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Deuteronomy 6:8 — Word Study

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WLCוּקְשַׁרְתָּ֥ם לְא֖וֹת עַל־ יָדֶ֑ךָ וְהָי֥וּ לְטֹטָפֹ֖ת בֵּ֥ין עֵינֶֽיךָ׃

BSATie themqâshar [bind, fasten] as remindersʼôwth [for a sign] onʻal your handsyâd [an open hand; strength, a side or share] and bind themhâyâh [tie, secure] on your foreheadsbêyn [between your eyes, as phylacteries, a sign of devotion]

Word
Listen & take awayDeuteronomy 6
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 8 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration ('ei.Nei.kha) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Deuteronomy 6:8quick helps
In a sentenceThe verse instructs to tie reminders of God's commands on hands and foreheads.
Who is speakingMoses, conveying God's commandments to the Israelites.
Where we areThis verse is part of a larger teaching on the importance of remembering God's laws.
The hard wordוּקְשַׁרְתָּ֥ם
Take awayThe physical reminders serve as a sign of devotion to God.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbהָיָה The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Deuteronomy 6:8

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Instructions on Remembering God's Commandsgenerated

7And you shall teach them diligently to your children and speak of them when you sit at home and when you walk along the road, when you lie down and when you get up.
8Tie them as reminders on your hands and bind them on your foreheads.
9Write them on the doorposts of your houses and on your gates.
10And when the LORD your God brings you into the land He swore to your fathers, to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, that He would give you—a land with great and splendid cities that you did not build,

Deuteronomy 6:8 is part of a passage where Moses instructs the Israelites on the importance of teaching God's commandments to their children. The surrounding verses emphasize the need to discuss these laws in everyday life, ensuring they are always at the forefront of their minds and actions, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:7 and Deuteronomy 6:9.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Deuteronomy 11:18Fix these words of mine in your hearts and minds; tie them as reminders on your hands and bind them on your foreheads.
2Exodus 13:9–16It shall be a sign for you on your hand and a reminder on your forehead that the Law of the LORD is to be on your lips. For with a mighty hand the LORD brought you out of Egypt.
3Numbers 15:38–39“Speak to the Israelites and tell them that throughout the generations to come they are to make for themselves tassels for the corners of their garments, with a blue cord on each tassel.
4Proverbs 3:3Never let loving devotion or faithfulness leave you; bind them around your neck, write them on the tablet of your heart.
5Proverbs 6:21Bind them always upon your heart; tie them around your neck.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 8 references, hung on the phrase they belong to

And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.Deuteronomy 11:18 Exodus 13:9–16 Numbers 15:38–39 Proverbs 3:3 Proverbs 6:21 Proverbs 7:3 Matthew 23:5 Hebrews 2:1

The Key Word וּקְשַׁרְתָּ֥ם, u.ke.shar.Tamgenerated

The verb קְשַׁר (qashar) means to tie or bind, and in this context, it conveys the action of securing reminders of God's laws. It is a perfect form indicating a completed action, specifically directed at the second person masculine singular, which means it is addressed to an individual.

This command emphasizes the importance of physically binding these reminders, suggesting a deep commitment to God's teachings. The act of tying serves as a tangible reminder of one's dedication to following God's commands.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb is וּקְשַׁרְתָּ֥ם, and you will tie, which governs the entire sentence. It is followed by a prepositional phrase indicating the purpose of tying — לְא֖וֹת, for a sign — and another prepositional phrase specifying where to tie them — עַל־ יָדֶ֑ךָ, on your hands.

The structure emphasizes the action of tying as central, with the purpose and location providing clarity on how these reminders should be integrated into daily life.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates וּקְשַׁרְתָּ֥ם as αὐτὰ, which means 'these' or 'them.' This choice suggests a direct connection to the physical reminders being discussed, indicating that the translators understood the importance of the tangible aspects of the commandments.

The Greek word σημεῖον for לְא֖וֹת emphasizes the idea of a sign or mark, aligning with the Hebrew meaning but potentially broadening its interpretation to include symbolic significance.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Deuteronomy 6:8 instructs the Israelites to tie reminders of God's laws on their hands and bind them on their foreheads. This physical act serves as a constant reminder of their commitment to follow God's teachings.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean to tie reminders on your hands?

