Exodus 22:13 — Word Study
WLCאִם־ טָרֹ֥ף יִטָּרֵ֖ף יְבִאֵ֣הוּ עֵ֑ד הַטְּרֵפָ֖ה לֹ֥א יְשַׁלֵּֽם׃ פ
BSAmake restitutionshâlam [full, complete, to repay, to make good]
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| אִם־ | Particle | |
| טָרֹ֥ף | certainly [if] | Verb, Qal, infinitive absolute |
| יִטָּרֵ֖ף | it will be torn in pieces | Verb, Niphal, imperfect third person masculine singular |
| יְבִאֵ֣הוּ | he will bring it | Verb hiphil imperfect third person masculine singular, suffix |
| עֵ֑ד | evidence | Noun common, masculine singular construct |
| הַטְּרֵפָ֖ה | the torn animal | Particle, noun common feminine singular absolute |
| לֹ֥א | not | Particle |
| יְשַׁלֵּֽם׃ פ | he will make restitution | Verb, Piel, imperfect third person masculine singular |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | If the animal was torn to pieces, he shall bring it as evidence; he need not make restitution for the torn carcass. |
| KJV | If it be torn in pieces, then let him bring it for witness, and he shall not make good that which was torn. |
| ASV | If it be torn in pieces, let him bring it for witness: he shall not make good that which was torn. |
| YLT | if it is certainly torn, he bringeth it in — a witness; the torn thing he doth not repay. |
| WEB | If it is torn in pieces, let him bring it for evidence. He shall not make good that which was torn. |
| BBE | But if it has been damaged by a beast, and he is able to make this clear, he will not have to make payment for what was damaged. |
Where they part company is in the interpretation of טָרֹ֥ף — see How Translations Differ.
The structure features a conditional clause followed by a main action and a negation, clearly outlining the legal responsibilities.
7 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbכִּי
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Exodus 22:13
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — Laws Concerning Property and Responsibilitygenerated
Exodus 22:13 details the legal obligations of a person when an animal is torn apart, specifically indicating that if the animal was not stolen, the owner does not need to repay for the damage. This verse is part of a broader set of laws that govern interactions and responsibilities among the community, similar to the principles found in other legal texts like Deuteronomy 24:6 regarding property and restitution.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ezekiel 4:14 | “Ah, Lord GOD,” I said, “I have never defiled myself. From my youth until now I have not eaten anything found dead or mauled by wild beasts. No unclean meat has ever entered my mouth.” |
| 2 | Amos 3:12 | This is what the LORD says: “As the shepherd snatches from the mouth of the lion two legs or a piece of an ear, so the Israelites dwelling in Samaria will be rescued having just the corner of a bed or the cushion of a couch. |
| 3 | Micah 5:8 | Then the remnant of Jacob will be among the nations, in the midst of many peoples, like a lion among the beasts of the forest, like a young lion among flocks of sheep, which tramples and tears as it passes through, with no one to rescue them. |
| 4 | Nahum 2:12 |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 4 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — טָרֹ֥ף, ta.Rofgenerated
The verb טָרַף (taraph) means to tear or pull apart. It is used in contexts involving violence, such as an animal being attacked by a predator. In this verse, it indicates that the animal has been violently torn, which absolves the owner from making restitution.
The form יִטָּרֵף indicates a future action, meaning 'it will be torn in pieces.' This construction emphasizes the certainty of the event occurring, which is crucial for determining the legal responsibilities outlined in this law.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The verse consists of a conditional clause introduced by אִם (if), followed by the main clause detailing the action required if the condition is met. The structure emphasizes the conditions under which restitution is not required.
The finite verb יְבִאֵ֣הוּ (he will bring it) governs the main action, with the noun phrase עֵ֑ד (evidence) serving as the object of that action.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates טָרֹ֥ף as ἐὰν (if), indicating a conditional statement similar to the Hebrew. This choice maintains the conditional nature of the law.
