Isaiah 48:17
Isaiah 48:17 in Multiple Translations
Thus says the LORD your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: “I am the LORD your God, who teaches you for your benefit, who directs you in the way you should go.
Thus saith the LORD, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; I am the LORD thy God which teacheth thee to profit, which leadeth thee by the way that thou shouldest go.
Thus saith Jehovah, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: I am Jehovah thy God, who teacheth thee to profit, who leadeth thee by the way that thou shouldest go.
The Lord who takes up your cause, the Holy One of Israel, says, I am the Lord your God, who is teaching you for your profit, guiding you by the way in which you are to go.
This is what the Lord says, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel, I am the Lord your God. I am the one who teaches you what is good for you, who leads you along the way you should go.
Thus saith the Lord thy redeemer, the Holy one of Israel, I am the Lord thy God, which teach thee to profite, and lead thee by the way, that thou shouldest goe.
Thus said Jehovah, thy redeemer, The Holy One of Israel, 'I [am] Jehovah thy God, teaching thee to profit, Causing thee to tread in the way thou goest.
The LORD, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel, says: “I am the LORD your God, who teaches you to profit, who leads you by the way that you should go.
Thus saith the LORD, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; I am the LORD thy God, who teacheth thee to profit, who leadeth thee by the way that thou shouldst go.
Thus saith the Lord thy redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: I am the Lord thy God that teach thee profitable things, that govern thee in the way that thou walkest.
This is what Yahweh, the one who saves you, the Holy God of us Israelis, says: “I am Yahweh, your God; I teach you what is important for you to know; I direct you and lead you to the roads that you should walk on [MET].
Berean Amplified Bible — Isaiah 48:17
BAB
Word Study
Hover over any word to see its amplified meaning. Click a word to explore its full definition and translation comparisons.
Amplified text is generated using scripting to tie together English translations for comparison. Always refer to the core BSB translation and original Hebrew/Greek text for accuracy. Anomalies may occur.
Isaiah 48:17 Interlinear (Deep Study)
BIB
HEB
כֹּֽה
אָמַ֧ר
יְהוָ֛ה
גֹּאַלְ/ךָ֖
קְד֣וֹשׁ
יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל
אֲנִ֨י
יְהוָ֤ה
אֱלֹהֶ֨י/ךָ֙
מְלַמֶּדְ/ךָ֣
לְ/הוֹעִ֔יל
מַדְרִֽיכֲ/ךָ֖
בְּ/דֶ֥רֶךְ
תֵּלֵֽךְ
כֹּֽה
kôh
H3541
thus
Adv
אָמַ֧ר
ʼâmar
H559
to say
V-Qal-Perf-3ms
יְהוָ֛ה
Yᵉhôvâh
H3068
The Lord
N-proper
גֹּאַלְ/ךָ֖
gâʼal
H1350
to redeem
V-Qal | Suff
קְד֣וֹשׁ
qâdôwsh
H6918
holy
Adj
יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל
Yisrâʼêl
H3478
Israel
N-proper
אֲנִ֨י
ʼănîy
H589
I
Pron
יְהוָ֤ה
Yᵉhôvâh
H3068
The Lord
N-proper
אֱלֹהֶ֨י/ךָ֙
ʼĕlôhîym
H430
God
N-mp | Suff
מְלַמֶּדְ/ךָ֣
lâmad
H3925
to learn
V-Piel | Suff
לְ/הוֹעִ֔יל
yaʻal
H3276
to gain
Prep | V-Hiphil-Inf-a
מַדְרִֽיכֲ/ךָ֖
dârak
H1869
to tread
V-Hiphil | Suff
בְּ/דֶ֥רֶךְ
derek
H1870
way
Prep | N-cs
תֵּלֵֽךְ
yâlak
H3212
to walk
V-Qal-Imperf-2ms
Hebrew Word Study
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Hebrew Word Reference — Isaiah 48:17
כֹּֽה
kôh
H3541
"thus"
Adv
This Hebrew word means thus or in this manner. It can also indicate a location or time, such as here or now. The KJV translates it in various ways, including also, here, and so.
