hense ...... = Teletis Religuiae ed. O. Hense. Editio secunda. Tiibingen, 1909. Thackeray A77zsv...... = The Letter of Artsteas translated into English, by H. St. J. Thackeray. London, 1917. ΠΝ = A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek i., by H. St. John Thackeray. Cambridge, 1909. poh ay erneaesesetercterese = See under Grimm. Thieme πο τος ἘΝ = Die lnschriften von Magnesia am Maander und das Neue Testament, von G. Thieme. Gottingen, 1906. Thumb D7a/ .......... = Handbuch der Griechischen Dialekte, von Albert Thumb. Heidelberg, 1909. » Handbook.... = Handbook of the Modern Greek Vernacular, by Albert Thumb. Translated from the second German edition by S. Angus. — Edinburgh, 1912. an Ftellen......... = Die Griechische Sprache im Zeitalter des Hellenismus, von A. Thumb. Strassburg, 1901. > Speretus asper = Untersuchungen iiber den Spiritus asper im Griechischen, von A. Thumb. Strassburg, 1889. PlrenchySy72iessceesnces = Synonyms of the New Testament, by Richard Chenevix Trench. ᾿ς: Gr. New edit. London, 1go1. UWseneve a icrcseseecees = LEpicurea, ed. H. Usener. Leipzig, 1887. Vettius Valens......... = Vettii Valentis Anthologiarum Libri. Ed. W. Kroll. Berlin, 1908. Witerecki δύσιν τ τ τοτι τς = Sermo Graecus quo S.P.Q.R. magistratusque populé Romant usgue ad Tzb. Caesarts aetatem in scriptis publicis ust sunt, by Paul Viereck. Gottingen, 1888. Wolkerw47tvecessee es = Syntax der griechischen Papyri. I. Der Artikel, Miinster, 1903. von F. Volker. Wackernagel AnvedeSormen... = Uber einige antike Anredeformen (Einladung zur akadem. Preisverkiindigung), von J. Wackernagel. Gottingen, 1912. 55 Hellen¢stica...... = Hellenistica (Einladung zurakadem. Preisverkiindigung), von J. Wackernagel. Gottingen, 1907. Wendland LiteraturVOM cee eee = Die Urchristlichen Literaturformen (being Handbuch Neuen Testament, I. 3), von Paul Wendland. Tiibingen, 1912. Zumt Wenger Sted/vertreOHO conehoosncaneueeee = Die Stellvertretung im Rechte der Papyri, von L, Wenger. Leipzig, 1906,

ἄν (an) — if. ἄν, [ᾰ], Epic dialect, Lyric poetry, Ionic dialect, [Refs 4th c.AD+], Attic dialect; also κεν) Epic dialect, Aeolic dialect, Thess., κᾱ Doric dialect, Boeotian dialect, El.; the two combined in Epic dialect (below [Refs 4th c.BC+], εἰκ ἄν[Refs 4th c.BC+]:—modal Particle used with Verbs to indicate that the action is limited by circumstances or defined by conditions. In [Refs 8th c.BC+] κε is four times as common as ἄν, in Lyric poetry about equally common. No clear distinction can be traced, but κε as an enclitic is somewhat less emphatic; ἄν is preferred by [Refs 8th c.BC+] in negative clauses, κε (ν) with the relative. __A In Simple Sentences, and in the Apodosis of Compound Sentences; here ἄν belongs to the Verb, and denotes that the assertion made by the Verb is dependent on a condition, expressed or implied: thus ἦλθεν he came, ἦλθεν ἄν he would have come (under conditions, which may or may not be defined), and so he might have come; ἔλθοι may he come, ἔλθοι ἄν he would come (under certain conditions), and so he might come. __A.I WITH INDICATIVE: __A.I.1 with historical tenses, generally imperfect and aorist, less frequently pluperfect, never perfect, see below, __A.I.1.a most frequently in apodosis of conditional sentences, with protasis implying nonfulfilment of a past or present condition, and apodosis expressing what would be or would have been the case if the condition were or had been