The Greek word παρὰ (for witness) is used to convey the requirement of bringing evidence, paralleling the Hebrew term for עֵ֑ד.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Exodus 22:13 explains that if an animal is torn to pieces, the owner must bring it as evidence, and he is not required to repay for the torn carcass. This law clarifies the responsibilities of individuals in cases of property damage.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
If the animal was torn apart by a wild beast, the owner does not have to make restitution for the carcass.
Bringing the torn animal as evidence serves to prove that it was not stolen and that the owner is not liable for restitution.
Yes, similar laws can be found throughout the Torah, including regulations about property and restitution in Deuteronomy 24:6.
This law emphasizes the importance of accountability and fairness in property ownership and interactions within the community.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How do these laws reflect the values of justice and responsibility in the community?
- In what ways can we apply the principles of restitution and accountability in our own lives?
- What does this verse teach us about the nature of ownership and care for animals?
- How can we ensure we are acting fairly in our dealings with others?
Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Exodus 22:13 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleIf it be torn in pieces,.... By some wild beast, at least as pretended: [then] let him bring it for witness; part of that which is torn, that it may be witness for him that it was torn, as in Amos
Read John Gill on Exodus 22 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryIf a man shall deliver unto his neighbour money or stuff to keep, and it be stolen out of the man's house; if the thief be found, let him pay double.
Read Robert Jamieson on Exodus 22 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleLet him bring it; it, i.e. some part of the torn creature, which the wild beast haply had left, ,12. Quest. What if the whole creature were carried away, as a sheep or lamb is sometimes by the wolf? Answ. 1. I suppose this was not frequent, and that those ravenous creatures did speedily fall to their meal, and that something was left not far from the place, which the shepherd might easily procure. 2. The words may Be otherwise rendered, he shall bring a witness, as the Chaldee and Samaritan render it; or a testimony, i.e. some evidence whereby the judge might be satisfied; as for instance, that some wolf or lion, &c. was seen in those parts, &c., or some witness of his diligence and…
Read Matthew Poole on Exodus 22 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsExodus 22:13 If it be torn in pieces, [then] let him bring it [for] witness, [and] he shall not make good that which was torn.Ver. 13. Let him bring it.] A leg, or a limb of it, as Amos 3:12.
Read John Trapp on Exodus 22 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(13) Let him bring it for witness.—This would not always be possible. Where it was not, the trustee could fall back on the oath.
Read Charles John Ellicott on Exodus 22 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 13. If it be torn in pieces - let him bring it for witness] Rather, Let him bring עד הטרפה ed hatterephah, a testimony or evidence of the torn thing, such as the horns, hoofs, &c. This is still a law in some countries among graziers: if a horse, cow, sheep, or goat, intrusted to them, be lost, and the keeper asserts it was devoured by dogs, &c., the law obliges him to produce the horns and hoofs, because on these the owner's mark is generally found. If these can be produced, the keeper is acquitted by the law. The ear is often the place marked, but this is not absolutely required, because a ravenous beast may eat the ear as well as any other part, but he cannot eat the horns or the…
Read AdamClarke on Exodus 22 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges13. If the animal be torn by wild beasts, the man entrusted with it has only to produce its torn flesh as evidence of the fact, and he need make no compensation. No reasonable precautions could guard against this most common misfortune to cattle in the East (cf. Genesis 31:39); and the fact that the remains of the flesh could be produced would show that the shepherd had been watchful, and had even driven off the wild beast before it had completely consumed the carcase (1 Samuel 17:35, Amos 3:12). Cf. Ḥ ?amm. § 244 (a hired animal); and Manu viii. 235 f.
Read Cambridge on Exodus 22 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
If the animal was torn to pieces, he shall bring it as evidence; he need not make restitution for the torn carcass.
If it is torn in pieces, let him bring it for evidence. He shall not make good that which was torn.
If the animal was torn to pieces, he shall bring it as evidence; he need not make restitution for the torn carcass.