Definition: 1) thus, here, in this manner 1a) thus, so 1b) here, here and there 1c) until now, until now...until then, meanwhile Aramaic equivalent: kah (כָּה "thus" H3542)
Usage: Occurs in 541 OT verses. KJV: also, here, + hitherto, like, on the other side, so (and much), such, on that manner, (on) this (manner, side, way, way and that way), + mean while, yonder. See also: Genesis 15:5; 1 Kings 22:20; Isaiah 7:7.
אָמַ֧ר
ʼâmar
H559
"to say"
V-Qal-Perf-3ms
This Hebrew word means to say or speak, and it's used in many different ways in the Bible. It can mean to command, promise, or think, and it's translated in the KJV as 'answer', 'appoint', or 'command'.
Definition: 1) to say, speak, utter 1a) (Qal) to say, to answer, to say in one's heart, to think, to command, to promise, to intend 1b) (Niphal) to be told, to be said, to be called 1c) (Hithpael) to boast, to act proudly 1d) (Hiphil) to avow, to avouch Aramaic equivalent: a.mar (אֲמַר "to say" H0560)
Usage: Occurs in 4337 OT verses. KJV: answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call, certify, challenge, charge, [phrase] (at the, give) command(-ment), commune, consider, declare, demand, [idiom] desire, determine, [idiom] expressly, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] intend, name, [idiom] plainly, promise, publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), [idiom] still, [idiom] suppose, talk, tell, term, [idiom] that is, [idiom] think, use (speech), utter, [idiom] verily, [idiom] yet. See also: Genesis 1:3; Genesis 18:23; Genesis 25:32.
יְהוָ֛ה
Yᵉhôvâh
H3068
"The Lord"
N-proper
Yehovah is another name for God, often translated as 'the Lord'. It is a national name for God in the Jewish faith. This name is used throughout the Old Testament.
Definition: Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
Usage: Occurs in 5522 OT verses. KJV: Jehovah, the Lord. Compare H3050 (יָהּ), H3069 (יְהֹוִה). See also: Genesis 2:4; Genesis 24:42; Exodus 8:8.
גֹּאַלְ/ךָ֖
gâʼal
H1350
"to redeem"
V-Qal | Suff
This Hebrew word means redemption, describing the act of a kinsman buying back a relative's property or marrying their widow, as seen in the story of Boaz in Ruth.
Definition: : redeem 1) to redeem, act as kinsman-redeemer, avenge, revenge, ransom, do the part of a kinsman 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to act as kinsman, do the part of next of kin, act as kinsman-redeemer 1a1a) by marrying brother's widow to beget a child for him, to redeem from slavery, to redeem land, to exact vengeance 1a2) to redeem (by payment) 1a3) to redeem (with God as subject) 1a3a) individuals from death 1a3b) Israel from Egyptian bondage 1a3c) Israel from exile 1b) (Niphal) 1b1) to redeem oneself 1b2) to be redeemed
Usage: Occurs in 84 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] in any wise, [idiom] at all, avenger, deliver, (do, perform the part of near, next) kinsfolk(-man), purchase, ransom, redeem(-er), revenger. See also: Genesis 48:16; Job 3:5; Psalms 19:15.
קְד֣וֹשׁ
qâdôwsh
H6918
"holy"
Adj
Holy means set apart or sacred, used to describe God, angels, and saints. In the Bible, it is often used to describe things or people dedicated to God's service, like the Temple in Jerusalem or the prophets who spoke on God's behalf.
Definition: : holy sacred, holy, Holy One, saint, set apart
Usage: Occurs in 108 OT verses. KJV: holy (One), saint. See also: Exodus 19:6; Psalms 89:19; Psalms 16:3.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל
Yisrâʼêl
H3478
"Israel"
N-proper
Israel is the symbolic name of Jacob, also referring to his descendants. Jacob, son of Isaac and Rebekah, had 12 sons who became the tribes of Israel, as told in Genesis 25:26. His story is crucial to the Bible's narrative.
Definition: A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.25.26; son of: Isaac (H3327) and Rebekah (H7259); brother of: Esau (H6215); married to Rachel (H7354), Leah (H3812), Zilpah (H2153) and Bilhah (H1090A); father of: Reuben (H7205), Simeon (H8095), Levi (H3878), Judah (H3063), Dan (H1835H), Naphtali (H5321), Gad (H1410), Asher (H0836), Issachar (H3485), Zebulun (H2074), Dinah (H1783), Joseph (H3130) and Benjamin (H1144); also called Jacob frequently § Israel = "God prevails" 1) the second name for Jacob given to him by God after his wrestling with the angel at Peniel 2) the name of the descendants and the nation of the descendants of Jacob 2a) the name of the nation until the death of Solomon and the split 2b) the name used and given to the northern kingdom consisting of the 10 tribes under Jeroboam; the southern kingdom was known as Judah 2c) the name of the nation after the return from exile
Usage: Occurs in 2231 OT verses. KJV: Israel. See also: Genesis 32:29; Exodus 13:18; Exodus 40:38.
אֲנִ֨י
ʼănîy
H589
"I"
Pron
This Hebrew word is a simple way of saying 'I' or 'me', often used for emphasis. It is used by people like David in the Psalms to express their thoughts and feelings. The word is a basic part of the Hebrew language.
Definition: I (first pers. sing. -usually used for emphasis)
Usage: Occurs in 803 OT verses. KJV: I, (as for) me, mine, myself, we, [idiom] which, [idiom] who. See also: Genesis 6:17; Leviticus 19:36; 1 Samuel 25:24.
יְהוָ֤ה
Yᵉhôvâh
H3068
"The Lord"
N-proper
Yehovah is another name for God, often translated as 'the Lord'. It is a national name for God in the Jewish faith. This name is used throughout the Old Testament.
Definition: Another name of ye.ru.sha.laim (יְרוּשָׁלִַ֫ם, יְרוּשְׁלֵם "Jerusalem" H3389)
Usage: Occurs in 5522 OT verses. KJV: Jehovah, the Lord. Compare H3050 (יָהּ), H3069 (יְהֹוִה). See also: Genesis 2:4; Genesis 24:42; Exodus 8:8.
אֱלֹהֶ֨י/ךָ֙
ʼĕlôhîym
H430
"God"
N-mp | Suff
The Hebrew word for God, elohim, refers to the one supreme God, and is sometimes used to show respect to judges or magistrates. It is also used to describe angels or mighty beings. This word is closely related to the name of the Lord, Yahweh, and is often translated as God or gods in the Bible.
Definition: This name means "gods" (plural intensive-singular meaning), "God" Another name of ye.ho.vah (יהוה "LORD" H3068G)
Usage: Occurs in 2246 OT verses. KJV: angels, [idiom] exceeding, God (gods) (-dess, -ly), [idiom] (very) great, judges, [idiom] mighty. See also: Genesis 1:1; Genesis 22:12; Exodus 3:11.
מְלַמֶּדְ/ךָ֣
lâmad
H3925
"to learn"
V-Piel | Suff
To learn or teach in the Bible means to guide someone, like using a rod to direct an animal. It is about instructing or training someone, as seen in Proverbs and Psalms. Teaching is an important theme in the Bible.
Definition: : teach 1) to learn. teach, exercise in 1a) (Qal) to learn 1b) (Piel) to teach 1c) (Pual) to be taught, be trained Also means: la.mad (לָמַד ": learn" H3925H)
Usage: Occurs in 80 OT verses. KJV: (un-) accustomed, [idiom] diligently, expert, instruct, learn, skilful, teach(-er, -ing). See also: Deuteronomy 4:1; Psalms 119:66; Psalms 18:35.
לְ/הוֹעִ֔יל
yaʻal
H3276
"to gain"
Prep | V-Hiphil-Inf-a
This Hebrew word means to gain or ascend, and can also mean to be valuable or beneficial. It is used in various forms in the Bible to convey the idea of profit or advantage.
Definition: (Hiphil) to gain, profit, benefit, avail
Usage: Occurs in 21 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] at all, set forward, can do good, (be, have) profit, (able). See also: 1 Samuel 12:21; Isaiah 44:10; Proverbs 10:2.