fulfilled. The imperfect with ἄν refers to continued action, in [Refs 8th c.BC+] always in past time, except perhaps καί κε θάμ᾽ ἐνθάδ᾽ ἐόντες ἐμισγόμεθ᾽[Refs 8th c.BC+]; later also in present time, first in [Refs 6th c.BC+]; πολὺ ἂν θαυμαστότερον ἦν, εἰ ἐτιμῶντο it would be far more strange if they were honoured, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν he would not have been master of islands if he had not had also some naval power, [Refs 5th c.BC+]. The aorist strictly refers only to past time, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; εἰ τότε ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην, οὐδὲν ἂν ὧν νυνὶ πεποίηκεν ἔπραξεν if he had then come to this opinion, he would have accomplished nothing of what he has now done, [Refs 4th c.BC+], but is used idiomatically with Verbs of saying, answering, etc., as we say I should have said, εἰ μὴ πατὴρ ἦσθ᾽, εἶπον ἄν σ᾽ οὐκ εὖ φρονεῖν[Refs 5th c.BC+]pluperfect refers to completed actions, as ὃ εἰ ἀπεκρίνω, ἱκανῶς ἂν ἤδη παρὰ σοῦ τὴν ὁσιότητα ἐμεμαθήκη I should have already learnt..,[Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.I.1.b the protasis is frequently understood: ὑπό κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν fear would have seized even the stout-hearted (had he heard the sound), [Refs 8th c.BC+]; τὸ γὰρ ἔρυμα τῷ στρατοπέδῳ οὐκ ἂν ἐτειχίσαντο they would not have built the wall (if they had not won a battle), [Refs 5th c.BC+]; πολλοῦ γὰρ ἂν ἦν ἄξια for (if that were so) they would be worth much, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὅ τι ἂν ἐποιεῖτε for there was nothing which you could have done, i. e. would have done (if you had tried), [Refs 4th c.BC+] __A.I.1.c with no definite protasis understood, to express what would have been likely to happen, or might have happened in past time: ἢ γάρ μιν ζωόν γε κιχήσεαι, ἤ κεν Ὀρέστης κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος for either you will find him alive, or else Orestes may already have killed him before you, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὃ θεασάμενος πᾶς ἄν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη δάϊος εἶναι every man who saw this (the 'Seven against Thebes') would have longed to be a warrior, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; especially with τάχα, which see, ἀλλ᾽ ἦλθε μὲν δὴ τοῦτο τοὔνειδος τάχ᾽ ἂν ὀργῇ βιασθὲν μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ φρενῶν, i. e. it might perhaps have come, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τάχα ἂν δὲ καὶ ἄλλως πως ἐσπλεύσαντες (i.e. διέβησαν) and they might also perhaps have crossed by sea (to Sicily) in some other way, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.I.1.d ἄν is frequently omitted in apodosi with Verbs expressing obligation, propriety, or possibility, as ἔδει, ἐχρῆν, εἰκὸς ἦν, etc., and sometimes for rhetorical effect, εἰ μὴ.. ᾖσμεν, φόβον παρέσχεν it had caused (for it would have caused) fear, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.I.2 with future indicative: __A.I.2.a frequently in Epic dialect, usually with κεν, rarely ἄν, [Refs 8th c.BC+] and he will likely be angry to whom-soever I shall come, [Refs]; καί κέ τις ὧδ᾽ ἐρέει and in that case men will say,[Refs 8th c.BC+]; so in Lyric poetry, μαθὼν δέ τις ἂν ἐρεῖ[Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.I.2.b rarely in codices of Attic dialect Prose writers, σαφὲς ἂν