Tying reminders on your hands symbolizes taking action and strength in following God's commandments, ensuring they are always visible in your daily activities.

Why bind them on your foreheads?

Binding them on your foreheads serves as a reminder to keep God's laws at the forefront of your thoughts, indicating a mental commitment to His teachings.

What are phylacteries?

Phylacteries are small boxes containing scripture that are worn on the forehead and arm during prayer, symbolizing the importance of God's laws in daily life.

How can we apply this verse today?

We can apply this verse by finding ways to remind ourselves of God's teachings in our daily lives, whether through physical reminders, discussions with family, or personal reflections.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What are some physical reminders I can use to help me remember God's commandments?
  2. How can I incorporate discussions about God's laws into my daily routine?
  3. In what ways can I ensure that my thoughts align with God's teachings throughout the day?
  4. How can I help my children understand the importance of remembering and following God's commands?

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Deuteronomy 6:8 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand,.... As a man ties anything to his hand for a token, that he may remember somewhat he is desirous of; though the Jews understand this literally, of

Read John Gill on Deuteronomy 6 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes. Thou shalt bind them for a sign , [ lª'owt (H226)] - for a token, a memorial.

Read Robert Jamieson on Deuteronomy 6 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

Thou shalt give all diligence, and use all means, to keep them in thy remembrance, as men ofttimes bind something upon their hands, or put it before their eyes, to prevent forgetfulness of a thing which they much desire to remember: compare 6:21 7:3. See Poole "".

Read Matthew Poole on Deuteronomy 6 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Deuteronomy 6:8 And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.Ver. 8. And thou shalt bind them.]

Read John Trapp on Deuteronomy 6 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(8) And thou shalt bind them . . .—From this precept the Jews derive the use of the Tephillin, the portions of the Law which they bind upon the head or arm when about to pray.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Deuteronomy 6 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 8. Thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thins hand] Is not this an allusion to an ancient and general custom observed in almost every part of the world? When a person wishes to remember a thing of importance, and is afraid to trust to the common operations of memory, he ties a knot on some part of his clothes, or a cord on his hand or finger, or places something out of its usual order, and in view, that his memory may be whetted to recollection, and his eye affect his heart. God, who knows how slow of heart we are to understand, graciously orders us to make use of every help, and through the means of things sensible, to rise to things spiritual. And they shall be as frontlets] טטפת…

Read AdamClarke on Deuteronomy 6 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

8. thou shalt bind them for a sign … for frontlets, etc.] See for the exact meanings the notes on Exodus 13:9; Exodus 13:16. As there, so here probably the injunction is to be taken metaphorically and not literally, as the later Jews understood it, though they carried it out not by tattooing, which seems the meaning here, but by writing these words as well as Deuteronomy 11:15-21 and Exodus 13:1-16 on small parchment rolls, enclosing them in metal covers, and wearing them, bound on the arm and brow, at morning prayer. They are called in late Hebrew tephillin and in the N.T. φυλακτἡρια. See E.B. ‘Frontlets.’

Read Cambridge on Deuteronomy 6 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

By adopting and regulating customary usages (e. g. Egyptian) Moses provides at once a check on superstition and a means of keeping the Divine Law in memory. On the “frontlets,” the “phylacteries” of the New Test.

Read Albert Barnes on Deuteronomy 6 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Tie them as reminders on your hands and bind them on your foreheads.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

You shall bind them for a sign on your hand, and they shall be for frontlets between your eyes.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Tie them as reminders on your hands and bind them on your foreheads.

NETBNew English Translation2006

You should tie them as a reminder on your forearm and fasten them as symbols on your forehead.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thy hand, and they shall be for frontlets between thine eyes.

RVARevised Version, American1894

And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be for frontlets between thine eyes.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thy hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thy eyes.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

And thou shalt binde them for a signe vpon thine hand, and they shalbe as frontlets betweene thine eyes.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

And thou shalt bind them for a sign on thy hand, and they shall be for frontlets between thine eyes.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

and hast bound them for a sign upon thy hand, and they have been for frontlets between thine eyes,

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

and have bound them for a sign on your hand, and they have been for frontlets between your eyes,

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thy hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thy eyes.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

You will tie them as a sign upon your hand, and they will serve as frontlets between your eyes.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