מַדְרִֽיכֲ/ךָ֖
dârak
H1869
"to tread"
V-Hiphil | Suff
To tread means to walk or step on something, and is used in the Bible to describe various actions, such as treading a press or leading an army. In Exodus 15:6 and Psalm 60:12, the word is used to describe God's power and leadership, highlighting His ability to guide and direct His people.
Definition: 1) to tread, bend, lead, march 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to tread, march, march forth 1a2) to tread on, tread upon 1a3) to tread (a press) 1a4) to tread (bend) a bow 1a5) archer, bow-benders (participle) 1b) (Hiphil) 1b1) to tread, tread down 1b2) to tread (bend with the foot) a bow 1b3) to cause to go, lead, march, tread
Usage: Occurs in 59 OT verses. KJV: archer, bend, come, draw, go (over), guide, lead (forth), thresh, tread (down), walk. See also: Numbers 24:17; Proverbs 4:11; Psalms 7:13.
בְּ/דֶ֥רֶךְ
derek
H1870
"way"
Prep | N-cs
Derek refers to a road or path, and can also mean a way of life or manner of action. It is often used to describe a journey or direction, and can be used figuratively to describe a person's character or moral path.
Definition: : road/route 1) way, road, distance, journey, manner 1a) road, way, path 1b) journey 1c) direction 1d) manner, habit, way 1e) of course of life (fig.) 1f) of moral character (fig.)
Usage: Occurs in 626 OT verses. KJV: along, away, because of, [phrase] by, conversation, custom, (east-) ward, journey, manner, passenger, through, toward, (high-) (path-) way(-side), whither(-soever). See also: Genesis 3:24; Deuteronomy 28:29; 1 Kings 15:34.
תֵּלֵֽךְ
yâlak
H3212
"to walk"
V-Qal-Imperf-2ms
To walk or go, this verb means to move from one place to another, used literally or figuratively, as in to live or die, or to lead someone.
Definition: 1) to go, walk, come 1a) (Qal) 1a1) to go, walk, come, depart, proceed, move, go away 1a2) to die, live, manner of life (fig.) 1b) (Hiphil) to lead, bring, lead away, carry, cause to walk
Usage: Occurs in 936 OT verses. KJV: [idiom] again, away, bear, bring, carry (away), come (away), depart, flow, [phrase] follow(-ing), get (away, hence, him), (cause to, made) go (away, -ing, -ne, one's way, out), grow, lead (forth), let down, march, prosper, [phrase] pursue, cause to run, spread, take away (-journey), vanish, (cause to) walk(-ing), wax, [idiom] be weak. See also: Genesis 3:14; Exodus 5:8; Deuteronomy 28:14.
Study Notes — Isaiah 48:17
Show Verse Quote Highlights
- Context
- Cross References
- Isaiah 48:17 Summary
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Reflection Questions
- Gill's Exposition on Isaiah 48:17
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Isaiah 48:17
- Matthew Poole's Commentary on Isaiah 48:17
- Trapp's Commentary on Isaiah 48:17
- Ellicott's Commentary on Isaiah 48:17
- Cambridge Bible on Isaiah 48:17
- Barnes' Notes on Isaiah 48:17
- Whedon's Commentary on Isaiah 48:17
- Sermons on Isaiah 48:17
Context — Deliverance Promised to Israel
15I, even I, have spoken; yes, I have called him. I have brought him, and he will succeed in his mission.
16Come near to Me and listen to this: From the beginning I have not spoken in secret; from the time it happened, I was there.” And now the Lord GOD has sent me, accompanied by His Spirit.
17Thus says the LORD your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: “I am the LORD your God, who teaches you for your benefit, who directs you in the way you should go.