If it is torn in pieces, then he will bring it for evidence, and he will not have to pay for what was torn.
Tyndale line
If it be torn in pieces, then let him bring it for witness, and he shall not make good that which was torn.
If it be torn in pieces, let him bring it for witness: he shall not make good that which was torn.
If it be torn in pieces, let him bring it for witness; he shall not make good that which was torn.
If it shall be torn in pieces; then let him bring it for witness, and he shall not make good that which was torn.
If it be torne in pieces, he shall bring recorde, and shall not make that good, which is deuoured.
Strictly literal
If it have been torn in pieces, let him bring it [as] witness: he shall not make good what was torn.
if it is certainly torn, he bringeth it in — a witness; the torn thing he doth not repay.
if it is certainly torn, he brings it in [as] a witness; he does not repay the torn thing.
(22:12) If it be torn in pieces, then let him bring it as evidence; that which was torn he shall not make good.
If an animal was torn in pieces, let the other man bring the animal as evidence. He will not have to pay for what was torn.
From the Latin
If it were eaten by a beast, let him bring to him that which was slain, and he shall not make restitution.
Simplified
If it was killed and torn to pieces by a wild animal, the neighbor shall present the carcass as evidence and does not need to pay compensation.
But if it has been damaged by a beast, and he is able to make this clear, he will not have to make payment for what was damaged.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text is matched by the Samaritan Pentateuch, which agrees word for word. The Septuagint also aligns closely, maintaining the same structure and meaning, though the Dead Sea Scrolls show some restoration due to damage.
אִם־ טָרֹ֥ף יִטָּרֵ֖ף יְבִאֵ֣הוּ עֵ֑ד הַטְּרֵפָ֖ה לֹ֥א יְשַׁלֵּֽם׃ פ
8 of the 8 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
וכי ישׁאל אישׁ מעם רעהו ונשׁבר או מת בעליו אין עמו שׁלם ישׁלם
Agrees with the Masoretic Text here, word for word.
[וכי] [ישאל] [איש] [מעם] [רע׳הו] [ונשבר] או מת [בעלי׳ו] [אין] [עמ׳ו] [שלם] [ישלם]
1 word on the leather — 1 partly restored, 11 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Exodus 22:13
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
אִם (im) is a Hebrew conjunction primarily meaning 'if' and is used in various contexts, including conditional clauses and interrogative situations. It can also express negation, alternatives, or exceptions, and appears frequently in the Old Testament. The lexicons note its use in oaths and its ability to connect different clauses, sometimes altering their meanings.
אִם conj.
hypoth. part. if
Interrog. part.
base
כִּי אם־
each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:
that if
for if
(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—
limiting the prec. clause, except
the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
after an oath, surely
base
H518a אִם conj. . hypoth. part. if
. Interrog. part.
H518b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if
. for if
. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except
. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but
. after an oath, surely
518 'im eem
a primitive particle; used very widely as demonstrative, lo!;
interrog., whether?; or conditional, if, although; also Oh
that!, when; hence, as a negative, not:--(and, can-,
doubtless, if, that) (not), + but, either, + except, +
more(-over if, than), neither, nevertheless, nor, oh that, or,
+ save (only, -ing), seeing, since, sith, + surely (no more,
none, not), though, + of a truth, + unless, + verily, when,
whereas, whether, while, + yet.
אִם (im) — if.
: if/whether_or/though
1) if
1a) conditional clauses
1a1) of possible situations
1a2) of impossible situations
1b) oath contexts
1b1) no, not
1c) if...if, whether...or, whether...or...or
1d) when, whenever
1e) since
1f) interrogative particle
1g) but rather
[כִּי] אם (ki im) — if: except.
1) except if
1a) but if
אִם (im) — if: surely no.
: surely_no
1) if
1a) conditional clauses
1a1) of possible situations
1a2) of impossible situations
1b) oath contexts
1b1) no, not
1c) if...if, whether...or, whether...or...or
1d) when, whenever
1e) since
1f) interrogative particle
1g) but rather
אִם (im) — if: surely yes.