And thou shalt bind them as a sign on thy hand, and they shall be and shall move between thy eyes.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Tie them on your hands as reminders and put them on your foreheads as well.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Let them be fixed as a sign on your hand, and marked on your brow;

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וּandclauseverbקְשַׁרְתָּ֥youobjectםwill.tie.themprepositional phrase · prepositionalלְforא֖וֹתa.signprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַלonnoun phraseיָדֶ֑handךָyourוְandclauseverbהָי֥וּthey.will.beprepositional phrase · prepositionalלְforטֹטָפֹ֖תmarksprepositional phrase · prepositionalבֵּ֥יןbetweennoun phraseעֵינֶֽיeyesךָyour

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text states, "Tie them as reminders on your hands and bind them on your foreheads," which is confirmed by the Septuagint's word-by-word correspondence, indicating agreement in the core message. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs slightly, using "your hands" (ידיך) instead of "your hand" (ידך) and "appendage" (טטפות) instead of "totafot" (טֹטָפֹת), suggesting a variation in terminology. The Dead Sea Scrolls show a mix of agreement and restoration; some manuscripts like 4Q151 and 8Q3 align closely with the Masoretic Text, while others have variations in wording, such as 4Q142's use of "your hands" (ידיך) and 4Q130's partial restorations. Overall, the majority of witnesses, including several from the Dead Sea Scrolls, support the Masoretic Text's phrasing, while noting some differences in specific terms used.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וּקְשַׁרְתָּ֥ם לְא֖וֹת עַל־ יָדֶ֑ךָ וְהָי֥וּ לְטֹטָפֹ֖ת בֵּ֥ין עֵינֶֽיךָ׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וּקְשַׁרְתָּ֥םαὐτὰלְא֖וֹתσημεῖονעַל־ἐπὶיָדֶ֑ךָσουוְהָי֥וּἔσταιלְטֹטָפֹ֖תἀσάλευτονבֵּ֥יןπρὸעֵינֶֽיךָ׃σου

8 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

וקשׁרתם לאות על ידיך והיו לטטפות בין עיניך

2 words differ from the Masoretic Text: ידיך (hand), טטפות (appendage)

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q43a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[וקשרת׳ם] [לאות] [על] [יד׳ך] והיו לטוטפות [בין] [עיני׳ך]

2 words on the leather — 6 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q130a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

וקשרת׳ם לאות על ידי׳ך [והיו] לטוטפת [בין] עינ׳ך

4 words on the leather — 2 partly restored, 2 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q142a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[וקשרת׳מה] לאות על ידי׳כה והיו [לטוטפת] בין עיני׳כה

6 words on the leather — 2 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q151a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[וקשרת׳ם] [לאות] [על] [יד׳ך] [והיו] [לטטפת] [בין] [עיני׳ך]

nothing on the leather here — 8 supplied entire by an editor.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 8Q3a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

וקשרת׳ם לאות על יד׳ך והיו לטטפת בין עיני׳ך

5 words on the leather — 3 partly restored.

Dead Sea Scrolls — Xq2a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

וקשרת׳ם לאות על יד׳ך והיו לטטפת בין עיני׳ך

8 words on the leather.

Dead Sea Scrolls — Mur4a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

וקשרת׳ם לאות על יד׳ך והיו לטטפת בין עיני׳ך

8 words on the leather.

Dead Sea Scrolls — Xhev/se5a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

וקשרת׳ם לאות על ידי׳ך והיו לטטפת בין עיני׳ך

8 words on the leather.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Deuteronomy 6:8קָשַׁרand you wiland you will tiקָשַׁראוֹתfor a signfor a signאוֹתעַלononעַליָדhand yourhand yourיָדהָיָהand they wiand they will bהָיָהטוֹטָפוֹתfor marksfor marksטוֹטָפוֹתבַּ֫יִןbetweenbetweenבַּ֫יִןעַ֫יִןeyes youreyes yourעַ֫יִןאוּתto consentto consentאוּתכַּףpalmpalmכַּףבִּיןto understto understandבִּיןעַלheightheightעַלהָוָאto fallto fallהָוָאבַּ֫יִןbetweenbetweenבַּ֫יִןקֶ֫שֶׁרconspiracyconspiracyקֶ֫שֶׁרזִמְרִיZimriZimriזִמְרִימוֹפֵתwonderwonderמוֹפֵתכִּפֶּרto atoneto atoneכִּפֶּרכִּסֵּאthronethroneכִּסֵּאחָזָקstrongstrongחָזָקנָצַלto rescueto rescueנָצַלעַ֫יִןeyeeyeעַ֫יִןבָּדַלto separatto separateבָּדַלחֵןfavorfavorחֵןיָשָׁרJasharJasharיָשָׁר
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Deuteronomy 6:8

