Menu

Deuteronomy 14:3 — Word Study

Depth

WLCלֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל כָּל־ תּוֹעֵבָֽה׃

BSAYou must notlôʼ [under any circumstances] eatʼâkal [consume, devour] anykôl [all manner of] detestable thingtôwʻêbah [abomination, something disgusting, repulsive]

Word
Listen & take awayDeuteronomy 14
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 3 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (to.'e.Vah) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Deuteronomy 14:3quick helps
In a sentenceGod commands Israel not to consume anything that is detestable.
Who is speakingMoses, relaying God's instructions to the Israelites.
Where we areIn the section of laws about clean and unclean foods.
The hard wordתּוֹעֵבָה
Take awayGod's people are to maintain holiness by avoiding what is repulsive.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbאָכַל The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Deuteronomy 14:3

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Laws on Clean and Unclean Foodsgenerated

2for you are a people holy to the LORD your God. The LORD has chosen you to be a people for His prized possession out of all the peoples on the face of the earth.
3You must not eat any detestable thing.
4These are the animals that you may eat: The ox, the sheep, the goat,
5the deer, the gazelle, the roe deer, the wild goat, the ibex, the antelope, and the mountain sheep.

Deuteronomy 14:3 is part of a larger section where Moses instructs the Israelites on dietary laws. These laws are intended to set them apart as a holy people, emphasizing their unique relationship with God. Following this command, the text continues with a list of permissible animals, reinforcing the importance of adhering to God's standards for cleanliness.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Leviticus 11:43Do not defile yourselves by any crawling creature; do not become unclean or defiled by them.
2Leviticus 20:25You are therefore to distinguish between clean and unclean animals and birds. Do not become contaminated by any animal or bird, or by anything that crawls on the ground; I have set these apart as unclean for you.
3Isaiah 65:4sitting among the graves, spending nights in secret places, eating the meat of pigs and polluted broth from their bowls.
4Ezekiel 4:14“Ah, Lord GOD,” I said, “I have never defiled myself. From my youth until now I have not eaten anything found dead or mauled by wild beasts. No unclean meat has ever entered my mouth.”
5Acts 10:12–14It contained all kinds of four-footed animals and reptiles of the earth, as well as birds of the air.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 8 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word תּוֹעֵבָה, to.'e.Vahgenerated

The word תּוֹעֵבָה (to.'e.Vah) means 'abomination' and is derived from a root that conveys moral disgust. It is used in contexts that highlight idolatry, unclean food, or ethical wickedness, indicating what is unacceptable in God's eyes.

In this verse, it specifies the types of food that the Israelites are forbidden to eat, marking them as unclean and offensive to God. The use of this term underscores the seriousness of maintaining ritual purity and the implications of consuming what is deemed detestable.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

All translations agree on the rendering of תּוֹעֵבָה as 'detestable thing' or similar terms, reflecting the nature of the prohibition.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb of the verse is תֹאכַ֖ל (to.Khal), meaning 'you will eat.' It is negated by לֹ֥א (lo'), which establishes the prohibition.

The structure is straightforward, with the negation setting the tone for the command, followed by the object כָּל־ תּוֹעֵבָה (kol to'evah), meaning 'any detestable thing.' This highlights the comprehensive nature of the prohibition.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

In the Septuagint, תּוֹעֵבָה is rendered as βδέλυγμα (bdelygma), which also conveys a sense of something that is morally repugnant or disgusting. This choice aligns with the Hebrew meaning but emphasizes the ethical implications of the term.

The Greek translation reflects the seriousness of the command, indicating that such items are not only unclean but also offensive to God.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Deuteronomy 14:3 instructs the Israelites not to eat any detestable thing. This command is part of the laws given to maintain their holiness as God's chosen people. It emphasizes the importance of adhering to God's standards for what is clean and unclean.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does 'detestable thing' refer to?

It refers to anything considered morally or ritually unclean, such as certain foods or practices that are offensive to God.

Why are these dietary laws important?

They set Israel apart as a holy people and reflect God's desire for His people to maintain purity in their lives.

How do these laws relate to modern dietary practices?

While these specific laws may not apply to Christians today, the principle of avoiding what is morally repugnant remains relevant.

What can we learn from this command?

We can learn the importance of obedience to God's commands and the need to be mindful of what we consume, both physically and spiritually.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What are some examples of things in my life that I consider detestable or unclean?
  2. How can I apply the principle of this command to my daily choices?
  3. In what ways does this command reflect God's character and His expectations for His people?
  4. How can I encourage others to follow God's standards for purity in their lives?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Early Christian writers reference this verse to discuss the importance of dietary laws in maintaining holiness, as seen in the works of Clement of Alexandria and Richard Challoner.