καταστήσετε[Refs 5th c.BC+]future infinitive and participle see below __A.II WITH SUBJUNCTIVE, only in Epic dialect, the meaning being the same as with the future indicative [Refs]I will take her myself, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; πείθευ, ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι εἰδέω χάριν obey and if so I will be grateful, [Refs]; also with other persons, giving emphasis to the future, οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις[Refs] __A.III WITH OPTATIVE (never future, rarely perfect πῶς ἂν λελήθοι [με]; [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.III.a in apodosis of conditional sentences, after protasis in optative with εἰ or some other conditional or relative word, expressing a future condition: ἀλλ᾽ εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη[Refs 8th c.BC+] present and aorist optative with κε or ἄν are sometimes used like imperfect and aorist indicative with ἄν in Attic, with either regular indicative or another optative in the protasis: καί νύ κεν ἔνθ᾽ ἀπόλοιτο.. εἰ μὴ.. νόησε κτλ., i. e. he would have perished, had she not perceived, etc., [Refs 8th c.BC+]; εἰ νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ᾽ ἂν ἐγὼ.. κλισίηνδε φεροίμην if we were now contending in another's honour, I should now carry.., [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.III.b with protasis in present or future, the optative with ἄν in apodosi takes a simply future sense: φρούριον δ᾽ εἰ ποιήσονται, τῆς μὲν γῆς βλάπτοιεν ἄν τι μέρος they might perhaps damage, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.III.c with protasis understood: φεύγωμεν· ἔτι γάρ κεν ἀλύξαιμεν κακὸν ἦμαρ[Refs 8th c.BC+]; οὔτε ἐσθίουσι πλείω ἢ δύνανται φέρειν· διαρραγεῖεν γὰρ ἄν for (if they should do so) they would burst, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸν δ᾽ οὔ κε δύ᾽ ἀνέρε.. ἀπ᾽ οὔδεος ὀχλίσσειαν two men could not heave the stone from the ground, i. e. would not, if they should try, [Refs 8th c.BC+] sometimes with reference to past time, Τυδεΐδην οὐκ ἂν γνοίης ποτέροισι μετείη[Refs 8th c.BC+] __A.III.d with no definite protasis implied, in potential sense: ἡδέως δ᾽ ἂν ἐροίμην Λεπτίνην but I would gladly ask Leptines, [Refs 4th c.BC+]; βουλοίμην ἄν I should like, Latin velim (but ἐβουλόμην ἄν I should wish, if it were of any avail, vellem); ποῖ οὖν τραποίμεθ᾽ ἄ; which way then can we turn? [Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὐκ ἂν μεθείμην τοῦ θρόνου I will not give up the throne, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; idiomatically, referring to the past, αὗται δὲ οὐκ ἂν πολλαὶ εἶεν but these would not (on investigation) prove to be many, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; εἴησαν δ᾽ ἂν οὗτοι Κρῆτες these would be (i. e. would have been) Cretans, [Refs 5th c.BC+] i.e. it would not prove to be, etc. (for, it is not, etc.), [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.III.e in questions, expressing a wish: τίς ἂν θεῶν.. δοί;[Refs 5th c.BC+] as a mild command, exhortation, or entreaty, τλαίης κεν Μενελάῳ ἐπιπροέμεν ταχὺν ἰόν[Refs 8th c.BC+]; σὺ μὲν κομίζοις ἂν σεαυτὸν ᾗ θέλεις you may take yourself off (milder than κόμιζε σεαυτόν), [Refs 5th c.BC+]; χωροῖς ἂν εἴσω you may go in, [Refs]; φράζοις ἄν, λέγοις ἄν, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.III.f in a protasis which is also an apodosis: εἴπερ ἄλλῳ τῳ ἀνθρώπων πειθοίμην ἄν, καὶ σοὶ πείθομαι if I would trust any (other) man (if he gave me his word), I trust you, [Refs]; εἰ μὴ ποιήσαιτ᾽ ἂν τοῦτο if you would not do this (if you could), [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.III.g rarely omitted with optative in apodosis: ῥεῖα θεός γ᾽ ἐθέλων καὶ τηλόθεν ἄνδρα σαώσαι[Refs 8th c.BC+]; also in Trag., θᾶσσον ἢ λέγοι τις[Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.III.h ἄν with future optative is probably always corrupt (compare [Refs 5th c.BC+]; εἰδὼς ὅτι οὐδέν᾽ ἂν καταλήψοιτο (οὐδένα Bekk.) [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.IV WITH infinitive and participle (sometimes adjective equivalent to participle, τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι[Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.IV.1 present infinitive or participle: __A.IV.1.a representing imperfect indicative, οἴεσθε τὸν πατέρα.. οὐκ ἂν φυλάττει; do you think he would not have kept them safe? (οὐκ ἂν ἐφύλαττεν), [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ἀδυνάτων ἂν ὄντων [ὑμῶν] ἐπιβοηθεῖν when you would have been unable, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.IV.1.b representing present optative, πόλλ᾽ ἂν ἔχων (representing ἔχοιμ᾽ ἄν) ἕτερ᾽ εἰπεῖν παραλείπω[Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.IV.2 aorist infinitive or participle: __A.IV.2.a representing aorist indicative, οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖσθ᾽ αὐτὸν κἂν ἐπιδραμεῖ; do you not think he would even have run thither? (καὶ ἐπέδραμεν ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ἴσμεν ὑμᾶς ἀναγκασθέντας ἄν we know you would have been compelled, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ῥᾳδίως ἂν ἀφεθείς when he might easily have been acquitted, [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.IV.2.b representing aorist optative, οὐδ᾽ ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι I think they would not even be masters of the land (οὐδ᾽ ἂν κρατήσειαν), [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὁρῶν ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτὸ ληφθέν (ληφθείη ἄν) [Refs]; οὔτε ὄντα οὔτε ἂν γενόμενα, i.e. things which are not and never could happen (ἃ οὔτε ἂν γένοιτο), [Refs] __A.IV.3 perfect infinitive or participle representing: __A.IV.3.a pluperfect indicative, πάντα ταῦθ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἂν ἑαλωκέναι (φήσειεν ἄν) he would say that all these would have been destroyed by the barbarians (ἑαλώκη ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+] __A.IV.3.b perfect optative, οὐκ ἂν ἡγοῦμαι αὐτοὺς δίκην ἀξίαν δεδωκέναι, εἰ.. καταψηφίσαισθε I do not believe they would (then) have suffered (δεδωκότες ἂν εἶεν) punishment enough, etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+] __A.IV.4 future infinitive or participle, never in Epic dialect, and probably always corrupt in Attic dialect, νομίζων μέγιστον ἂν σφᾶς ὠφελήσειν (to be read -ῆσαι) [Refs 5th c.BC+]; participle is still more exceptional, ὡς ἐμοῦ οὐκ ἂν ποιήσοντος ἄλλα[Refs 5th c.BC+]; both are found in later Gk., νομίσαντες ἂν οἰκήσειν οὕτως ἄριστα[Refs 2nd c.BC+]; with participle, [Refs 4th c.BC+] __B IN DEPENDENT CLAUSE[Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.I In the protasis of conditional sentences with εἰ, regularly with the subjunctive. In Attic εἰ ἄν is contracted into ἐάν, ἤν, or ἄν (ᾱ) (which see): [Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν if death (ever) come near.., [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.I.2 in relative or temporal clauses with a conditional force; here ἄν coalesces with ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, compare ὅταν, ὁπόταν, ἐπήν or ἐπάν (Ionic dialect ἐπεάν), ἐπειδάν: [Refs 8th c.BC+], ἐπήν, εὖτ᾽ ἄ; see also εἰσόκε (εἰς ὅ κε):—τάων ἥν κ᾽ ἐθέλωμι φίλην ποιήσομ᾽ ἄκοιτιν whomsoever of these I may wish.., [Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὅταν δὴ μὴ σθένω, πεπαύσομαι when I shall have no strength.., [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος.. ὅς χ᾽ ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ whoever conceals one thing in his mind and speaks another, [Refs 8th c.BC+]subjunctive in both the above constructions [Refs] without ἄ; also Trag. and Comedy texts, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; μέχρι and πρίν occasionally take subjunctive without ἄν in prose, e.g. [Refs 5th c.BC+] (μέχρι οὗ), [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.I.3 in final clauses introduced by relative adverbs, as ὡς, ὅπως (of Manner), ἵνα (of Place), ὄφρα, ἕως, etc. (of Time), frequently in Epic dialect, σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι[Refs 8th c.BC+]; also after ὡς in [Refs 5th c.BC+] indicative is regular in _Attic dialect_); ἵνα final does not take ἄν or κε except ἵνα εἰδότες ἤ κε θάνωμεν ἤ κεν.. φύγοιμεν[Refs 8th c.BC+] = where in [Refs 5th c.BC+] = lest, takes ἄν only with optative in apodosis, as [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.II in Epic dialect sometimes with OPTATIVE as with subjunctive (always κε (ν), except εἴ περ ἂν αὐταὶ Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν[Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὥς κε.. δοίη ᾧ κ᾽ ἐθέλοι that he might give her to whomsoever he might please,[Refs 8th c.BC+] belongs to Verb in apodosis, as in ὡς δ᾽ ἂν ἥδιστα ταῦτα φαίνοιτο[Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.II.2 rarely in oratio obliqua, where a relative or temporary word retains an ἄν which it would have with subjunctive in direct form, [Refs 5th c.BC+]:—similarly after a preceding optative, οὐκ ἀποκρίναιο ἕως ἂν.. σκέψαιο[Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.III rarely with εἰ and INDICATIVE in protasis, only in Epic dialect: __B.III.1 with future indicative as with subjunctive: αἴ κεν Ἰλίου πεφιδήσεται[Refs 8th c.BC+] __B.III.2 with εἰ and a past tense of indicative, once in [Refs 8th c.BC+]; so Ζεὺς γάρ κ᾽ ἔθηκε νῆσον εἴ κ᾽ ἐβούλετο Oracle texts cited in [Refs 5th c.BC+] __B.IV in later Greek, ἄν with relative words is used with INDICATIVE in all tenses, as ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο[NT+4th c.AD+]; ἔνθ᾽ ἂν πέφυκεν ἡ ὁλότης εἶναι[Refs 6th c.AD+]; compare ἐάν, ὅταν. __C with imperfect and more rarely aorist indicative in ITERATIVE construction, to express elliptically a condilion fulfilled whenever an opportumty offered; frequently in [Refs 5th c.BC+] she would (i. e. used to) weep and lament, 3.119; εἶτα πῦρ ἂν οὐ παρῆν[Refs 5th c.BC+]; εἴ τινες ἴδοιεν.., ἀνεθάρσησαν ἄν whenever they saw it, on each occasion, [Refs 5th c.BC+]infinitive representing imperfect of this construction, ἀκούω Λακεδαιμονίους τότε ἐμβαλόντας ἂν.. ἀναχωρεῖν, i. e. I hear they used to retire (ἀνεχώρουν ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+] __D GENERAL REMARKS: __D.I POSITION