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and you will tie them for a sign on hand your and they will be for marks between eyes your
וּקְשַׁרְתָּ֥םu.ke.shar.Tam and you will tie them H7194 Verb qal sequential perfect second person masculine singular · suffix
44× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this verb means to tie or bind something, like when God bound Isaac in Genesis 22:9. It can also mean to conspire or make an alliance, as in 2 Samuel 15:31. The KJV translates it as bind or conspire.
Amplified meaning
bind, fasten
Tyndale gloss
to conspire
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

קָשַׁר (qashar) is a Hebrew verb meaning to bind or tie together, both physically and mentally, as in forming a league or conspiring. The entries describe its various uses, including binding fast or being bound up, and it appears in different grammatical forms. Notably, it is used in the context of relationships, such as the life of Jonathan being bound to David's.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

קָשַׁר vb. bind, league together, conspire

Qal

bind

league together, conspire

Niph. the life of Jonathan was bound up with the life of D.

Pi.

bind on (as ornament)

bind fast

Pu. = Qal 1 c.

Hithp. conspire

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7194 קָשַׁר bind, league together, conspire .. bind

. league together, conspire

. the life of Jonathan was bound up with the life of D.

. . bind on (as ornament)

. bind fast

. = Qal 1 c.

. conspire

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7194 qashar kaw-shar'

a primitive root: to tie, physically (gird, confine, compact)

or mentally (in love, league):--bind (up), (make a)

conspire(-acy, -ator), join together, knit, stronger, work

(treason).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָשַׁר (qa.shar) — to conspire.

1) to bind, tie, bind together, league together, conspire

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to bind, confine

1a2) to league together, conspire

1b) (Niphal) to be bound, be bound up

1c) (Piel)

1c1) to bind on

1c2) to bind fast

1c3) to bind, tie

1c4) to bind to oneself

1d) (Pual) robust, vigorous (participle)

1e) (Hithpael) to conspire

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-2ms | Suff — Verb qal sequential perfect second person masculine singular · suffix
Hc/Vqq2ms/Sp3mp
and you will tie them for a sign on hand your and they will be for marks between eyes your
לְא֖וֹתle.'ot for a sign H226 Preposition · noun common feminine singular absolute
80× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A miraculous sign or wonder, like a beacon or monument. In the Bible, it appears in books like Genesis and Isaiah. It means a signal or token of God's power.
Amplified meaning
for a sign
Tyndale gloss
sign: miraculous
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אוֹת (owth) means 'sign' and encompasses a range of meanings including a token, miracle, or omen. It can refer to distinguishing marks, banners, and memorials, as well as signs of divine presence or prophetic promises. The term is used in contexts related to covenants and changes in weather. Notably, it appears in Exodus 4:8.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אוֹת n.m. 79 Ex 4:8 (f. Jos 24:17) sign

sign, pledge, token

signs, omens promised by prophets as pledges of certain predicted events

sign, symbol of prophets

signs, miracles, as pledges or attestations of divine presence & interposition

signs, memorials

sign, pledge of covenant

ensigns, standards

signs, tokens of changes of weather & times

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H226 אוֹת sign . sign, pledge, token

. signs, omens promised by prophets as pledges of certain predicted events

. sign, symbol of prophets

. signs, miracles, as pledges or attestations of divine presence & interposition

. signs, memorials

. sign, pledge of covenant

. ensigns, standards

. signs, tokens of changes of weather & times

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

226 'owth oth

probably from 225 (in the sense of appearing); a signal

(literally or figuratively), as a flag, beacon, monument,

omen, prodigy, evidence, etc.:--mark, miracle, (en-)sign,

token.

see HEBREW for 0225

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אוֹת (ot) — sign: miraculous.

: miraculous

1) sign, signal

1a) a distinguishing mark

1b) banner

1c) remembrance

1d) miraculous sign

1e) omen

1f) warning

2) token, ensign, standard, miracle, proof

אוֹת (ot) — sign: indicator.