Clement of AlexandriaThe Instructor Book 2 c. 150–215
Among the Jews, frugality was made a matter of precept by a very wise dispensation of the law. The Educator forbade them the use of innumerable things.
Early Church Fathers on Deuteronomy 14 →
Richard Challoner 1691–1781
Unclean: See the annotations on Lev. 11.
Early Church Fathers on Deuteronomy 14 →

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Deuteronomy 14:3 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Thou shall not eat any abominable thing. That is so either in its own nature, or because forbidden by the Lord; what are such are declared in the following verses.

Read John Gill on Deuteronomy 14 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing. Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing - i:e., anything forbidden as unclean, (see the notes at Leviticus 11:1-47.) BEASTS.

Read Robert Jamieson on Deuteronomy 14 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

i.e. Unclean and forbidden by me, which therefore should be abominable to you.

Read Matthew Poole on Deuteronomy 14 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Deuteronomy 14:3 Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.Ver. 3. Thou shalt not eat any abominable.] &c. This law taught them to abstain from communion with wicked men, in whom are found the malignities and evil properties of all other creatures. They feed hard on sin, the devil’ s excrement; as the Tartars eat the carrion, carcasses of horses, camels, asses, cats, dogs, yea, when they stink and are full of maggots, and hold them as dainty as we do venison.

Read John Trapp on Deuteronomy 14 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(3) Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.—That is, anything which Jehovah has pronounced abominable. The distinctions between His creatures were alike established and removed by the Creator. Yet, no doubt, they had also a sanitary purpose in relation to the chosen people.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Deuteronomy 14 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

On Clean And Unclean Animals (Deuteronomy 14:3-20) First, some remarks are necessary on the form of the deuteronomic list. While most of the names have been reasonably identified with animals still found in Palestine—the credit of this is largely due to Canon Tristram—yet full success in such identification is not, and may never be, possible. Especially precarious is the equation of the names with single species. The names are generic, not specific. They are popular. They give proofs of a close observation of the structure and habits of the animals. But the statement that the hare and the rock-badger chew the cud is not correct; though Arab hunters still assert this of the rock-badger (see…

Read Cambridge on Deuteronomy 14 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Compare Lev. 11. The variations here, whether omissions or additions, are probably to be explained by the time and circumstances of the speaker.

Read Albert Barnes on Deuteronomy 14 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

THE ANIMALS THAT WERE TO BE EATEN AND THOSE THAT WERE , Deuteronomy 14:3-21. 3. Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing — That is, any thing forbidden as unclean. Comp. Leviticus 11.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Deuteronomy 14 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

You must not eat any detestable thing.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

You shall not eat any abominable thing.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

You must not eat any detestable thing.

NETBNew English Translation2006

You must not eat any forbidden thing.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

¶ Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Thou shalt eate no maner of abomination.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

'Thou dost not eat any abominable thing;

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

You do not eat any abomination;

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

You must not eat any abominable thing.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

Eat not the things that are unclean.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

You must not eat anything repulsive.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

No disgusting thing may be your food.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clauseadverbialלֹ֥אnotverbתֹאכַ֖לyou.will.eatnoun phrase · objectכָּלanyתּוֹעֵבָֽהdisgusting.thing

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text reads לֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל כָּל־ תּוֹעֵבָֽה, while the Samaritan Pentateuch differs slightly with לא תאכלו כל תועבה, using the plural form 'you shall not eat.' The Dead Sea Scrolls have a similar reading to the Masoretic Text, though some words were restored by an editor.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

לֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל כָּל־ תּוֹעֵבָֽה׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
לֹ֥אοὐתֹאכַ֖לφάγεσθεכָּל־πᾶνתּוֹעֵבָֽה׃βδέλυγμα

4 of the 4 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Samaritan Pentateuchthe Torah as the Samaritan community kept it

לא תאכלו כל תועבה

1 word differs from the Masoretic Text: תאכלו (eat)

Dead Sea Scrolls — 4Q45a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[לא] [תאכל] [כל] [תועבה]

nothing on the leather here — 4 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Deuteronomy 14:3לֹאnotnotלֹאאָכַלyou will eayou will eatאָכַלכֹּלanyanyכֹּלתּוֹעֵבַהdisgusting disgusting thinתּוֹעֵבַהכָּלַלto perfectto perfectכָּלַלתַּעָבto abhorto abhorתַּעָביָכֹלbe ablebe ableיָכֹלעוֹדstillstillעוֹדשָׁתָהto drinkto drinkשָׁתָהלֶ֫חֶםfoodfoodלֶ֫חֶםעֵדָהcongregaticongregationעֵדָהעֲבֹדָהserviceserviceעֲבֹדָהשִׁקּוּץabominatioabominationשִׁקּוּץבּוֹשׁbe ashamedbe ashamedבּוֹשׁ
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Deuteronomy 14:3