: surely_yes
1) if
1a) conditional clauses
1a1) of possible situations
1a2) of impossible situations
1b) oath contexts
1b1) no, not
1c) if...if, whether...or, whether...or...or
1d) when, whenever
1e) since
1f) interrogative particle
1g) but rather
אִם (im) — if: until.
: until/except
HTc — ParticleHTc
טָרַף (taraph) is a Hebrew verb meaning to tear, rend, or pluck. It can describe the action of tearing in various forms, such as being torn in pieces or providing food. The entries indicate a range of uses, from physical tearing to metaphorical feeding, with specific examples in contexts like animals being torn apart.
טָרַף vb. tear, rend, pluck
Qal tear, rend
Niph. of animal torn
Pu. Joseph has certainly been torn in pieces
Hiph. let me devour my appointed bread
base
H2963 טָרַף tear, rend, pluck
2963 taraph taw-raf'
a primitive root; to pluck off or pull to pieces; causatively
to supply with food (as in morsels):--catch, X without doubt,
feed, ravin, rend in pieces, X surely, tear (in pieces).
טָרַף (ta.raph) — to tear.
1) to tear, rend, pluck
1a) (Qal) to tear, rend
1b) (Niphal) to be torn in pieces
1c) (Poal) to be torn in pieces
1d) (Hiphil) to provide food
HVqaa — Verb · Qal · infinitive absoluteHVqaa
טָרַף (taraph) is a Hebrew verb meaning to tear, rend, or pluck. It can describe the action of tearing in various forms, such as being torn in pieces or providing food. The entries indicate a range of uses, from physical tearing to metaphorical feeding, with specific examples in contexts like animals being torn apart.
טָרַף vb. tear, rend, pluck
Qal tear, rend
Niph. of animal torn
Pu. Joseph has certainly been torn in pieces
Hiph. let me devour my appointed bread
base
H2963 טָרַף tear, rend, pluck
2963 taraph taw-raf'
a primitive root; to pluck off or pull to pieces; causatively
to supply with food (as in morsels):--catch, X without doubt,
feed, ravin, rend in pieces, X surely, tear (in pieces).
טָרַף (ta.raph) — to tear.
1) to tear, rend, pluck
1a) (Qal) to tear, rend
1b) (Niphal) to be torn in pieces
1c) (Poal) to be torn in pieces
1d) (Hiphil) to provide food
HVNi3ms — Verb · Niphal · imperfect third person masculine singularHVNi3ms
Pieces
(1) of silver. In Ps. 68:30 denotes “fragments,” and not properly money. In 1 Sam. 2:36 (Heb. agorah), properly a “small sum” as wages, weighed rather than coined. Josh. 24:32 (Heb. kesitah, q.v.), supposed by some to have been a piece of money bearing the figure of a lamb, but rather simply a certain amount. (Comp. Gen. 33:19).
(2.) The word pieces is omitted in many passages, as Gen. 20:16; 37:28; 45:22, etc. The passage in Zech. 11:12, 13 is quoted in the Gospel (Matt. 26:15), and from this we…
בּוֹא (bo) is a Hebrew verb meaning to come or go in, with a wide range of applications including entering, arriving, and bringing in. It can refer to both physical movement and abstract concepts like events coming to pass. The verb appears in various forms, such as Qal (to come), Hiphil (to cause to come), and Hophal (to be brought). There is no significant disagreement among lexicons regarding its meanings.
בּוֹא 2569 vb. come in, come, go in, go
Qal
come in
come (approach, arrive)
go, i.e. walk, associate with
go from speaker, but with limit of motion given
Hiph.
cause to come in, bring in (conduct, lead, obj. persons and animals)
cause to come, bring, bring near, etc. (animate obj.)