OF ἄν. __D.I.1 in A, when ἄν does not coalesce with the relative word (as in ἐάν, ὅταν), it follows directly or is separated only by other particles, as μέν, δέ, τε, γάρ, καί, νυ, περ,, etc.; as εἰ μέν κεν.. εἰ δέ κε[Refs 8th c.BC+]; rarely by τις, as ὅποι τις ἄν, οἶμαι, προσθῇ[Refs 8th c.BC+] two such Particles may precede κε, as εἴ περ γάρ κεν[Refs 8th c.BC+]; εἰ γάρ τίς κε, ὃς μὲν γάρ κε, [Refs 8th c.BC+]; rarely in Prose, ὅποι μὲν γὰρ ἄν[Refs 5th c.BC+] __D.I.2 in apodosis, ἄν may stand either next to its Verb (before or after it), or after some other emphatic word, especially an interrogative, a negative (e. g. οὐδ᾽ ἂν εἷς, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι, etc.), or an important Adjective or Adverb; also after a participle which represents the protasis, λέγοντος ἄν τινος πιστεῦσαι οἴεσθ; do you think they would have believed it if any one had told them? (εἴ τις ἔλεγεν, ἐπίστευσαν ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+] __D.I.3 ἄν is frequently separated from its infinitive by such Verbs as οἴομαι, δοκέω, φημί, οἶδα, etc., οὐκ ἂν οἴει..; frequently in [Refs 5th c.BC+]; καὶ νῦν ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαι I think that I should, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἃ μήτε προῄδει μηδεὶς μήτ᾽ ἂν ᾠήθη τήμερον ῥηθῆναι (where ἄν belongs to ῥηθῆναι) [Refs 5th c.BC+] __D.I.4 ἄν never begins a sentence, or even a clause after a comma, but may stand first after a parenthetic clause, ἀλλ᾽, ὦ μέλ᾽, ἄν μοι σιτίων διπλῶν ἔδει[Refs 5th c.BC+] __D.II REPETITION OF ἄν:—in apodosis ἄν may be used twice or even three times with the same Verb, either to make the condition felt throughout a long sentence, or to emphasize certain words, ὥστ᾽ ἄν, εἰ σθένος λάβοιμι, δηλώσαιμ᾽ ἄν[Refs 5th c.BC+]; attached to a parenthetical phrase, ἔδρασ᾽ ἄν, εὖ τοῦτ᾽ ἴσθ᾽ ἄν, εἰ.. [Refs] __D.II.2 ἄν is coupled with κε (ν) a few times in [Refs 8th c.BC+] __D.III ELLIPSIS OF VERB:—sometimes the Verb to which ἄν belongs must be supplied, in [Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν πρὸ τοῦ (i.e. ἔρρεγκον) [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τί δ᾽ ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος (i.e. πρᾶξαι), εἰ τάδ᾽ ἤνυσε;[Refs 4th c.BC+] —so in phrases like{πῶς γὰρ ἄν}; and πῶς οὐκ ἄν (i.e. εἴη); also in ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ (or ὡσπερανεί), as φοβούμενος ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ παῖς (i. e. ὥσπερ ἂν ἐφοβήθη εἰ παῖς ἦν) [Refs 5th c.BC+]; so τοσοῦτον ἐφρόνησαν, ὅσον περ ἂν (i.e. ἐφρόνησαν) εἰ..[Refs 5th c.BC+]; compare κἄν:—so the Verb of a protasis containing ἄν may be understood, ὅποι τις ἂν προσθῇ, κἂν μικρὰν δύναμιν (i. e. καὶ ἐὰν προσθῇ) [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς (i.e. ἴητε) [Refs 5th c.BC+] __D.IV ELLIPSIS OF ἄν:—when an apodosis consists of several co-ordinate clauses, ἄν is generally used only in the first and understood in the others: πείθοι᾽ ἂν εἰ πείθοι᾽· ἀπειθοίης δ᾽ ἴσως[Refs 4th c.BC+]: even when the construction is continued in a new sentence, [Refs 5th c.BC+] is repeated for the sake of clearness or emphasis,[Refs 5th c.BC+] __B ἄν, [ᾱ], Attic dialect, ={ἐάν},{ἤν}, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἂν θεὸς θέλῃ[Refs 4th c.BC+]: not common in earlier Attic dialect Inscrr., [NT+4th c.BC+] __C ἄν or ἀν, Epic form of ἀνά, (which see) __D ἄν, shortened from ἄνα, see entry ἀνά G.