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

not you will eat any disgusting thing
לֹ֥אlo' not H3808 Particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Amplified meaning
under any circumstances
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Part — Particle
HTn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
not you will eat any disgusting thing
תֹאכַ֖לto.Khal you will eat H398 Verb · Qal · imperfect second person masculine singular
810× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to eat or devour, and it's used in many stories, including when Jesus fed the 5000 with fish and bread in the book of Matthew. It's about taking in nourishment and being satisfied.
Amplified meaning
consume, devour
Tyndale gloss
to eat
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אָכַל (akal) means 'to eat' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including literal consumption by humans and animals, as well as figurative uses like devouring by fire or destruction. It can describe actions such as feeding or causing to eat, and it also appears in contexts of oppression and destruction. The verb has various forms, indicating different subjects and nuances.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אָכַל 806 vb. eat

Qal

eat, human subject

of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

fig. of fire, devour, consume

of sword, devour, slay

in genl., devour, consume, destroy

fig. of oppression, devour the poor

Niph.

be eaten by man

be devoured by fire, consumed

be wasted, destroyed, of flesh

Pu. be consumed

Hiph.

cause to eat, feed with

cause to devoure, obj. sword

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H398 אָכַל eat .. eat, human subject

. of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

. fig. of fire, devour, consume

. of sword, devour, slay

. in genl., devour, consume, destroy

. fig. of oppression, devour the poor

. . be eaten by man

. be devoured by fire, consumed

. be wasted, destroyed, of flesh

. be consumed

. . cause to eat, feed with

. cause to devoure, obj. sword

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

398 'akal aw-kal'

a primitive root; to eat (literally or figuratively):--X at

all, burn up, consume, devour(-er, up), dine, eat(-er, up),

feed (with), food, X freely, X in...wise(-deed, plenty), (lay)

meat, X quite.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אָכַל (a.khal) — to eat.

1) to eat, devour, burn up, feed

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to eat (human subject)

1a2) to eat, devour (of beasts and birds)

1a3) to devour, consume (of fire)

1a4) to devour, slay (of sword)

1a5) to devour, consume, destroy (inanimate subjects - ie, pestilence, drought)

1a6) to devour (of oppression)

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be eaten (by men)

1b2) to be devoured, consumed (of fire)

1b3) to be wasted, destroyed (of flesh)

1c) (Pual)

1c1) to cause to eat, feed with

1c2) to cause to devour

1d) (Hiphil)

1d1) to feed

1d2) to cause to eat

1e) (Piel)

1e1) consume

Aramaic equivalent: a.khal (אֲכַל "to devour" H0399)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Qal-Imperf-2ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect second person masculine singular
HVqi2ms
not you will eat any disgusting thing
כָּל־kol- any H3605 Noun common · masculine singular construct
5,415× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for 'all' or 'everything' is used throughout the Bible, like in Genesis 1:31, where God sees all He has made as very good. It encompasses the entirety of something, whether people, things, or situations.
Amplified meaning
all manner of
Tyndale gloss
all
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כֹּל (kol) means 'all' or 'the whole.' It can refer to totality, including every person or thing, and is often used with a following genitive to specify what is included. The term can also denote a broader sense of everything in existence or all circumstances of life. The lexicons do not show significant disagreement on its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כֹּל once כּוֹל n.m. the whole, all

with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

Absolutely:

without the art., all things, all

with the art. הַכֹּל

where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3605 כֹּל once כּוֹל the whole, all . with foll. gen. (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, any or every

. Absolutely: . without the art., all things, all

. with the art. הַכֹּל . where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned

. in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe, or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3605 kol kole

or (Jer. 33:8) kowl {kole}; from 3634; properly, the whole;

hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a

plural sense):--(in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any

(manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as

many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole,

whoso(-ever).

see HEBREW for 03634

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כֹּל (kol) — all.

1) all, the whole

1a) all, the whole of

1b) any, each, every, anything

1c) totality, everything

Aramaic equivalent: kol (כֹּל "all" H3606)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
not you will eat any disgusting thing
תּוֹעֵבָֽה׃to.'e.Vah disgusting thing H8441 Noun common · feminine singular absolute
117× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for abomination refers to something disgusting, like idolatry or unclean food, and is often used to describe wickedness in the Bible.
Amplified meaning
abomination, something disgusting, repulsive
Tyndale gloss
abomination
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

תּוֹעֵבַה (tow`ebah) means 'abomination' and refers to something morally disgusting. It can denote idolatry, unclean food, or ethical wickedness. The word is built from a feminine active participle of another root, and its usage encompasses both ritual and ethical contexts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

תּוֹעֵבַה 117 n.f. abomination

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8441 תּוֹעֵבַה abomination

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8441 tow`ebah to-ay-baw'

or tonebah {to-ay-baw'}; feminine active participle of 8581;

properly, something disgusting (morally), i.e. (as noun) an

abhorrence; especially idolatry or (concretely) an idol:--

abominable (custom, thing), abomination.

see HEBREW for 08581

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

תּוֹעֵבַה (to.e.vah) — abomination.

1) a disgusting thing, abomination, abominable

1a) in ritual sense (of unclean food, idols, mixed marriages)

1b) in ethical sense (of wickedness etc)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fs — Noun common · feminine singular absolute
HNcfsa
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

Everything we make is available for free because of a generous community of supporters.

Donate