: 2_indicator

1) sign, signal

1a) a distinguishing mark

1b) banner

1c) remembrance

1d) miraculous sign

1e) omen

1f) warning

2) token, ensign, standard, miracle, proof

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-cs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absolute
HR/Ncfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

sin ('oth "a sign" "mark" mopheth, "wonder"' semeion, "a sign," "signal," "mark"): A mark by which persons or things are distinguished and made known. In Scripture used generally of an address to the senses to attest the existence of supersensible and therefore divine power. Thus the plagues of Egypt were "signs" of divine displeasure against the Egyptians (Ex 4:8 ff; Jos 24:17, and often); and the miracles of Jesus were "signs" to attest His unique relationship with God (Mt 12:38; Joh 2:18; Ac 2:22). Naturally, therefore, both in the Old Testament and the New Testament, "signs" are assimilated to the miraculous, and…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

A token, pledge, or proof, Ge 9:12,13 17:11 Ex 3:12 Isa 8:18. Also a supernatural portent, Lu 21:11; and a miracle, regarded as a token of the divine agency, Ex 4:7-9 Mr 8:11. The "signs of heaven" were the movements and aspects of the heavenly bodies, from which heathen astrologers pretended to obtain revelations, Isa 44:25 Jer 10:2. See SHIP.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ A miracle to confirm faith Mt 12:38; 16:4; 24:3,30; Mr 8:11,12; 13:4; Joh 2:11; 3:2; 4:48

→ Asked for by, and given to

Abraham Ge 15:8-17

Moses Ex 4:1-9

Gideon Jud 6:17,36-40

Hezekiah 2Ki 20:8

Zacharias Lu 1:18

→ Given to Jeroboam 1Ki 13:3-5

→ A token of coming events Mt 16:3,4; 24:3

→ See MIRACLES

and you will tie them for a sign on hand your and they will be for marks between eyes your
עַל־'al- on H5921 Preposition
5,774× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means on or above something, like a physical object or a situation. It can also imply a sense of responsibility or accountability, as in being on behalf of someone.
Tyndale gloss
upon
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַל (*al*) is a preposition meaning 'upon' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including 'on account of,' 'beside,' 'above,' and 'against.' It can indicate physical placement, emotional burdens, or duties imposed on a person. The entries also note its use in idiomatic expressions and with verbs of motion. There is a mention of its function as a conjunction in certain contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

עַל, עָ֑ל

subst. height

As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed

of clothing, etc., which any one wears

With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5921a עַל, עָ֑ל . As prep. upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against . Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed . — . of clothing, etc., which any one wears

. With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it

. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him

. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him

. על is used idiom. to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him

. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support)

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5921 `al al

properly, the same as 5920 used as a preposition (in the

singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a

particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always

in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great

variety of applications (as follow):--above, according

to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, X as, at, because

of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, X both

and, by (reason of), X had the charge of, concerning for, in

(that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-)on, over, than,

through(-out), to, touching, X with.

see HEBREW for 05920

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַל (al) — upon.

prep

1) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

1a) upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

1b) above, beyond, over (of excess)

1c) above, over (of elevation or pre-eminence)

1d) upon, to, over to, unto, in addition to, together with, with (of addition)

1e) over (of suspension or extension)

1f) by, adjoining, next, at, over, around (of contiguity or proximity)

1g) down upon, upon, on, from, up upon, up to, towards, over towards, to, against (with verbs of motion)

1h) to (as a dative)

[כִּי] עַל [כֵּן] ([ki] al [ken]) — as.