Hoph.
be brought in (of pers. and things)
be brought
be introduced, put
base
H935 בּוֹא come in, come, go in, go .. come in
. come (approach, arrive)
. go, i.e. walk, associate with
. go from speaker, but with limit of motion given
. . cause to come in, bring in (conduct, lead, obj. persons and animals)
. cause to come, bring, bring near, etc. (animate obj.)
. . be brought in (of pers. and things)
. be brought
. be introduced, put
935 bow' bo
a primitive root; to go or come (in a wide variety of
applications):--abide, apply, attain, X be, befall, +
besiege, bring (forth, in, into, to pass), call, carry, X
certainly, (cause, let, thing for) to come (against, in, out,
upon, to pass), depart, X doubtless again, + eat, + employ,
(cause to) enter (in, into, -tering, -trance, -try), be
fallen, fetch, + follow, get, give, go (down, in, to war),
grant, + have, X indeed, (in-)vade, lead, lift (up), mention,
pull in, put, resort, run (down), send, set, X (well) stricken
(in age), X surely, take (in), way.
בּוֹא (bo) — to come (in): come.
: come/go_in
1) to go in, enter, come, go, come in
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to enter, come in
1a2) to come
1a2a) to come with
1a2b) to come upon, fall or light upon, attack (enemy)
1a2c) to come to pass
1a3) to attain to
1a4) to be enumerated
1a5) to go
1b) (Hiphil)
1b1) to lead in
1b2) to carry in
1b3) to bring in, cause to come in, gather, cause to come, bring near, bring against, bring upon
1b4) to bring to pass
1c) (Hophal)
1c1) to be brought, brought in
1c2) to be introduced, be put
לְב֥וֹא (bo) — Lebo-(Hamath).
This name means to go in, enter
Combined with cha.mat (חֲמָת "Hamath" H2574)
בּוֹא (bo) — to come (in): towards.
: towards/entrance
1) to go in, enter, come, go, come in
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to enter, come in
1a2) to come
1a2a) to come with
1a2b) to come upon, fall or light upon, attack (enemy)
1a2c) to come to pass
1a3) to attain to
1a4) to be enumerated
HVhi3ms/Sp3ms — Verb hiphil imperfect third person masculine singular · suffixHVhi3ms/Sp3ms
עֵד (ed) means 'witness' and encompasses both the act of witnessing and the person who testifies. It is derived from a root suggesting emphatic affirmation. The term can refer to evidence of things or to individuals providing testimony.
עֵד 69 n.m. witness (prob. fr. reiterating, hence emphatically affirming)
witness, testimony, evidence, of things
witness, a person
base
H5707 עֵד witness (prob. fr. reiterating, hence emphatically affirming) . witness, testimony, evidence, of things
. witness, a person
5707 `ed ayd
contracted from 5749 ; concretely, a witness; abstractly,
testimony; specifically, a recorder, i.e. prince:--witness.
see HEBREW for 05749
עֵד (ed) — witness.
1) witness
1a) witness, testimony, evidence (of things)
1b) witness (of people)
HNcmsc — Noun common · masculine singular constructHNcmsc
טְרֵפָה (trephah) refers to an animal that has been torn, typically by wild beasts. It is derived from a related term and denotes prey or flesh that has been ravaged. The entries consistently emphasize its meaning related to torn animals and do not present any significant disagreements.
טְרֵפָה n.f. animal torn (by wild beasts); torn flesh
base
H2966 טְרֵפָה animal torn (by wild beasts); torn flesh
2966 trephah ter-ay-faw'
feminine (collectively) of 2964; prey, i.e. flocks devoured
by animals:--ravin, (that which was) torn (of beasts, in
pieces).
see HEBREW for 02964
טְרֵפָה (te.re.phah) — torn animal.
that which is torn, animal torn (by beasts)
HTd/Ncfsa — Particle · noun common feminine singular absoluteHTd/Ncfsa
an'-i-mal: See under the various names and also the general article on ZOOLOGY.