18If only you had paid attention to My commandments, your peace would have been like a river, and your righteousness like waves of the sea. 19Your descendants would have been as countless as the sand, and your offspring as numerous as its grains; their name would never be cut off or eliminated from My presence.”Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalms 32:8 | I will instruct you and teach you the way you should go; I will give you counsel and watch over you. |
| 2 | Psalms 25:12 | Who is the man who fears the LORD? He will instruct him in the path chosen for him. |
| 3 | Job 22:21–22 | Reconcile now and be at peace with Him; thereby good will come to you. Receive instruction from His mouth, and lay up His words in your heart. |
| 4 | Deuteronomy 8:17–18 | You might say in your heart, “The power and strength of my hands have made this wealth for me.” But remember that it is the LORD your God who gives you the power to gain wealth, in order to confirm His covenant that He swore to your fathers even to this day. |
| 5 | Isaiah 30:20 | The Lord will give you the bread of adversity and the water of affliction, but your Teacher will no longer hide Himself—with your own eyes you will see Him. |
| 6 | Psalms 73:24 | You guide me with Your counsel, and later receive me in glory. |
| 7 | Isaiah 54:13 | Then all your sons will be taught by the LORD, and great will be their prosperity. |
| 8 | Job 36:22 | Behold, God is exalted in His power. Who is a teacher like Him? |
| 9 | John 6:45 | It is written in the Prophets: ‘And they will all be taught by God.’ Everyone who has heard the Father and learned from Him comes to Me— |
| 10 | Psalms 25:8–9 | Good and upright is the LORD; therefore He shows sinners the way. He guides the humble in what is right and teaches them His way. |
Isaiah 48:17 Summary
[Isaiah 48:17 tells us that God is our Redeemer, which means He saves and delivers us from sin, and He teaches and directs us for our benefit, so we can live a peaceful and righteous life, as promised in Psalm 32:8 and Proverbs 3:5-6. God wants us to trust Him and follow His ways, and when we do, we experience His peace and righteousness. By obeying God's commandments, we can have peace like a river and righteousness like waves of the sea, as seen in Isaiah 48:18.]
Frequently Asked Questions
What does it mean that God is our Redeemer?
In Isaiah 48:17, God is referred to as our Redeemer, which means He is the one who saves and delivers us from sin and its consequences, as seen in Isaiah 44:24 and Psalm 103:4.
Why does God teach us and direct us?
According to Isaiah 48:17, God teaches and directs us for our benefit, so we can walk in His ways and experience His peace and righteousness, as promised in Isaiah 48:18 and Jeremiah 29:11.
How does God's direction in our lives relate to our obedience?
Isaiah 48:17-18 suggests that when we follow God's direction and obey His commandments, we experience peace and righteousness, but disobedience can lead to missing out on these blessings, as seen in Deuteronomy 28:1-2 and Joshua 1:8.
What is the significance of God being called the Holy One of Israel?
In Isaiah 48:17, God is called the Holy One of Israel, emphasizing His unique relationship with His people and His holy character, as also seen in Isaiah 6:1-5 and Leviticus 11:44-45.
Reflection Questions
- What are some areas in my life where I need God's direction and teaching, and how can I seek His guidance?
- How have I experienced God's peace and righteousness in my life when I have obeyed His commandments, and what can I do to cultivate a deeper sense of obedience?
- In what ways can I trust God as my Redeemer and rely on His power to deliver me from sin and its consequences?
- How can I apply the promise of Isaiah 48:17 to my daily life, seeking God's teaching and direction in every situation?
Gill's Exposition on Isaiah 48:17
Thus saith the Lord, thy Redeemer,.... A character peculiar to Christ, who engaged in covenant to be the Redeemer of his people; was promised and prophesied of as such; and who came into this world
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Isaiah 48:17
Thus saith the LORD, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; I am the LORD thy God which teacheth thee to profit, which leadeth thee by the way that thou shouldest go.
Matthew Poole's Commentary on Isaiah 48:17
Which teacheth thee to profit; which from time to time have made known unto thee, not vain and frivolous things, but all necessary and useful doctrines; which, if believed and observed by thee, would have been infinitely profitable to thee, both for this life and that to come. So that it is not my fault, but thine own, if thou dost not profit. Which leadeth; which acquainteth thee with thy duty and interest in all the parts and concerns of thy life; so that thou canst not pretend ignorance.