conj

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

On

Light; the sun, (Gen. 41:45, 50), the great seat of sun-worship, called also Bethshemesh (Jer. 43:13) and Aven (Ezek. 30:17), stood on the east bank of the Nile, a few miles north of Memphis, and near Cairo, in the north-east. The Vulgate and the LXX. Versions have “Heliopolis” (“city of the sun”) instead of On in Genesis and of Aven in Ezekiel. The “city of destruction” Isaiah speaks of (19:18, marg. “of Heres;” Heb. ‘Ir-ha-heres, which some MSS. read Ir-ha-heres, i.e., “city of the sun”) may be the name given to On, the prophecy being that the time will come when that city which was known as the “city of the sun-god” shall become the “city of destruction” of the sun-god, i.e., when idolatry shall cease, and the worship…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(abode or city of the sun), a town of lower Egypt, called BETH-SHEMESH in (Jeremiah 43:13) On is better known under its Greek name Heliopolis. It was situated on the east side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, just below the point of the Delta, and about twenty miles northeast of Memphis. The chief object of worship at Heliopolis was the sun, whose temple, described by Strabo, is now only represented by the single beautiful obelisk, of red granite so feet 2 inches high above the pedestal which has stood for more than 4000 years, having been erected by Usirtesen, the second king of the twelfth dynasty. Heliopolis was anciently famous for its learning, and Eudoxus and Plato studied under its priests. The first mention of this place in the Bible is in the history of Joseph, to whom we read Pharaoh gave "to wife Asenath the daughter…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See HELIOPOLIS.

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

pain; force; iniquity

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and you will tie them for a sign on hand your and they will be for marks between eyes your
יָדֶ֑ךָya.De.kha hand your H3027 Noun common both singular construct · suffix
1,619× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, 'yad' refers to an open hand, symbolizing power or direction. It can also mean strength or a part of something, like a side or a share. The word is used in many contexts, including anatomy and everyday life.
Amplified meaning
an open hand; strength, a side or share
Tyndale gloss
hand
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָד (yad) means 'hand' and can also refer to strength or power in a figurative sense. It encompasses various technical uses, such as a sign or monument, parts or shares, and even specific components in construction, like axle-trees and supports for the laver. The word is versatile, appearing in both literal and metaphorical contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יָד 1604 n.f. hand

hand

Fig. = strength, power

Fig. = side

יָד is used in various special, technical senses:—

sign, monument

part, fractional part or share

time, repetition

axle-trees

stays, supports for laver

tenons on sides of boards of tabernacle

a (beckoning) hand

יַד with prep.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3027 יָד hand . hand

. Fig. = strength, power

. Fig. = side

. יָד is used in various special, technical senses:— . sign, monument

. part, fractional part or share

. time, repetition

. axle-trees

. stays, supports for laver

. tenons on sides of boards of tabernacle

. a (beckoning) hand

. יַד with prep.

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3027 yad yawd

a primitive word; a hand (the open one (indicating power,

means, direction, etc.), in distinction from 3709, the closed

one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great variety of

applications, both literally and figuratively, both proximate

and remote (as follows):--(+ be) able, X about, + armholes,

at, axletree, because of, beside, border, X bounty, + broad,

(broken-)handed, X by, charge, coast, + consecrate, +

creditor, custody, debt, dominion, X enough, + fellowship,

force, X from, hand(-staves, -y work), X he, himself, X in,

labour, + large, ledge, (left-)handed, means, X mine,

ministry, near, X of, X order, ordinance, X our, parts, pain,

power, X presumptuously, service, side, sore, state, stay,

draw with strength, stroke, + swear, terror, X thee, X by

them, X themselves, X thine own, X thou, through, X throwing,

+ thumb, times, X to, X under, X us, X wait on, (way-)side,

Read the full entry →
Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָד (yad) — hand.

: hand/arm[anatomy]

1) hand

1a) hand (of man)

1b) strength, power (fig.)

1c) side (of land), part, portion (metaph.) (fig.)

1d) (various special, technical senses)

1d1) sign, monument

1d2) part, fractional part, share

1d3) time, repetition

1d4) axle-trees, axle

1d5) stays, support (for laver)

1d6) tenons (in tabernacle)

1d7) a phallus, a hand (meaning unsure)

1d8) wrists

יָד (yad) — hand: power.

: hand/arm[anatomy]

1) hand

1a) hand (of man)

1b) strength, power (fig.)

1c) side (of land), part, portion (metaph.) (fig.)

1d) (various special, technical senses)

1d1) sign, monument

1d2) part, fractional part, share

1d3) time, repetition

1d4) axle-trees, axle

1d5) stays, support (for laver)

1d6) tenons (in tabernacle)

1d7) a phallus, a hand (meaning unsure)

1d8) wrists

יָד (yad) — hand: themselves.