Animal
An organized living creature endowed with sensation. The Levitical law divided animals into clean and unclean, although the distinction seems to have existed before the Flood (Gen. 7:2). The clean could be offered in sacrifice and eaten. All animals that had not cloven hoofs and did not chew the cud were unclean. The list of clean and unclean quadrupeds is set forth in the Levitical law (Deut. 14:3-20; Lev. 11).
לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'
לֹא or לוֹא adv. not
base
H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not
3808 lo' lo
or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often
used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,
ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,
no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out
of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +
of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.
לֹא (lo) — not.
1) not, no
1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)
1b) not (with modifier-negation)
1c) nothing (subst)
1d) without (with particle)
1e) before (of time)
Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)
HTn — ParticleHTn
שָׁלֵם (shalam) is a Hebrew root meaning to be complete or sound, covering a range of meanings from finishing or restoring to making peace. It can refer to being uninjured, completing a task, or making recompense. The verb also has a denominative form indicating a covenant of peace, suggesting relationships of harmony and safety.
[שָׁלֵם] 103 vb. be complete, sound
Qal
be complete, finished, ended
be sound, uninjured
Pi.
complete, finish, temple
make safe
make whole or good, restore
make good, i.e. pay, vows
requite, recompense, reward
Pu.
be performed, of vow
be repaid, requited
Hiph.
complete, perform
make an end of
base
[שָׁלַם] vb. denom. be in covenant of peace
Qal be at peace
Pu. Pt. one in covt. of peace
Hiph.
make peace with
cause to be at peace
Hoph. live at peace with
base
H7999a שָׁלֵם be complete, sound .. be complete, finished, ended
. be sound, uninjured
. . complete, finish, temple
. make safe
. make whole or good, restore
. make good, i.e. pay, vows
. requite, recompense, reward
. . be performed, of vow
. be repaid, requited
. . complete, perform
. make an end of
H7999b [שָׁלַם] vb. denom. be in covenant of peace .be at peace
. Pt. one in covt. of peace
. . make peace with
. cause to be at peace
. live at peace with
7999 shalam shaw-lam'
a primitive root; to be safe (in mind, body or estate);
figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed; by
implication, to be friendly; by extension, to reciprocate (in
various applications):--make amends, (make an) end, finish,
full, give again, make good, (re-)pay (again), (make) (to) (be
at) peace(-able), that is perfect, perform, (make)
prosper(-ous), recompense, render, requite, make restitution,
restore, reward, X surely.
שָׁלֵם (sa.lem) — to complete.
1) to be complete, be sound
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be complete, be finished, be ended
1a2) to be sound, be uninjured
1b) (Piel)
1b1) to complete, finish
1b2) to make safe
1b3) to make whole or good, restore, make compensation
1b4) to make good, pay
1b5) to requite, recompense, reward
1c) (Pual)
1c1) to be performed
1c2) to be repaid, be requited
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to complete, perform
1d2) to make an end of
Aramaic equivalent: she.lam (שְׁלֵם "be complete" H8000)
שָׁלַם (sha.lam) — to ally.
1) to be in a covenant of peace, be at peace
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be at peace
1a2) peaceful one (participle)
1b) (Pual) one in covenant of peace (participle)
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to make peace with
1c2) to cause to be at peace
1d) (Hophal) to live in peace
V-Piel-Ptc — Verb · Piel · imperfect third person masculine singularHVpi3ms
Job 20:10,18. The repairing of wrongs done, and the restoring of what one has wrongfully taken from another, are strictly enjoined in Scripture, and are a necessary evidence of true repentance, Ex 22:1-15; Ne 5:1-13; Lu 19:8. Restoration should be perfect and just; replacing, so far as possible, all that has been taken, with interest, Le 6:1-6; 24:21. In Ac 3:21, the time of the "restitution of all things," is the time when Christ shall appear in his glory, and establish his kingdom as foretold in the Scriptures.