Trapp's Commentary on Isaiah 48:17
Isaiah 48:17 Thus saith the LORD, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; I [am] the LORD thy God which teacheth thee to profit, which leadeth thee by the way [that] thou shouldest go.Ver. 17. I am the Lord thy God which teacheth thee to profit.] And do therefore so oft call upon thee to hear me, not for any benefit to myself, but to thee alone. And the truth is, in all the commandments of God, if they were open to us, if we did see the ground of them, we should see there were so much reason for them, and so much good to be got by them, that if God did not command them, yet it would be best for us to practise them. Which leadeth thee by the way that thou shouldest go.] Heb., Making thee to tread in the way thou shalt walk, carefully choosing thy steps for thee, and setting thy foot right: thus "he led Joseph like a sheep," and "Israel through the deep, as a horse in the wilderness, that they should not stumble." Thrice happy are the saints in such a guide. "The steps of a good man are ordered by the Lord, and he delighteth in his way."
Ellicott's Commentary on Isaiah 48:17
(17) The Lord thy God which teacheth thee to profit.—The words applied to the natural human, perhaps we may add, to the specially national, desire, to make a good investment. The question what was profitable? was one to which men returned very different answers. It was the work of the true Redeemer to lead men to the one true imperishable gain (comp. Matthew 16:26), to lead them in the one right way (John 14:4-6).
Cambridge Bible on Isaiah 48:17
17–19. If Israel had but known Jehovah as its faithful Guide, and obeyed His commandments, how different would its present condition have been! The short passage has a striking resemblance to Psalms 81:13-16, and is of singular beauty and depth of feeling. But the disappointment expressed, that Israel has not attained to righteousness by the keeping of the Divine law, is not altogether natural in this connexion, or in the circumstances in which the prophecy was written. It breathes rather the spirit of a time of depression, when Israel seemed in danger of being “cut off,” and when the faith of the Church was not sustained by the immediate prospect of deliverance. Moreover, the song of triumph in Isaiah 48:20 f. is the proper sequel (as in every similar instance) of the announcement of deliverance in 12–16 a.; and it will be felt that the obvious and natural connexion is disturbed by a sigh of regret for what might have been. It is with reluctance that one is driven to assign a thought so finely expressed to an interpolator, but a fair interpretation of the spirit of the passage points strongly to that conclusion (so again Duhm and Cheyne).
Barnes' Notes on Isaiah 48:17
Thy Redeemer - (see the notes at Isaiah 41:14; Isaiah 43:1). Which teacheth thee to profit - Teaching you what things will most conduce to your welfare.
Whedon's Commentary on Isaiah 48:17
17-19. The exhortation continues. The Lord, thy Redeemer — As compared with any other, he is the right and rightful leader of Israel.
Sermons on Isaiah 48:17
| Sermon | Description | |
|---|---|---|
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(Through the Bible) Isaiah 43-45 by Chuck Smith | In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the importance of not worshiping nature or created things, but rather worshiping the Creator, God. He highlights that nature reveals God to |
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(Through the Bible) Isaiah 48-50 by Chuck Smith | In this sermon, the preacher discusses the fifty-third chapter of Isaiah and the purposes of God in his being smitten. The preacher mentions how Jesus was smitten and buffeted, wit |
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An Alarm to the Unconverted 2 of 5 by Joseph Alleine | In this sermon, the preacher emphasizes the importance of self-examination and the danger of being deceived about one's spiritual state. He challenges the listeners to honestly ass |
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Studies in Isaiah - Part 9 by Harry Ironside | In this sermon, the preacher discusses a passage from the book of Isaiah where a man goes into the forest and fashions a figure out of a tree. The preacher uses this story to illus |
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Psalms 81:8 by Chuck Smith | Chuck Smith reflects on God's lamentation in Psalms 81:8, emphasizing His call to His chosen people and His sorrow over their lost love and devotion. He warns against the strange g |
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Made for a Purpose by Mary Wilder Tileston | Mary Wilder Tileston, inspired by Isaiah 48:17, emphasizes God's role as the ultimate teacher who guides us to prosperity and directs us on the right path. She encourages surrender |
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An Offensive Question! by James Smith | James Smith preaches about the call to be a disciple of Jesus, emphasizing the infinite wisdom, omnipotent power, universal authority, unbounded beneficence, and gentle disposition |