: hand/arm[anatomy]

1) hand

1a) hand (of man)

1b) strength, power (fig.)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-cs | Suff — Noun common both singular construct · suffix
HNcbsc/Sp2ms
and you will tie them for a sign on hand your and they will be for marks between eyes your
וְהָי֥וּve.ha.Yu and they will be H1961 Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person common plural
3,562× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for to be means to exist or come into being. It is used to describe something that happens or comes to pass, like in Genesis where God creates the world.
Amplified meaning
tie, secure
Tyndale gloss
to be
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be

Qal

Fall out, happen

occur, take place, come about, come to pass

esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass

וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

Come into being, become

abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

sq. prep.

become

sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

sq. pred. adj.

become like

sq. pred. לְ pers.

sq. לְ pred.

oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.

with עַל and לְ

sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)

exist, be in existence

abide, remain, continue

with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie

as copula, joining subj. & pred.

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen

. occur, take place, come about, come to pass

. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

. sq. prep.

. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

. sq. pred. adj.

. become like

. sq. pred. + לְ pers.

. sq. לְ pred.

. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.

. with עַל and לְ

. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence

. abide, remain, continue

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1961 hayah haw-yaw

a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,

come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or

auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,

committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,

fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit

(one-)self, require, X use.

see HEBREW for 01933

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.

1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out

1a) (Qal)

1a1) ---

1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass

1a1b) to come about, come to pass

1a2) to come into being, become

1a2a) to arise, appear, come

1a2b) to become

1a2b1) to become

1a2b2) to become like

1a2b3) to be instituted, be established

1a3) to be

1a3a) to exist, be in existence

1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)

1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)

1a3d) to accompany, be with

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about

1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-3cp — Verb · Qal · sequential perfect third person common plural
Hc/Vqq3cp
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

See TESTAMENT.

Nave's Topical Bible

→ THE MENTAL FACULTY

Freedom of, recognized by God Ge 4:6-10; De 5:29; 1Ki 20:42; Isa 1:18-20; 43:26; Jer 36:3,7; Joh 7:17

See BLESSINGS, CONTINGENT UPON OBEDIENCE

See CHOICE

See CONTINGENCY

→ OF GOD, THE SUPREME RULE OF DUTY Mt 6:10; 12:50; 26:39,42; Mr 3:35; 14:36; Lu 11:2; 22:42; Joh 4:34; 5:30; 6:38-40; Ac…

and you will tie them for a sign on hand your and they will be for marks between eyes your
לְטֹטָפֹ֖תle.to.ta.Fot for marks H2903 Preposition · noun common feminine plural absolute
3× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Phylacteries are small boxes worn on the forehead, containing scripture. They are mentioned in Exodus 13:9 and symbolize obedience to God's law.
Tyndale gloss
phylacteries
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

טוֹטָפוֹת (towphaphah) refers to bands or frontlets worn between the eyes, commonly understood as phylacteries. The term is derived from a root meaning to bind or go around. It consistently denotes these forehead bands in the context of Jewish tradition.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

טוֹטָפוֹת n.f.pl. bands—alw. bands, frontlet-bands, between the eyes

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2903 טוֹטָפוֹת bands—alw. bands, frontlet-bands, between the eyes

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2903 towphaphah to-faw-faw'

from an unusued root meaning to go around or bind; a fillet

for the forehead:--frontlet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

טוֹטָפוֹת (to.pha.phah) — phylacteries.

bands, phylacteries, frontlets, marks

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Ncfpa — Preposition · noun common feminine plural absolute
HR/Ncfpa
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and you will tie them for a sign on hand your and they will be for marks between eyes your
בֵּ֥יןbein between H996 Prep
407× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Between is the meaning of this preposition, used to show a location or a choice, like either or, as seen in Exodus where it describes the space between two objects.
Amplified meaning
between your eyes, as phylacteries, a sign of devotion
Tyndale gloss
between
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בַּ֫יִן (beyn) is a noun meaning 'interval' or 'space between.' It primarily functions as a preposition meaning 'between' or 'among,' and can also indicate distinctions or choices. The dual form בֵּנַ֫יִם refers specifically to the space between two entities, such as armies. The entries do not indicate any significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בַּ֫יִן subst. prop. interval, space between

always (exc. dual) as prep. in the interval of, between

Dual בֵּנַ֫יִם space between two armies

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H996 בַּ֫יִן subst. prop. interval, space between . always (exc. dual) as prep. in the interval of, between

. Dual בֵּנַ֫יִם space between two armies

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

996 beyn bane

(sometimes in the plural masculine or feminine); properly,

the constructive form of an otherwise unused noun from 995; a

distinction; but used only as a prep, between (repeated before

each noun, often with other particles); also as a conjunction,

either...or:--among, asunder, at, between (-twixt...and), +

from (the widest), X in, out of, whether (it be...or), within.

see HEBREW for 0995

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בַּ֫יִן (ba.yin) — between.

: between

between, among, in the midst of (with other preps), from between

בַּ֫יִן (ba.yin) — between: among.

: among

between, among, in the midst of (with other preps), from between

A sub-meaning of ben (בַּ֫יִן ": between" H0996)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Prep
HAcmsc
and you will tie them for a sign on hand your and they will be for marks between eyes your
עֵינֶֽיךָ׃'ei.Nei.kha eyes your H5869 Noun common feminine dual construct · suffix
887× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word can mean a spring or fountain, but also refers to the eye or a source of something. It is often translated as affliction, outward appearance, or countenance, and is used in various contexts throughout the Bible.
Tyndale gloss
eye
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עַ֫יִן (*'ayin*) means 'eye' and can refer to both the physical organ and its figurative uses, such as mental qualities and desires. It also denotes a 'spring' or 'fountain' of water. The entries highlight various phrases and contexts, including appearances and expressions of emotion, but do not indicate any significant disagreement among lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עַ֫יִן 859 n.f. eye

lit. as physical organ

eyes as showing mental qualities

desire of the eyes, abominations of the eyes

Fig. of mental and physical faculties, acts and states

Transferred mngs.:

visible surface of earth

appearance

gleam, sparkle

Other phrases are: an eye for an eye; eye to eye; in the presence of, in full view of; of business transaction; on the forehead

base

עַ֫יִן n.f. spring (of water). Particular springs are:

ע׳ חֲרֹר Ju 7:1

ע׳ הַקּוֹרֵא (partridge-spring) Ju 15:19

ע׳ רֹגֵל near Jerus.

ע׳ הַתַּנִּין (dragon-spring)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5869a עַ֫יִן eye . lit. as physical organ

. . eyes as showing mental qualities

. desire of the eyes, abominations of the eyes

. Fig. of mental and physical faculties, acts and states

. Transferred mngs.: . visible surface of earth

. appearance

. gleam, sparkle

. Other phrases are: an eye for an eye; eye to eye; in the presence of, in full view of; of business transaction; on the forehead

H5869b עַ֫יִן spring (of water)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5869 `ayin ah'-yin

probably a primitive word; an eye (literally or

figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the

landscape):--affliction, outward appearance, + before, +

think best, colour, conceit, + be content, countenance, +

displease, eye((-brow), (-d), -sight), face, + favour,

fountain, furrow (from the margin), X him, + humble,

knowledge, look, (+ well), X me, open(-ly), + (not) please,

presence, + regard, resemblance, sight, X thee, X them, +

think, X us, well, X you(-rselves).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַ֫יִן (a.yin) — eye.

: eye

1) eye

1a) eye

1a1) of physical eye

1a2) as showing mental qualities

1a3) of mental and spiritual faculties (fig.)

עַ֫יִן (a.yin) — Fountain (Gate).

§ spring, fountain

עַ֫יִן (a.yin) — Fountain of.

§ spring, fountain

עַ֫יִן (a.yin) — eye: seeing.

: seeing

1) eye

1a) eye

1a1) of physical eye

1a2) as showing mental qualities

1a3) of mental and spiritual faculties (fig.)

עַ֫יִן (a.yin) — eye: appearance.

: appearance

1) eye

1a) eye

1a1) of physical eye

1a2) as showing mental qualities

1a3) of mental and spiritual faculties (fig.)

עַ֫יִן (a.yin) — eye: before(the eyes).

: before(the_eyes)

1) eye

1a) eye

1a1) of physical eye

1a2) as showing mental qualities

1a3) of mental and spiritual faculties (fig.)

עַ֫יִן (a.yin) — eye: sin.

: sin

1) eye

1a) eye

1a1) of physical eye

1a2) as showing mental qualities

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcfdc/Sp2ms — Noun common feminine dual construct · suffix
HNcfdc/Sp2ms
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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